Ukwazisa: Ilitye loLawulo lwaseMelika

Umgaqo wokuhlola nokulungelelana asiyongcamango yezobupolitika nje; yinkqubo esebenzayo karhulumente wase-United States. Ilungiselelwe ukuthintela ukuxinana kwamandla nakweyiphi na into, le nkqubo inyanzela uwiso-mthetho, impatho-mandla, kunye namasebe agwebayo ukwabelana ngegunya kunye nokuthintelana. Ngaphandle kovavanyo kunye nolungelelwaniso, isakhiwo solawulo-lawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi lwaseMelika siya kuwela ekubeni sibe yinkqenkqeza-mali okanye isiphithiphithiphithi. Ukuqonda indlela le nkqubo esebenza ngayo kuyimfuneko kumntu ngamnye, njengoko ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo indlela esenziwe ngayo imithetho, enyanzelelwe ngayo, enyanzelekileyo, netolikwayo. Olu hlalutyo lwandiso lwandiswa kwiingcambuko zembali, iingcipheko, iinkcitho zangoku, kunye nokubaluleka kovavanyo kunye nolungelelwano lwezimo lwenkulungwane yama-21.

Abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko, besebenzisa iinkulungwane zeengcinga zobupolitika, badala urhulumente apho amabhongo ebeya kulwa namabhongo. Njengoko uJames Madison wabhala ku- Fateralist No. 51, "Ukuba abantu bebezizithunywa zezulu, bekungayi kubakho mfuneko. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela iyindlela esebenzayo ethintela iinkokeli zabantu eziwe phantsi kwaye ikhusele inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ingumsebenzi onamandla, ngokufuthi odityaniswa nenkqubo efuna ukuqaphaza okuqhubekayo nokuzinziswa kwesombutho.

Isiseko Sembali: Ukusuka ERoma Yamandulo Ukuya Ekukhanyiselweni

Ingcamango yokwahlula amandla ezobupolitika ukuthintela ulawulo lwe-autocracy inemvelaphi enzulu. IRiphabliki yamaRoma yabalaselisa umgaqo-siseko oxubeneyo nomthetho ongqukuva, i-sente, kunye neendibano ezidumileyo, nganye ihlola ezinye. Noko ke, eyona mpembelelo ethe ngqo kubaseki baseMerika yayisisithandi somthetho wezopolitiko saseFransi, esino 1748 osebenza Umoya woMthetho [ waphikisa ukuba inkululeko ifuna ukwahlula imigaqo-siseko, impatho, kunye nemisebenzi elawulayo. Walumkisa, "Xa kudibana umthetho kunye namandla olawulo oluphezulu kumntu omnye okanye umzimba, akukho nkululeko."

UJohn Locke wanikela ngokuphawulekayo, ekhuthaza ukwahlulwa kwamandla phakathi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho kunye negunya eliphetheyo, nangona wayengaphantsi kwejaji. Abaseki bamaMelika badibanisa ezi ngcamango namava abo okulawulwa kwamarhanisi kunye nezifundo zembali yamaBritane (iMagna Carta (1215) kunye neBhili yamaNgesi lamaLungelo (1689).

INdibano yoMgaqo-siseko kunye namaPhepha oLuntu

KwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787, abameli baphikisana kakhulu ngendlela yokulinganisela amandla. IPlane kaVirginia kunye nePlante yaseNew Jersey yamela imibono ekhuphisanayo. Ulalanisa ekugqibeleni kwadala indlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bimear, umphathi omnye, kunye nejaji ezimeleyo. UAlexander Hamilton, James Madison, noJohn Jay bathethelela esi sakhiwo kwi- iPapers [ u-FURT], ngokukodwa umQunganisi-No. 47, 47, 48, kunye no-1051, uMadison wachaza ukuba ukubekwa kwamandla ezandleni ezifanayo "kungachazwa ngokufanelekileyo kanye ngenkcazelo yobuzwi."

