UHlomelo lwesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States luyenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokukhusela abantu bobuqu nenkululeko. Lukhusela wonke umntu waseMerika nxamnye nophengululo olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni ngurhulumente, luqinisekisa ukuba umthetho awunakungena ekhaya lakho, kwinqwelo-mafutha yakho, kwizixhobo zakho, okanye kumntu wakho ongazilungisi kakuhle. Kuba wena nentsapho yakho, ukuqonda oku kuthetha ukwazi ixesha onokuthi hayi kuphengululo, oko umele ukwenze xa amapolisa efika emnyango wakho, nendlela yokuqinisekisa amalungelo akho ngexesha lokumisa imoto okanye elinye. Eli nqaku linweba kwimigaqo esisiseko, imigaqo ephambili, i-okanye namanyathelo asebenzayo unokuwasebenzisa ukukhusela ngalo amalungelo entsapho yakho okuHlalisa ulawulo lwesine suku ngalunye.

Umbhalo Nemvelaphi YoMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo

ISindululo sesine sifundeka ngolu hlobo: "Ilungelo labantu lokunqabiseka kubantu babo, kwizindlu, kumaphepha, nakwiziphumo, nxamnye nokuphanda nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, aliyi kwaphulwa, yaye ngokunokwenzeka akukho maWarrant aya kurhoxa, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu, exhaswa nguOath okanye isingqiniso, kwaye ngokukodwa ukuchaza indawo eza kuphenywa, nabantu nezinto ezimele ziphangwe.

Olu lwimi lwazalwa kumava abenzi bobupolitika baseMerika kunye neemvume zeBritane kunye nee-actet zoncedo ./blanket izigunyaziso ezivumela amagosa ukuba aphengulule naliphi na ikhaya okanye ishishini nangasiphi na isizathu. IiFrames zomGaqo-siseko zazifuna ukunqanda ukuxhatshazwa okunjalo ngokufuna ukuba iphengulule ngokusengqiqweni kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, ivunywe ngumgwebi ongathanga-nxaxheba osekelwe kubungqina obuthile. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yatolika ukupheka inteza inteza intezamisi yokuyila “indawo yemfihlo-mlo" ukuba umntu ngamnye ahambe nabo, nangona imida echanileyo iqhubeka nokuguquka ngexesha lamanani.

Imfuneko Enamandla Nesizathu Esifanelekileyo

Kumphakathi woMgaqo-nkqubo wesine umthetho wokuba umthetho umele ufumane isiqinisekiso sokuphendla phambi kokukhangela ikhaya lakho, inqwelo-mafutha yakho (kwiimeko ezininzi), okanye uthungelwano lwe-elektroniki. Isiqinisekiso singumyalelo wenkundla omele uxhaswe yisizathu esilindelekileyo /iziphumo kunye neemeko ezinokuthi zikhokelele umntu onolwazelelelo ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luyenziwe okanye ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho bubekwe kwindawo eza kuphendwa. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze indawo ethile efuna ukuphendwa kwaye izinto ezizakuthinjwa.

Unobangela ofanelekileyo ngumgangatho ophezulu kunokukrokra nje kodwa ophantsi kunobungqina obufunekayo ukuze aqiniseke. Umzekelo, ukuba igosa libona umsi womjuko uvela emotweni, okunokuthi kunikezele ngokunokwenzeka unobangela wokuphendla inqwelo-mafutha. Kodwa icebo elincinane okanye incam engaziwayo yodwa ayaziwa ngokuqhelekileyo anele. Imfuneko yomthetho enyanzelisayo ukunikela ubungqina balo kumgwebi, linika uvavanyo oluzimeleyo kwigunya lamapolisa.

Yintoni Ebalulekileyo Njengophendlo?

Asiyonto yonke esetyenziswa ngamapolisa ebangela uHlaziyo lwesi-45. Ulungiso lusebenza kuphela xa kukho “ukuphengulula” okanye“ into eyenzekayo” ngumphathi-majoni karhulumente. Uphando luyenzeka xa urhulumente ephazamisa indawo okanye into apho umntu “alindele ukuba abe yedwa." Umzekelo, ulindele ukuba ungazifihli kwindlu yakho, kwikhompathimenti yabakhweli yemoto yakho (kunganjalo), kwaye kwizinto eziqulethwe yicell. Udla ngokungabi nanto ulindele kwimimandla ebonakalayo kubantu abathe gca, njengeyadi yakho yangaphambili evela esitratweni okanye kwivumo lomba womfashoni.

