Isebe elilawulayo limi njengenye yeentsika ezintathu ezisisiseko zikarhulumente wase-United States, lisebenza ecaleni kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nezomthetho ukugcina inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano oluchaza idemokhrasi yaseMelika. Njengelona sebe libonakalayo nelinezenzo eziphambili, isebe eliphetheyo lichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla eMelika, ukusuka kukhuseleko lohlanga kunye nolwalamano lwamanye amazwe ukuya kwinkqubo yezonyango kunye nokukhuselwa kwemekobume. Ukuqonda indlela elisebenza ngayo eli sebe, amandla alo, imiqathango, kunye nothungelwano olukhulu lwamaziko nesebe eliqululwayo elifuna ukuyiqonda indlela abasebenza ngayo oorhulumente balo.

Lo khokelo lubanzi luqhekeza isebe eliphetheyo ngolwimi olucacileyo, luhlola iziseko zalo zomGaqo-siseko, iimbopheleleko zalo ezingundoqo, intlangano, nendlela elichaphazela ngayo ubomi baseMelika. Enoba ungumfundi, ummi oxhalabileyo, okanye unomdla nje ngemisebenzi karhulumente, eli nqaku liza kukunika uluvo olucokisekileyo ngoko kwenziwa lisebe eliphetheyo nesizathu sokuba libalulekile.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

Isebe elilawulayo lifumana igunya lalo kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, elimisela iofisi kaMongameli lize lichaze amagunya asisiseko neembopheleleko zomphathi onegunya. AmaFramers omGaqo-siseko ayila isebe eliphetheyo ukuba lomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuze lithabathe inyathelo elipheleleyo ngamaxesha obunzima ngoxa lihlala linetyala kubantu ngonyulo oluthe rhoqo kwaye lixhomekeke ekukhokeleni kwamanye amasebe karhulumente.

UMongameli unyulwa kwigunya elilawulayo leminyaka emine kwaye, ngokulandela ukukhutshwa koMphetho-Mbindi wama-22 ngonyaka ka-1951, angasebenza njengowona mgaqo worhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente. Oku kwahlukile kwiinkqubo zepalamente apho ezi misebenzi zisoloko zahlulwa khona. UMongameli unyulwa kwixesha leminyaka emine kwaye, ngokulandela ukumiswa koMgaqo-siseko wama-22 ka-119, angasebenza ubuninzi bamagama amabini. Lo mlinganiselo wamiselwa emva komqathango kaFrankle D. Roosevelt waphula isithethe sesithethe seminyaka emibini ngokuphumelela kunyuko olune lwe-presidenti.

Umongameli ongumongameli, okwamiselwa liGatya II, usebenza njengelingena kuqala kuMongameli kwaye ulawula iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, evota ngokudibanisa iiboti xa kuyimfuneko. Ngaphandle kwale misebenzi yomgaqo-siseko, oomongameli abaphethe ngegunya bathatha iimbopheleleko ezongezelelekileyo ezibelwe nguMongameli, ngokufuthi bebhekisa ingqalelo kwimimandla ethile yenkqubo okanye besebenza njengommeli ongundoqo.

Amagunya omGaqo-siseko oMongameli

UMgaqo-siseko unika uMongameli amagunya aliqela akhethekileyo abumba isiseko segunya elilawulayo. La magunya aye achazwa, anwenwa yaye maxa wambi ancinwa ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, kodwa ahlala engoyena mongameli.

Umphathi Kwigunya Eliyintloko

UMongameli ukhonza njengoMphathi kwiNkosana yemikhosi exhobileyo, enika isebe eliphetheyo igunya eliphakamileyo kumsebenzi womkhosi. Eli gunya livumela uMongameli ukuba alathise iqhinga lomkhosi, athumele imikhosi, aphendule kwizisongelo ezinxamnye ne-United States. Noko ke, umGaqo-siseko unika iBhunga igunya lokuvakalisa imfazwe, ukudala inkqubo yokwabelana ngembopheleleko yomkhosi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oomongameli baye banikela amajoni ukulwa ngaphandle kokubhengeza okusesikweni kwemfazwe, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingxoxo eqhubekayo ngegunya lomkhosi elilawulayo.

ISigqibo seWar Powers sowe-1973 sazama ukucacisa olu lwalamano ngokufuna ukuba uMongameli azise iNgqungquthela kwiiyure ezingama-48 ngokuyekelela imikhosi exhobileyo kwisenzo somkhosi nokurhoxa kwimikhosi emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga livume ukuba liqhubeke lithatha inyathelo. Phezu kwawo nje lo mthetho, uxambuliso phakathi kwegunya elilawulayo nelowiso-mthetho kumsebenzi womkhosi luyaqhubeka unanamhla.