Inkqubo abayila yayingekokwahlulwa okugqibeleleyo kwamagunya kodwa yayikukwahlula ngokusesikweni kunye negunya elingenaniyo. Isebe ngalinye linokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwabanye. Umzekelo, umongameli uyakwazi ukubeka umthetho, kodwa iBhunga linokuwuphazamisa loo mthetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa imithetho engavumelani nomthetho, kodwa umongameli umisela izigwebo eziphantsi koqinisekiso lweBhunga.

Amasebe Amathathu: Amandla Neengcebiso Ezinzulu

Ukuze ubani aqonde indlela esebenza ngayo iichekephe nolungelelwano, kufuneka aqale aqonde iindima namandla ahlukileyo esebe ngalinye, kunye nezixhobo ezikhethekileyo anazo ukuze athintele ezinye.

Isebe loMthetho (Ikomkhulu)

Inqaku I lamagunya owiso-mthetho akwiNgqungquthela, eliqulethwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Ingqungquthela yenza imithetho, iyavakalisa imfazwe, iyanyusa, iyayinika ingeniso, kwaye iyalawula ushishino lwamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa amandla ayo avavanywa ngumphathi-mikhosi kunye nejaji. IBhunga elingundoqo eliphethe amanye amasebe liquka:

  • Indlu ingawaphazamisa amagosa karhulumente (kuquka umongameli kunye nabagwebi) kulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abangalunganga. IBhunga leNtlanga liqhuba ityala kwaye linokulisusa igosa ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu.
  • I-Advice kunye neNkomfa: Indlu yeNtsimbi iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (amalungu ekhabhinethi, oothunywa, abagwebi besizwe) kwaye iqinisekisa izivumelwano ngevoti emibini-ntathu.
  • O ukungananzi kwe Veto: Congress zingayigqitha iveto engumongameli kunye nee-3 ezimbini izininzi kumagumbi omabini.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla entengiso: iBhunga lilawula inkcitho karhulumente kwaye lingathoba amanyathelo aphezulu aphezulu acuthekileyo okanye onke amasebe.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukulawula okuqulethweyo: Iikomiti zingabamba ukuchotshelwa, amaxwebhu namangqina angaphantsi, kwaye ziphande izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo.

Kwelinye icala, umongameli unokuyihlola iNgqungquthela ngokumisela umthetho, yaye ijaji inokuyihlola iNgqungquthela ngokuqhwaya imithetho njengengavumelaniyo nemithetho.

Isebe eliphethe (umongameli)

Inqaku lesibini lecapes ezilawulayo kumongameli, onyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente, ayalela umkhosi, aqhube inkqubo yamanye amazwe, amisele amagosa aphezulu. Amandla ayintloko omongameli avavanywa yiBhunga kunye neenkundla. Iindlela zangaphakathi zomphathi-mikhosi ziquka:

  • Ukuphakamisa uLawulo: Umongameli angawachasa amatyala adluliswe yiBhunga, nangona iBhunga linokuwuyeka.
  • Amandla okuqulunqa: Umongameli ubeka abagwebi besizwe namagosa aphezulu, kodwa iNdlu yeeNtsimbi kufuneka ibaqinisekise.
  • Amandla e-Pardon: Umongameli angakunika ukuxolelwa nokubuyiselwa kolwaphulo-mthetho lwezwe, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko zokungakhuthazi. Oku kunguvavanyo kwijaji, kodwa akunakukubuyisela ukuqiniseka ngokungagqibeki.
  • Imiyalelo ephunyeziweyo: Ngelixesha ingekho ngqo kumGaqo-siseko, oomongameli basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya ukukhokela amasebe karhulumente. Iinkundla zingabetha imiyalelo egqitha kwigunya lomthetho okanye kumgaqo-siseko.

Isebe lowiso-mthetho lihlola umphathi ophetheyo ngokuyekelela, ulawulo, kunye nolawulo loqingqo-mali. Ijaji ingavakalisa izenzo zegunya elilawulayo ezingahambelaniyo, njengakwimeko yophawu olubonakalayo [FLT][1]. Madison[FLT] [183], eseke uhlolo lwemithetho kwizenzo zolawulo.