Ukuphangwa komntu kwenzeka xa ipolisa, lisebenzisa amandla angokomzimba okanye libonisa igunya, lithintela inkululeko yakho yokuhamba. Ukuthatyathwa kwempahla kwenzeka xa urhulumente ethatha into ethile. Kwanokumiswa kwemoto kancinci kukuphazanyiswa, kwaye iSindululo sesine sifuna ukuba kube sengqiqweni, ngokusekelwe ekukrokreleni okusengqiqweni, ukukrokrela ukuqhekezwa kwemoto okanye isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho.

Abahluke Kakhulu Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaziqaphela iimeko ezininzi apho imvume ingafunwayo. Ukuqonda ezi mvume kubalulekile kuba zimela ezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo amapolisa anokuphengulula ngazo ngokusemthethweni okanye athabathe ngaphandle kwemvume egwetyiweyo. Intsapho, ukwazi ezi zinto zingafaniyo kunokukunceda ugqibe oko umele ukukwenza xa ujoliswe kunyanzelelwa ngumthetho.

Ukukhangela Okusemthethweni

Ukuba uyavuma ngokuzithandela ukuba uphando luye, uMphetho-Mda awuphulwanga. Amapolisa adla ngokubuza, “Uyathanda ukuba ndikhangele kufuphi?” Ukuba uthi ewe, bangaphengulula ngaphandle kwesizathu okanye isiqinisekiso. Kodwa ke, unelungelo lokuthi hayi. Unako ukuyeka nangaliphi na ixesha. Kufuneka uvume ngokuzithandela, unganyanzelekanga ngesoyikiso okanye usoyikiso. Ukuba igosa lithe uza kufumana isiqinisekiso okanye lisongela ukukunqanda, nasiphi na imvume ekufuneka isenokuthathwa ngaphandle kwesizathu. Icebiso: Ngamaxesha onke uthi: “Andifuni ukuphendla” kwaye ndihlale ndithe cwaka.

Imbono Ecacileyo

Ukuba igosa likho ngokusemthethweni kwindawo ethile (umzekelo, limi kwiveranda yakho yangaphambili emva kokuba uphendulile ucango) lize libone ukurhoxa okanye ubungqina kwimbonakalo ecacileyo, linokuyibamba ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Ngokufanayo, ukuba igosa lijonge kwifestile yemoto lize libone umpu kwisihlalo, nto leyo enokuthi ithethelele uphengululo olungenasiqinisekiso kwindawo apho umpu ukhoyo. Imfundiso ecacileyo ayivumeli umphathi ukuba ahambe okanye avule izikhongozeli-odolo lokukhangela ubungqina obukhoyo.

Ukufuna Ukubanjwa Okungekho Sikweni

Xa igosa libopha ngokusemthethweni, bangaphengulula umntu obanjiweyo kunye nendawo ekufutshane nokulawula komntu (ngokufuthi kubizwa ngokuba yi- “iintambo”) ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Oku kukhetha kugwetyelwa ngokhuseleko lwabaphathi-mikhosi kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuthintela ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina. Umzekelo, igosa lingamfaka phantsi umbanjwa lize likhangele ibhatyi elele kwisihlalo esisecaleni kwabo. Kodwa oku kukhetha akuvumeli ngokuzenzekelayo ukuphengululwa ngokupheleleyo kwendlu okanye imoto yonke ukusuka kulowo ubanjiweyo.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Xa kuvela iimeko zongxamiseko, amagosa angangena kwikhaya okanye aqhube uphando ngaphandle kwemvume. Iimeko ezishushu ziquka ukusukela ngokukhawulezileyo ukurhanelwa ukubaleka, ukutshatyalaliswa okukhawulezileyo kobungqina, okanye imfuneko yokunika uncedo longxamiseko kumntu othile ngaphakathi.

Isinxaxhi senqwelo - mafutha ezizenzekelayo

Ngenxa yokuba izithuthi zihamba-hamba kwaye zinokuqhutyelwa kude, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ekubeni amapolisa angayiphendla imoto ngaphandle kwemvume ukuba anesizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba iqulethe ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba “ziziinqwelo-mafutha ezizimeleyo.” Oku kusebenza kwinqwelo-mafutha yonke, kuquka ibhuti kunye nezikhongozeli ezivaliweyo ngaphakathi, logama nje iziphumo ezinokwenzeka zithe zanwenwa kuloo mimandla. Umzekelo, ukuba umphathi unuka umya ophuma kwinqwelo-mafutha, angaphendla yonke igumbi nabakhweli. Noko ke, oku akuvumeli ukuphengululwa kwempahla yobuqu yabakhweli ngaphandle kokuba kukho isizathu esizimeleyo.