Ukwenziwa kweSivumelwano noNxulumano lwaMazwe

UMongameli unembopheleleko ephambili yokuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe nokumela iUnited States kwimicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe. Oku kuquka ukudibanisa izivumelwano zokuthethana namazwe asemzini, nangona izivumelwano ezinjalo zifuna ukwenziwa ziphinde zifunyanwe ngamavoti amabini anesithathu kwiBhunga. UMongameli ukwamisela abameli abamela izilangazelelo zaseMerika kwamanye amazwe, phantsi kokuqinisekiswa yiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso.

Ngaphandle kwezivumelwano ezisemthethweni, oomongameli bangangena kwizivumelwano zegunya nakwamanye amazwe angafuni kuvunyelwa yiBhunga. Ezi zivumelwano ziye zaba zizixhobo ezixhaphakileyo zomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle, zivumela isebe eliphetheyo ukuba libe bhetyebhetye ngakumbi kulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe. UMongameli unamandla okuqonda oorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle, isixhobo esibalulekileyo sokulawula amazwe esinokuthi siphucule ulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezobupolitika zemimandla.

Amandla Edinga

UMongameli umisa abantu ngabanye abaza kuzalisekisa izikhundla eziphambili kulo lonke urhulumente wephondo, kuquka oonobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi bephondo, abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, oothunywa kunye neentloko zabameli abazimeleyo. Uninzi lwaba bathunywa lufuna ingqiniseko yeNtlanganiso, lunika ingqwalasela ngamandla olawulo oluphezulu. Oku kumiselwa kuvumela uMongameli ukuba aphumeze inkqubo yokulawula urhulumente aze aphembele ulwalathiso lwezizukulwana ngezizukulwana.

Amandla okumisa adlulela kumawaka eendawo kulo lonke isebe eliphetheyo, ukusuka kwimigaqo-nkqubo ephezulu ukuya kubalawuli bamaqumrhu. Xa uMongameli omtsha ethatha iofisi, malunga nama-4 000 amalungiselelo ezobupolitika ayafumaneka, avumela ulawulo oluzayo ukuba lubeke abasebenzi balo kwiindawo eziphambili kulo lonke urhulumente.

Indima yomthetho kunye negunya le-Vito

Ngoxa isebe lowiso-mthetho liseka imithetho, uMongameli udlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. UMgaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba uMongameli azise iBhunga ngamaxesha athile malunga nombuso womanyano aze ancomele amanyathelo okujongana nawo. Oku kuye kwaguqukela kwidilesi yeSizwe sonyaka ye-Union, apho ooMongameli bachaza izinto eziza kuqala kwimithetho-mthetho kunye nocwangciso lwemimiselo.

Ulawulo loMongameli lusebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kwigunya lowiso-mthetho. Xa iNgqungquthela igqithisa umthetho, uMongameli angawutyobela kumthetho, awutyhalele, okanye awuvumele ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi. Umongameli weveto angaphela ngokutshatiswa ngamagumbi amabini anesithathu eBhunga, ewenza abe sisixhobo esinamandla sokuyila umthetho. Oomongameli banaso kwakhona i-"pocketveto" ukhetho: ukuba i-Congress Congress Counts jourts ngeentsuku ezilishumi zokunika umPhathiswa, umlomo ufa ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo.

Amandla ePardon

UMgaqo-siseko unika uMongameli amandla okunika ii-Repriev kunye nokuxolela amatyala karhulumente, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko zokungathobeli. Eli gunya linamandla apheleleyo kwaye alinakupheliswa ngamanye amasebe karhulumente. Oomongameli basebenzisa eli gunya ukulungisa okungekho sikweni okuqwalaselweyo, ukubonisa inceba, okanye ukuphuhlisa utshintsho lolwaphulo-mthetho. Eli gunya lokuxolela lidlulela kwizigwebo (ukukhupha izigwebo), ukuxolela (ukuxolela ulwaphulo-mthetho), kunye nokuxolela (ukunikela amaqela abantu).

Ukusetyenziswa kweMithetho

Eyona mbopheleleko ingundoqo yesebe eliphetheyo kukunyanzelisa nokuzalisekisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Lo msebenzi, ngokufuthi ushwankathela njengembopheleleko kaMongameli "inyanzelo yokuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka" iquka inkitha yemisebenzi eyenziwa zizigidi zabaqeshwa bephondo kumakhulu-khulu amasebe.