Isebe lezeejaji (INkundla ePhakamileyo neZinkundla eziPhantsi)

Inqaku III limisa isebe eligwebayo, elichaza imithetho lize lihlole ubugqeba balo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yeyona nkundla iphakamileyo, kwaye izigqibo zayo zibophelelekile kuzo zonke iinkundla ezincinci. Izixhobo eziphambili zejaji zokuhlola amanye amasebe zezezi:

  • [[FLT: 0] Impinda yeJudicial:[ Amandla okubhengeza imithetho, imiyalelo yegunya, okanye izenzo zikarhulumente ezingavumelaniyo nemithetho. Oku kwasekwa kwi-Marbury v. Madison.
  • [[UMTL:0] Sta utoliko olunobuchule: IiNkundla zimisela oko kuthethwa yimithetho, zihlola ngokunempumelelo ukuba iBhunga kunye nomphathi ophetheyo aliphululeli igunya lalo.
  • [[Uncedo:0] Isiphumlisi esingesosithintelo:[[FT:1] Iinkundla zingakhupha imimiselo yokunqanda izenzo zolawulo okanye imithetho ukuba inganyanzeliswa ngexesha amatyala elindele.

Ijaji iyakhangelwa zezinye iisebe: IBhunga lingasiphazamisa kwaye lisuse abagwebi, lingaguqula igunya leenkundla zephondo (nangona kungelogunya lantlandlolo leNkundla ePhakamileyo), kwaye linokucebisa izindululo zomGaqo-siseko zokubhukuqa iinkcazelo zomthetho. Umongameli umisela abagwebi, kwaye iNdlu yeeNtlalo-ntle iyabaqinisekisa. Le nkqubo yokumiswa inguvavanyo olukhulu kwinkululeko yezomthetho.

Indlela Ozilungisa Ngayo Izinto Nokulungelelana Ngayo

Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo kunceda abemi babone ukuba le nkqubo iyasebenza.

Umjikelo we Veto nowenziwe ngokungenamsebenzi

Ukususela kuGeorge Washington, oomongameli baye banyusa amawaka eendleko. Inkoliso yamaveto ixhasiwe ngenxa yokuba inyanzelisa ifuna ukufezekiswa kakhulu. Umzekelo, uMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt with 635, apho iindleko eziyi 9 kuphela zazine-paneon. UMongameli uBarack Obama warhoxa amatyala 12, iKhomishini engaphezulu kweyonke. Umongameli uDonald Trump warhop warhosa iindleko ezilishumi; ingqungquthela ingaphezulu kwenye (iSivumelo sokhuselo sokhuselo sesizwe). I-veto inguvavanyo olunamandla kakhulu kumongameli u-Barck Obato warhwayela kumatyala alishumi eendleko.

Ukuzincama Njengesixhobo SomGaqo-siseko

Ukuphengulula kujongo lomthetho olupheleleyo kwisebe eliphetheyo nelokugweba. Le House iphendulile oomongameli abathathu: uAndrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (1998), kunye noDonald Trump (iimpepha, 2019 kunye no-2021). Akukho namnye owagwetywayo yiBhunga leBhanile, kodwa inkqubo ngokwayo iyakwazi ukuguqula ukuziphatha ngokwezopolitiko. Umongameli Richard Nixon urhoxile phambi kokuba anikezele kwaye avume. Abagwebi bomanyano baye bapheliswa kwaye basuswa ngokufuthi, njengoMgwebi Walter Nixon (1986). Amandla okungaququkiyo anqandwayo anqandwayo, kodwa ubukho bayo bungaphembele ihambo engalunganga.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezogwebo

Uhlolo lwejaji mhlawumbi lukuvavanyo olubalulekileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibethe amakhulu emithetho nemithetho karhulumente. Imizekelo engenakuphawulwa iquka Pnety v. Ferguson[FLT]] [1896]) ixhasa ukususwa kwecala (kwelonke) [kwexesha elizayo kuphendulwe), [FLT:] Brown v.[FLT] [1954] [1954] iphelisa isikolo, v.[[FLT] v. [ikG]) ukhuseleko lokuqhotyolotyo, kunye [iirlvl'igne .[5] Ilungu le-Actives transtivelktion, okanye i-omativenti yoncedo lorhwebo lorhwebo.[F.[Flkst]

Idinga neNkqutyana yokuQinisekisa

Abalawuli beNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nabagwebi besizwe, kodwa iNdlu yeQelo ePhakamileyo kufuneka ibaqinisekise ngovoti oluninzi. Oku kuye kwaba kukuvota kakhulu. Umzekelo, uMongameli u-Obama walawula uMerrick Garland ngo-2016; iNdlu yeNdlu yeeRiphabliki yala ukuvalwa. UMongameli uTrump wakwa-Trump wabeka ngempumelelo abagwebi abathathu (Neil Gorrath, Brett Kavaugh, Amy Coney Barrett), ususa umlinganiselo wenkundla. Umongameli uJoe Biden umiselwe uKetan Brown Jackson ngo-20222. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mongameli omnye onokuthi ngempumelelo abumba i-judiary; i-State usebenza njengokhangelo.

Ucelomngeni Nezinto Zokugxekwa Zanamhlanje

Nangona kubalulekile ukuxilonga nokulinganisela, akukhona ukuba zibuthathaka. Izazi zexesha elizayo zijamelene neenkxwaleko ezininzi kule nkqubo.

Uvalo lwe-Grid kunye nokuValeka kukarhulumente

Xa amaqela awahlukeneyo elawula amasebe, i-gridlock ingenza urhulumente angakwazi ukubhalisa. Uhlaziyo lohlahlo-lwabiwo lwemali lukhokelele ekuvalweni kolawulo lukarhulumente, njengonyaka ka-2013 no-2018-2018. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukuxilonga okugqithisileyo kuthintela urhulumente ukuba angenzi ngokufanelekileyo kwiimeko ezinzima. Abameli baphendula ngokuthi i-griplock ingcono kwi-dentilikitho kunye nemikhosi yolala. Noko ke, ukunyuka kohla kohlahlo-mthetho lwe-mthetho kubangele ulalaneko olunzima, olukhokelela Imilinganiselo yemvume evumela ukuba kubekho urhulumente [[[FFLT:1]]

Ukubuya umva kwamandla obuMongameli

Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngokuthi isebe elilawulayo liqokelele amandla ngaphezu kwenjongo yabaseki. Ulwandiso lwezwe lolawulo, ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yabalawuli, nokuthembela ku "ukumiselwa kweengxelo" (apho oomongameli bebhengeza abazukunyanzela ukuba amalungu omthetho avavanywe. Umzekelo, uMongameli Obama's Defered Action for Dountaltys (DACA) waye lisenzo esiphezulu esathi iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasixhasa kodwa yashiya singenamandla. Ijajingathanga maxa waphinda watyhalela emva, njengoko iinkundla zivalile ukuvalwa kohambo lwayo lokuqala lwezicwangciso-mouse Burump, nokusetyenziswa kwamandla ongxamiseko.

Ngaba YayiyiHoli Yasebukhosini?

Ngokwahlukileyo, abagxeki baxhalatyiswa kukuba ijaji inamandla kakhulu. Uhlolo lwejaji lungabhukuqa imithetho yedemokhrasi. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi . Obergefell v. Hodges[FLT] [202015] ukubhalisa umtshato ongokwasemthethweni kwanconywa ngabaninzi kodwa kugxekwa njengokungalawuleki kwabanye. Ingxoxo yokuba iinkundla zimele zisebenzise ukuthintelwa okanye zithathe inyathelo lokuxhasa iyaqhubekeka. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa isuke yaba yimfazwe yelungu lekhompyutha elingumntu onegunya lokulawula iinkundla.