Ukukhangela Umda

Kwimida yezizwe ngezizwe nakwizikhululo zenqwelo-moya, urhulumente unegunya eliphangaleleyo lokukhangela abantu kunye nempahla ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ngaphandle kwesizathu esilindelekileyo. Oku kuphambuka okudala kusekelwe kumnqweno karhulumente wokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe nokuthintela ukuvalelwa ekungeneni kwelizwe. Uphando lomda we-Routine lungaquka imithwalo, iimoto, kunye nezixhobo ze-elektroniki, nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo isandula ukuqalisa ukubeka imida yokukhangela iicellulane kumda. Kwiintsapho ezihamba kwelinye ilizwe, qonda ukuba imfihlo yakho inciphe kakhulu emdeni.

Ukukhangela Ngesikolo

Kwizikolo, iSine Amendment sisebenza kodwa sisebenza phantsi komgangatho. Abaphathi besikolo (abasebenzi besikolo sikawonke-wonke) bangakhangela abafundi ukuba “banokukrokrela okusengqiqweni” ukuba umfundi uphule umthetho wesikolo okanye umthetho. Oku kungumqobo omncinci kunonobangela olindelekileyo. Uphando kufuneka lube nolwazelelelo kwaye lungangeni ngaphaya komngeni. Umzekelo, umlawuli wesikolo angakhangela ingxowa yomfundi esekelwe kwincam yokuba umfundi utshayile icuba, kodwa ukukhangela icuba kufuneke ugwebo oluphezulu.

Umthetho Oyinkqubelayo Nezicombululo

Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba urhulumente waphula uHlaziyo lwesi-45? Unyango oluyintloko ngumthetho osusiweyo: ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokuphanda okungekho mthethweni okanye ukuphazanyiswa bungenakusetyenziswa kwixhoba kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Lo mthetho wamiselwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi. Injongo kukuthintela ukuphatha kakubi kwamapolisa nokukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko.

Noko ke, kukho umahluko kumthetho owenziwe ngaphandle. Umzekelo, ukuba amapolisa ayenze ngokuthembeka okunyanisekileyo kwisiqinisekiso esibonakala singasebenzi kamva, ubungqina busenokungaqiniseki. Kwakhona, ukuba uqhagamshelwano phakathi kophendlo olungekho mthethweni kunye nobungqina bunganyanzelekanga, okanye ukuba ubungqina bungafunyanwa ngokungenakuphikiswa ngendlela esemthethweni, bungavunyelwa. Ukwazi ngomthetho owendeleyo kunakho ukukunika amandla: ukuba amalungelo akho ayaphulwa, nabuphi na ubungqina obufunyenweyo bungathintelwa, maxa wambi bungakhokelela ekulahleni izityholo. Oku kungenxa yokokuba kumele ukuba ube negqwetha elilungileyo ukuba ukhe wabekwa ityala.

Indlela IsiHlomelo Sesine Esiyikhusela Ngayo Intsapho Yakho Ekhaya Nasesidlangalaleni

Ikhaya lelona sithuba sikhuselekileyo phantsi koMphetho-mvandedwa wesine. Amapolisa adla ngokungena ekhaya lakho ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe imvume. Oku kuthetha ukuba unelungelo lokungavumi ukungena nokuba igosa liyangqongqoza. Ungacela ukubona isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokuba uvumele ukungena. Ukuba amagosa athi kukho ungxamiseko, ungawacela ukuba achaze. Intsapho yakho ithetha ukuba, oku kuthetha ukuba unokuziva ukhuselekile ukuba ikhaya lakho alikho phantsi kwemivwano yamapolisa engakhethi.

Kuwonke wonke, amalungelo akho alinganiselwe kakhulu kodwa asekho. Ngexesha lokumisa kweemoto, umqhubi nabakhweli bayabanjwa. Abakhweli abakhululekileyo ukuhamba, kodwa abangophantsi kwendlela yokukhangela. Igosa lingacela ukuphengulula inqwelo-mafutha, kodwa ungayeka. Ukuba umphathi unokuba nesizathu esilindelekileyo, bangaphengulula ngaphandle kwemvume yakho. Kodwa ukuba uyala kwaye umphathi uphengulula nokuba kutheni, nabuphi ubungqina obufunyenweyo bungacelw'icelw'icelw'i.