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kumgangatho karhulumente kubandakanya amaqumrhu amaninzi azimeleyo. ISebe leMithetho eBanzi lisebenza njengengalo ephambili yomthetho karhulumente worhulumente, ukuvelela amaqumrhu afana neFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), i-Dign Inforcement Administration (DEA), iBureau of Alcohol, iTobacco, iFiremors and Exlosives (AFF), kunye neU.S.A.RGrachals Services.

Ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa komthetho wezaphuli-mthetho, isebe eliphetheyo lisebenzisa imithetho emininzi karhulumente elawula yonke into ukusuka kukhuseleko lomsebenzi ukuya kukhuseleko lwemekobume. Xa iNgqungquthela idlulisela umthetho, isoloko inika imigaqo ebanzi kwaye ithumela igunya kumaqumrhu alawulayo ukuze enze imithetho ekhethekileyo kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba kukubekwa komthetho, ivumela amaziko ukuba amisele imithetho enkcubeko enamandla omthetho, ukuba alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokulawula nokuhlala ngaphakathi kwegunya lawo lomthetho.

Ngokomzekelo, xa iNkqutyana idlulisela umthetho wemekobume, i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) iphuhlisa imimiselo ethile echaza amanqanaba ongcoliso, ukuseka iimfuno zokuhlola, nokumisela iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa. Ngokufanayo, xa iBhunga limisela umthetho wokuphucula imali, amaqumrhu afana neSecurities and Exchange Commission (SEC) kunye neConsumer Finicial Protection Bureauniaunication (CFPB) imisela imithetho enkcacileyo elawula amaziko emali kunye neemarikente.

Ukulawula ukhuseleko nokhuselo lwesizwe

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe lumela enye yezona mbopheleleko zibalulekileyo zesebe eliphetheyo. UMongameli, njengoMlawuli kwiNtloko, ujonge iSebe loKhuselo, elilawula umkhosi womkhosi, umkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi, umkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi, kunye noMkhosi weNtlalo-moya. ISebe loKhuselo lisebenzisa amalungu enkonzo asebenzayo angaphezulu kwezigidi ezibini nangabasebenzi abangabemi abamalunga nama-80 000, lilenza libe linye lemibutho emikhulu yehlabathi.

IBhunga loKhuseleko lweSizwe (NSC), elimiselwe ngowe - 1947, licebisa uMongameli ngemicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe nangemiba yezomgaqo-nkqubo yamanye amazwe. I-NSC izisa kunye amagosa angundoqo avela ngaphaya korhulumente, kuquka uMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli, uNobhala-Mkhosi, kunye nabanye abameli abakhulu, ukuquququzelela inkqubo kunye nokuphendula kwiingxaki zokhuseleko. Umongameli weSizwe ukhokela abasebenzi be-NSC kwaye usebenza njengommeli oyintloko kwimicimbi yokhuseleko.

Ukuhlanganisa nohlalutyo lweminye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko lwesizwe. ULuntu lobuNcukubhede lunamaqumrhu kunye nemibutho eli-18, kuquka i-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), i-Agency yeSizwe yoKhuseleko (NSA), i-Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), kunye nee-ofisi zobukrelekrele kwisebe ngalinye lemikhosi nakwisebe elikhulu. Umlawuli weSizwe ulungelelanisa la masebe kwaye usebenza njengelungu eliyintloko lobuntlola.

ISebe Lokhuseleko LwaseHomeland, elaqalwa ngo-2002 emva kokuhlaselwa ngoSeptemba 11, lidibanisa amasebe amaninzi ajongene nokukhusela ilizwe lawo kwiintlaselo zabanqolobi nakwezinye izisongelo.

Ukuqhuba Inkqubo Yasemzini Nokungakhathalelwa

Isebe eliphetheyo likhokela ukuganana nelizwe laseMerika ngeSebe loMbuso kunye nezixhobo ezibanzi zenkqubo yelizwe langaphandle. Unobhala wezorhulumente usebenza njengomphathi oyintloko wenkqubo yamazwe angaphandle kwaye ulawula ulwalamano lwentlalo-ntle namazwe amalunga nama-200 ngenethwekhi yemibutho, ii-aventernanti, kunye neentlanganiso zezobuzwe jikelele emhlabeni.