Ukuzingisa Njengesixhobo Sezobupolitika

Inkqubo yokungacebisi iye yakhula ngokuthabatha izithuba. Abaququzeleli ababini beMongameli uTrump babephantse bahamba ngeentambo zeqela, bengenankxaso ye-bipartisan yokuqiniseka. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ngaba ukungakhuthazi kusasebenza kusini na njengovavanyo lwehambo engafanelekanga enzulu okanye iye yaba sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo semfazwe yezobupolitika. Abaseki balindele ukuba ukungasetyenziswa kunqabile kwaye kuvumelane ngokubanzi.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Iingqinipho Nolungelelwano Emhlabeni Wonke

Inkqubo ye-U.S. asingomzekelo kuphela. Ulawulo-melo oluninzi luneenkqubo ezifanayo. Umzekelo, uBukumkani bomZantsi, buxhomekeke kumgaqo-siseko ongabhalwanga odibanisa amagunya (umphathi-mandla ePalamente) kodwa buye bahlola ngokuqwalasela kwezahlulelo kunye neNdlu yooMongameli. UMthetho oMgangatho weJamani umisela inkundla eyomeleleyo enokuthi ingqubanise imithetho, ngelixa isalathisi sikhangelwe yiBoundag kunye neBundesrat. IRepublic yeFind yephondo inika umongameli omeleleyodwa, kodwa ihlolisisa imithetho yeBhunga loMgaqo-siseko. Iinkqubo zobuMongameli ezifana neBrazil neMexico zifaka uvavanyo olufana ne-U.S. Nangona kunjalo, ngentlobo ezinjalo ezi zinto ziqwalaselwa phambili kulwahlulo oluluvo lwaseMerika. Ukuqonda oku kugxininiso lwahlukeneyo

Ukuqinisa Umlinganiselo Wekamva

Inkqubo yee-checks kunye nolungelelwano ayimiswanga; kufuneka ikhuselwe kwaye icociswe. Imfundo ye-COVIC ibalulekile: abemi abayiqonda kakuhle indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente baxhotyiselwe ngayo ukuba baphendule iinkokeli. Uphando lwezobugcisa lubonisa ukungacwangciswanga, lubhenca. Iintlangano zoluntu, ukusuka kwimida ye- yeZiko leZiko leZiko leZizwe leLibheno-mali kwiZiko loburhulumente Brentan yeJan yeJanut yeJaji yeJaji yeJaji [[[FLT]], i-ligate kwaye ixhasa imida yemidalo yomgaqo. Imiqathango yemithetho engundoqo yeNkulungisa ityala, imithetho ecacileyo kwimiyalelo yezemali, kunye nemithetho yezentengo yezemali engundoqo, kodwa kufuneka igcine intetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho enqandaniso.

Isiphelo: Imfuneko Enyamezeleyo Yowiso-mthetho

Iintsontela zolawulo zihlala zisebuntwini obukrelekrele bomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Bayavuma ukuba abantu bayasilela kwaye abathembisi ngegunya. Nangona le nkqubo inokuthi icothe, inxunguphalise, idimaze, kwaye ilawule, iye yaphumelela ekuthinteleni ukuvela kolawulo lobuzwilakhe ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Njengoko uJames Madison wabhala, ubunzima obukhulu bukwenza urhulumente akwazi ukulawula abalawulwa, aze emva koko ayinyanzele ukuba azilawule. Lo msebenzi wesibini, urhulumente uzilawula ngokwawo ngee-e-echeckingsss nomlinganiselo wedemokhrasi. [1] Ngumsebenzi oqhubekayo wolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ummi ngamnye udlala indima yokuvota, ukungenela ingxeko, nokuthatha ityala kuwo onke amasebe. Ukusinda kwenkululeko kuxhomekeke koko kugalelo.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, hlola [[[FLT]] UmGaqo-siseko ongasebenziyo[FLT]] ukusuka kwiZiko loMgaqo-siseko weSizwe kunye Uluhlu lwe-FOMTS No. 51[FLT]][FLT]] ukusuka kuVimba-