I-ethemin engundoqo i-'FLT' ithe yaziintloko. I-Rality v. (2014, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba amapolisa afune isiqinisekiso sokuphendla icell phone ebanjwayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ii-cellne zale mihla zinee-data ezininzi zobuqu. Ngokufanayo, kwi i-Carbart v. United States [2017], iNkundla yamatyala ikholelwa ukuba urhulumente ufuna isiqinisekiso (esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo) sokufumana iingxelo zeseli kwindawo ekwisixhobo somsebenzi wezobugcisa. Ezi zigqibo zibonakalisa ukuqaphela ukuba uhlazi-yanulo-Genelwo lwezobugcisa.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okukhusela Amalungelo Akho Ohlaziyiweyo Okwesine

Nantsi into onokuyenza wena nentsapho yakho ukuze nikhusele amathuba enu okuzimela wedwa xa ninyanzelekile:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Zigcine uzolile kwaye unentlonelo. Ungabaleki, ungaphikisani, okanye uxhathise ngokomzimba, nokuba ukholelwa ukuba umphathi uphosakele. Ukuxhathisa emzimbeni kusenokukhokelela kwityala elongeziweyo kwaye akukuncedi kamva ukuvavanya ukuphendla.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Buza ukuba ukhululekile ukuba uyahamba. Ukuba awubanjwanga kwaye umphathi uthi ukhululekile ukuba uhambe, ungahamba. Ukuba uvalelwe, buza ukuba uvalelwe kusini na kwaye kutheni.
  • [[FLT: 0] ngokuphandle ungavumi ukuphengululwa. Ithi ngokucacileyo: “Andivumi ukuphendla.” Ukuba igosa liphengulula, musa ukuzimisa ngokoqobo. Yenza iphetshana legama nenombolo yebheji kwaye thetha negqwetha kamva.
  • Ungathuli. Unelungelo lokuthula phantsi koMgaqo-nkqubo wesihlanu, kodwa kwakhona uMthetho wokuLandliswa kweyesine uyakukhusela ekucinezelweni ukuba uzenze umva. Ungathi, “Ndikhetha ukuhlala ndithule kwaye ndingathanda ukuthetha negqwetha." Musa ukuxoka kumthetho, kodwa musa ukunikela inkcazelo.
  • Ikhutshelwe uhlolo. Kumaphondo amaninzi, unelungelo lokushicilela umsebenzi wamapolisa ebantwini logama nje ungangeneleli. Ushicilelo lungaba bubungqina obubalulekileyo ukuba amalungelo akho aphulwe.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Wazi amalungelo akho xa amapolisa efika emnyango wakho. Akuyomfuneko ukuba uvule ucango ngaphandle kokuba amapolisa anesiqinisekiso esisebenzayo. Ukuba athi aziimeko ezingalunganga, ungawacela ukuba alinde isiqinisekiso ukuba sikhuselekile. Ungathetha ngaphandle kokusivula.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Fundisa abantwana bakho. chaza ukuba ukuba amapolisa abamisa, bafanele bathobeke, bacele ukufowunela umzali, kwaye abavumi ukuphendla ngaphandle komzali okhoyo (ngaphandle kokuba babanjwa).
  • [[FLT: 0] Igqwetha ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphulwe. Igqwetha lingakunceda ukuba ukhuphe intshukumo yokucinezela ubungqina okanye uphishekele ukumangalelwa kwamalungelo abantu phantsi kwama-42 e-U.S.C. 1983.

Isiphelo

UHlaziyo lwesine luyikhaka elinamandla kwiintsapho zaseMerika. Kufuna ukuba ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula kube nokusengqiqweni yaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, kuxhaswe yisiqinisekiso esixhaswa nokwenzeka. Ngoxa kukho umahluko omninzi ohlukileyo, imbonakalo ecacileyo, ukukhangela kwemoto, nezinye . kwaye /as(ezi) aziwaphelisi amalungelo akho; zichaza nje imida. Ngokuqonda umbhalo olungisayo, imbali, kunye nezicelo zangoku, ungaqiniseka ukuba uyakwazi ukuqhubana nomthetho kunye nokukhusela imfihlo yentsapho yakho. Ngamaxesha onke khumbula: Unelungelo lokuhlala uthe cwaka, ukungavumi ukuphendla, nokuba negqwetha.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, jonga umbhalo opheleleyo wesiHlaliso sesine kuVimba loMnqonqo weSizwe, ALU] Ukwazi isikhokelo samalungelo akho , kunye neembono zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ku iKlamber v. United States kunye [FLT]] Riley v. California