Oonozakuzaku baseMerika basebenzela ukuhambisela phambili izilangazelelo ze-U.S. kukhuselwe abemi baseMerika abahamba okanye abahlala phesheya kwelwandle, bakhuthaze intsebenziswano yezorhwebo nezoqoqosho, baphinde bakhe unxulumano kwimicimbi esuka kwimozulu ukuya ekulweni nezobugrogrisi. ISebe leLizwe likwasebenzisa iinkqubo zoncedo lwamanye amazwe, libonelela iinkonzo ezinxulumene neenkcubeko zoluntu ukuchaza imigaqo-nkqubo nemilinganiselo yamaMerika kubantu bamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe.

UMongameli ubandakanyeka ngokobuqu kwiintlanganiso zentlanganiso neenkokeli zamazwe angaphandle, ukuba nenxaxheba kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe njengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo neNATO, kunye nonxibelelwano olungqalileyo kunye nezinxulumani ezikhoyo ehlabathini lonke. Ezi ngxoxo zomgangatho ophezulu zinokubumba ulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe, ukusombulula iingxabano, kunye nokuseka izicwangciso zentsebenziswano kwiingxaki zehlabathi.

Inkqubo yorhwebo imela omnye umqathango obalulekileyo wolwalamano lwamazwe angaphandle olawulwa lisebe eliphetheyo. I-United States Messadential Trade Ithetha ngezivumelwano zorhwebo kunye neengxoxo zorhwebo, isebenzela ukuvula iimarike zeempahla neenkonzo zaseMerika ngoxa ikhusela abasebenzi baseMerika nemizi - mveliso kwimisebenzi yorhwebo engekho sesikweni. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kuye kwakho iingxoxo ezinzulu ngenkqubo yorhwebo, kunye nooMongameli besenza iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho yamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe.

Imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo kunye nolawulo loMongameli

Imiyalelo yabalawuli imela esinye sezixhobo ezinamandla zoMongameli zokukhokela imisebenzi karhulumente nokusebenzisa inkqubo. Le miyalelo isebenza ngokusemthethweni iyalela amaqumrhu orhulumente namagosa ngendlela yokusebenzisa igunya lawo nokufeza iimbopheleleko zawo. Ngeli xesha imiyalelo yabalawuli begunya ingenako ukwenza imithetho emitsha okanye imali efanelekileyo `amandla agcinelwe iBhunga-mayela---------anokuyibumba ngokuphawulekayo indlela imithetho ekhoyo esetyenziswa ngayo nendlela isebe elilawulayo elisebenza ngayo.

Abalawuli baye bakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kwimbali yeMelika ukusingatha imicimbi engxamisekileyo, izinto eziphambili zenkqubo, kunye nokulawula iqumrhu lolawulo lwesizwe. Imizekelo ephawulekayo iquka iEmanciption Proclation ka-Abraham Lincoln, umyalelo kaFranklin Roosevelt wokuseka iinkampu zocandelwana zamaJapan ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II (kamva eyathi yagqalwa njengendlela yokungabi nabulungisa emangcwabeni), umyalelo kaHarry Truman wokuphelisa umkhosi, kunye nemiyalelo emininzi yakutshanje yoomongameli ethetha ngemibandela esusela ekufudukeni ukuya kutshintsho lwemozulu.

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kufuneka ibekwe kugunya-siseko okanye kumthetho. Iinkundla zingawisa imiyalelo egqitha amandla omongameli okanye echasene nomGaqo-siseko. Olu hlolo lunika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwigunya elinegunya eliphakamileyo, nangona ooMongameli ngokufuthi benengqiqo enzulu kwindlela abalichaza ngayo igunya labo elisemthethweni baze balisebenzise ngayo.

Ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yabalawuli, ooMongameli banikela ezinye iintlobo zemiyalelo kuquka iintlobo zombutho womongameli, izibhengezo, kunye nolawulo lokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ezi zixhobo zisebenza iinjongo ezifanayo kodwa zisenokuba neziseko ezahlukileyo ezisemthethweni okanye iimfuno zenkqubo yesizwe. Ngokomzekelo, umongameli wecawa projekthi, usoloko ethetha ngemicimbi yolawulo okanye enika ukhokelo kumaqumrhu ngaphandle kolungelelwano olusesikweni lolawulo oluphezulu.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali noLawulo lwezoqoqosho

Isebe elilawulayo lidlala indima ephambili kwinkqubo yoqingqo-mali yesizwe. Unyaka ngamnye, uMongameli unika izicelo zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali ezineenkcukacha kwiKhomishini echaza izinto eziza kuqala nemali efunyenweyo yonyaka wemali ozayo. Olu lwabiwo-mali lumela ucwangciso lolawulo lwenkqubo oluguqulelwe ngokwemiqathango ephantsi, olubonisa apho uMongameli afuna ukuhlawula izinto zogcino-mali kunye noko iinkqubo zifanele zifumaneke ngakumbi okanye zincitshiswe ngemali.

I-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo (OMB), inxalenye ye-Ofisi yoMphathiswa oLawulayo, ilungelelanisa uphuhliso lohlahlo-mali kwisebe eliphetheyo. I-OMB isebenza namaqumrhu alawulayo ukuphuhlisa izicelo zokuchitha imali, ihlalutya izicelo zemigaqo-nkqubo, kwaye ijonge ukuphunyezwa koqingqo-mali xa iBhunga lifanelekile. Le nkqubo yoqingqo-mali ithatha iinyanga zokulungiselela nokuxoxa, phakathi kwesebe eliphetheyo kunye nolawulo kunye neBhunga.

Ngeli xesha iBhunga libamba amandla omgaqo-siseko wesipakethe kwaye kufuneka ivumele zonke iindleko zemali zorhulumente, izicelo zoqingqo-mali zengxoxo kwaye zibonisa ezona zinto ziphambili zempatho-mbini. Uqingqo-mali lokugqibela oluvela kucwangciso lombutho wombutho lusoloko lwahluka kakhulu kwisicelo soMongameli, lubonakalisa ukunikwa nokuthatyathwa kwenkqubo yemithetho kunye nezinto eziphambili ezikhuphisanayo zabadlali bezopolitiko.

Ngapha koko kuqingqwa, isebe elilawulayo liphembelela inkqubo yezoqoqosho ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. ISebe leBhodi yezezimali lilawula imali yesebe, liqokelela irhafu ngeNkonzo yeNdebezo yeMpahla, lize lijonge amaqumrhu emali. UMongameli umisela iSihlalo namalungu eKomiti yeReserve yeFederal, emisela inkqubo yemali, nangona iFed isebenza ngokwayo xa amagosa eqinisekisiwe. Amaqumrhu alawulayo alawula imicimbi yezomthetho elwa nolawulo, kwaye aphumeza iinkqubo zokuphuhlisa inkqubela yezoqoqosho ezibumba imekobume yezoshishino kunye nokwanda kwezoqoqosho.

IKhabhinethi: Abalawuli neZintloko zeSebe eziBalaseleyo

IKhabhinethi ineSikhokelo sikaMongameli kunye neentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15, kunye namanye amagosa anikwe isikhundla somgangatho weKhabhinethi nguMongameli. La magosa aphezulu asebenza njengentloko yabalawuli boMongameli kwaye alawula amasebe amakhulu azalisekisa inkqubo karhulumente phantse kuyo yonke imimandla yomsebenzi karhulumente. Amalungu eKhabhinethi amele amiswe nguMongameli kwaye kufuneka aqinisekiswe yiNtsimbi yeeNtsimbi.

Inkqubo yeKhabhinethi ivumela uMongameli ukuba anike igunya kwaye axhomekeke kwiingcaphephe eziphethe abantu abaphantsi ukuba zilawule iindawo ezintsonkothileyo. Oonobhala beKhabhinethi bajonge imisebenzi yamasebe abo, baphuhlise izicelo zenkqubo, bamele ulawulo kubungqina obuququzelelweyo nokubonakala kwabantu, kwaye basebenze njengamalungu aphambili eqela lokhokelo loMongameli.

ISebe likaRhulumente

ISebe loRhulumente, elikhokelwa nguNobhala weSizwe, lilawula ubudlelwane bothungelwano lwamazwe aseMerika kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yamazwe angaphandle. Njengesebe elidala leeKhabhinethi, elimiselwe ngo-1789, lijonge amaqumrhu kunye nemithetho-siseko yeRhulumente ehlabathini lonke, lithethana nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye linxibelelana noorhulumente bangaphandle kwimicimbi esukela kwintsebenziswano yokhuseleko kwintsebenziswano yoluntu. Eli sebe likwakhupha nee-passport kunye neemvume, liqhuba iinkqubo zoncedo zamazwe angaphandle, kwaye libandakanye nezivumelwano zikawonke wonke oluntu ukukhuthaza imilinganiselo kunye nezilangazelelo

ISebe loNondyebo

ISebe lezemali lilawula imali yesizwe, liqokelela irhafu, livelisa imali, lize lijonge amaqumrhu emali. Unobhala weBhunga usebenza njengomphathi-mali oyintloko woMongameli kwaye umela iUnited States kwiintlangano zemali zezizwe ngezizwe. Iimbopheleleko zeTrente ziquka ukuphatha amatyala esizwe, ukuzalisekisa isigwebo sezoqoqosho, ukulwa nemali ehlawulwayo kunye nemali yabanqolobi, kunye nokulawula iibhanki namanye amaziko emali ukuze kulondolozwe uzinzo kwinkqubo yemali.

Isebe lokhuselo

ISebe lokhuselo, elikhokelwa nguNobhala woMkhosi, lilawula imikhosi exhobileyo kunye nenkqubo yomkhosi. I-DOD ijonge umkhosi, uMkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi woMkhosi wasemoyeni, umkhosi wamanzi, kunye noMkhosi waseMmandla waseMbindini, kunye namasebe amaninzi okhuselo kunye nemisebenzi. Isebe liphuhlisa ubuchule bomkhosi, liyakwazi ukufumana ukhuseleko, ligcine ufako lomkhosi ehlabathini lonke, libonelele inkxaso kumalungu enkonzo kunye neentsapho zalo.

ISebe leMithetho eLuntu

ISebe leJaji, elikhokelwa yiAttorney Jikelele, lisebenza njengomthetho womthetho we-othothothotho, kunye nengalo esemthethweni. I-DOJ imangalela urhulumente, imela i-United States kwimicimbi engokwasemthethweni, kwaye inika icebiso elingokwasemthethweni kuMongameli nakumaquluneli aphetheyo. Isebe liquka iFBI, i-DEA, iATF, i-U.RSALS Service, kunye namanye amaqumrhu okunyanzela umthetho, kunye neU.S. Attorneys kwiiofisi ze-ofisi zezenkundla yezomthetho kwimimandla yorhulumente kulo lonke elo lizwe.

ISebe leMbali

ISebe leMzabalazo lilawula amazwe orhulumente kunye nobuncwane bendalo, kuquka iipaki zesizwe, iindawo zokusabela kwizilwanyana, namazwe kawonke-wonke. UNobhala weSizwe ujonge amaqumrhu akwinkonzo yeSizwe, iBureau of Land Management, iNkonzo yeeNtsimi neNtlalo-ntle yase-ntle yase-ntle, kunye neSebe leMicimbi yeMicimbi yeNtlalo. Umlinganiselo wokulondolozo lwezemvelo kunye nenkqubela yemali, ulawula ulwalamano noorhulumente besizwe, kwaye ukhusela izilwanyana neendawo zemvelifa.

ISebe lezeLimo

ISebe lezolimo lixhasa abalimi baseMerika nabafuyi-fama, liqinisekisa ukuba kukhuselekile ukutya, liqhuba uphando lokulima, lize linike iinkqubo zokunceda ukuzondla izityalo. IUSDA ijonge i-Inshorensiwarensi yezityalo kunye nemali enikwa ifama, iqhuba uphando lwezolimo, kwaye ilawula iinkqubo ezifana neSomeral Nutrition Active App(SNAP) enceda izigidi zabantu baseMerika ukuba zithenge ukutya. Isebe likwalawula nenyama neenkukulungisa-nkukhu, likwalungisa nemisebenzi yokukhuthaza ukuthunyelwa kwemali eMerika.

Isebe lorhwebo

ISebe lezorhwebo likhuthaza ukwanda kwezoqoqosho nokusungulwa kwemisebenzi ngeenkqubo nee-ofisi ezahlukeneyo. Urhwebo luquka i-Breau, eqhuba ukubalwa kwabantu okuphelelisiweyo kwaye iqokelele ugcino-lwazi lwezoqoqosho; iNational Oceanic kunye ne-Atmospheric Administration (NOA), elawula ukuxelwa kwangaphambili kwemozulu kunye nobuncwane baselwandle; i-Paten and Trantemark Office; kunye namaqumrhu akhuthaza urhwebo, axhasa amashishini azimeleyo, kunye nophando lwezoqoqosho.

ISebe lokuSebenza

ISebe lezemisebenzi likhusela amalungelo abasebenzi, likhuthaza ukhuseleko emsebenzini, limisela iinkqubo zengqesho kunye noqeqesho. Linyanzelisa ukuba kuhlawulwe intlawulo kunye nemithetho yeeyure, lilawula iinkqubo ze-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, liqokelela izibalo zemisebenzi, lize lijonge ukhuseleko emsebenzini nge-Occupational Safety kunye ne-Administration (OSHA). Isebe likwakhusela namalungelo empesheni, linyanzelisa imithetho elwa nolwaphulo-mthetho-mthetho olwa nolwaphulo-mthetho emsebenzini, linika uqeqesho kunye neenkonzo zemisebenzi.

ISebe lezeMpilo neeNkonzo zoLuntu

HHS ulawula iinkqubo zempilo zesizwe kunye nophando lwezonyango oluqhutywa ngamasebe anjengeziko lokuLawula nelokuthintela Izifo (CDC), iFood and Drug Administration (FDA), iNational Institutes of Health (NIH), kunye neZiko leMedicaid Services (CMS). Isebe lijongela iMedicare kunye neMedicaid, enika impilo eMedicare kunye neMedicaid, enika inkcathatho engokwempilo kubantu baseMedos, elawula ukutya neziyobisi, iqhuba uphando lwezamayeza, lize liphendule kwiimeko zempilo zikawonke wonke.

ISebe leMidlalo noPhuhliso lwamaDolophana

IHID isebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba kufumaneka izindlu ezinokufikeleleka nokukhuthaza uphuhliso loluntu. Isebe limisela iinkqubo zokuqesha izindlu zikawonke-wonke, linikela uncedo lokuqesha, linyanzelisa imithetho yezindlu ezifanelekileyo, lixhasa namanyathelo okuphuhlisa ibutho loluntu. I-HID ikwajonge uLawulo lweNkcubeko lwezezimali zoNyaka, oluxhasa iimali ezihlawulelwayo zokunceda abantu baseMerika babe ngamakhaya abo bangenamakhaya, kwaye lisebenza ukuphendula abantu abangenamakhaya ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokunika.

Isebe lezothutho

ISebe lezothutho lijonge izibonelelo zothutho nokhuseleko lwelizwe. I-DOT iquka uBuphathi boMbutho we-Federal Aviation (FAA), obulawula uhambo ngenqwelo-moya; uLawulo lweNdlela ePhezulu; uLawulo lweNational Highway Traffic Traffic Udministration; kunye namaqumrhu ajonge iziporo, izithuthi zaselwandle, kunye neemibhobho. Iprojekthi zemali yesebe, imisela imigangatho yokhuseleko, kunye nolawulo lwezothutho ukuqinisekisa ukuhambela kwabantu nokusebenza kakuhle kwempahla.

ISebe lamandla

ISebe leMimandla lilawula inkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya yelizwe, likhuthaza ukhuseleko lombane, kwaye liqhuba uphando lwenzululwazi. I-DOE ijonge iilaboratori zesizwe, ilawula ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma yenyukliya, ikhuthaza ukukhuliswa kombane okunokuphinda kuvuselelwe, kwaye isebenza ukuphucula ubuchule bombane. Kwakhona eli sebe ligcina izixhobo zenyukliya zigcinwe kwaye lisebenza ukunqanda ukwanda kwenyukliya emhlabeni wonke.

ISebe lezemfundo

ISebe lezemfundo limisela iinkqubo zemfundo zesizwe lize limise imithetho yemfundo. I-ED ilawula iinkqubo zabafundi zokuboleka imali, ibonelela ngemali kwizikolo ezifumana abafundi abasweleyo, inyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu kwimfundo, iqokelela nenkcazelo yemfundo. Ngoxa inkqubo yemfundo eninzi imiselwa kurhulumente nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, urhulumente uphembelela imfundo ngeenkqubo zemali kunye neemfuno zolawulo.

ISebe leMicimbi yeMicimbi yeNkcubeko

I VA inika unyango lwezempilo, iingenelo, kunye neenkonzo kumagqala asemkhosini kunye neentsapho zawo. Isebe lisebenzisa inkqubo enkulu yonyango oludibeneyo, linika intlawulo yeziphene kunye neenkqubo zempesheni, lilawula amangcwaba amagqala, libonelela ngeenzuzo zemfundo ngeenkqubo ezifana ne-GI Bill. Abaqeshwa abangaphezu kwama-40 000, iVA ikhonza izigidi zamakhenkethi kulo lonke ilizwe.

ISebe loKhuseleko lwaMakhaya

I-DHS, isebe elitsha leKhabhinethi, likhusela ilizwe labo ekuhlaseleni kwabanqolobi nakwezinye izisongelo. Isebe liquka amasebe anjengeCustom kunye ne-Borders Protection, i-Immigration kunye neCustom, i-Schec, i-Secret Security Administration, i-Coast, i-Forker Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). I-DHS ilawula ukhuseleko lomda, ukunyanzeliswa kwabantu abangena emakhaya, ukupheliswa kwe-inthaka, ukupheliswa kwentlekele, ukupheliswa kwe-ibhedro, nokukhuselwa kwezixhobo ezichana.

Imigaqo-nkqubo ezimeleyo kunye nemizimba elawulayo

Ngaphandle kwamasebe eKhabhinethi, isebe elilawulayo liquka amasebe amaninzi azimeleyo asebenza ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo okuzimela ngokwawo kulawulo olungqalileyo lomongameli. La masebe asoloko enegunya elikhethekileyo kunye negunya lolawulo kwimizi-mveliso ethile okanye kwimimandla ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo. Ngoxa uMongameli emisela iintloko zoorhulumente, amaqumrhu amaninzi azimeleyo akhiwe ukuze awakhusele kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, kunye namakhomishinala asebenza kwiimfuno ezizinzileyo kunye nemiqathango emandla kaMongameli okuwasusa.

I-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) ikhusela impilo yabantu kunye nemekobume ngokumisa imithetho nemigaqo yemekobume. I-EPA imisela imilinganiselo yongcoliso, ijonge ukuhlanjululwa kweengingqi ezingcolisiweyo, ilawula izibulala-zinambuzane nemichiza enetyhefu, kwaye isebenza namazwe kunye nezizwe ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zokusingqongileyo. Umsebenzi weli sebe uchaphazela umgangatho womoya, ukhuseleko lwamanzi, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume bomhlaba kulo lonke ilizwe.

IKhomishini yezentengiso neyobuNtloko (SEC) ilawula iimarike zokugcinwa kweemali nokukhusela abatyali-mali. I-SEC ifuna iinkampani zikawonke-wonke zityhile ulwazi lwemali, zinyanzelise imithetho yezezimali, zilawule ukutshintshiswa kwamafama kunye nee-arhente ezithenjiweyo, kunye nokumangalelwa kwetyala. Isebe lisebenza ukulondoloza iimarike ezifanelekileyo nezifanelekileyo zemali lize lincede ukusekwa kwekomkhulu.

IKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loManyano loManyano (FCC) ilawula unxibelelwano phakathi komhlaba namazwe ngamazwe ngonomathotholo, umabonwakude, ucingo, itellite, kunye nentsontelo yentsimbi. I-FCC ilawula ulwahlulo lolwabelo, imithetho yonxibelelwano enyanzelisa ukhuphiswano kwiimarike zonxibelelwano, kwaye isebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufikelelo lwehlabathi lonke kwiinkonzo zonxibelelwano.

I-SSA iqokelela irhafu yerhafu yezigidi zamaMelika, imisela ulawulo loKhuseleko loluntu, olunika abantu iingenelo zokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, ukukhubazeka kunye nokusinda. I-SSA iqokelela iirhafu eziqeshwayo, imisela inzuzo yokufumana intlawulo, iinkcitho, kunye nemiba yoKhuselo loluntu. Le nkqubo imela enye yeenkqubo ze-inshorensi ezinkulu nebalulekileyo ze-inshorensi karhulumente.

Amanye amaqumrhu azimeleyo abalulekileyo aquka iNkqubo yeFederal Reserve (inkqubo ye-monetary), iKhomishoni yeFederal Trade (iSikhuseli soKhuselo kunye nokungadibanisi), iNational Labor Relations Board (ulwalamano lomsebenzi), i-Universal Emplication Commission (ucalucalucalulo ngemisebenzi), kunye ne-NASA (ukuhlolwa kwendawo), phakathi kwezinye ezininzi.

I-ofisi eLawulayo kaMongameli

I-Ofisi yesiGqeba esiLawulayo yoMongameli (EOP) inee-ofisi eziwuxhasa ngqo umsebenzi woMongameli. Idalwe ngowe-1939, i-EOP iye yakhula yaquka iiofisi ezininzi ezinceda uMongameli ukuba aphuhlise inkqubo, alawule isebe eliphetheyo, kwaye anxibelelane noluntu kunye neBhunga.

I-Ofisi yeNdlu eWhite iquka abalawuli abakufuphi boMongameli kunye nabasebenzi, kuquka iNtloko yeStaff, elawula imisebenzi yeNdlu emhlophe kwaye esebenza njengomgcini wesango kuMongameli; abalawuli abakhulu abaluleka uMongameli ngemicimbi yezopolitiko; unobhala wePhondo, onxibelelana nezixhobo; kunye namanye amalungu amaninzi abasebenzi asingatha ucwangciso, imicimbi yemithetho, kunye neminye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo.

I-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo (OMB) ilungiselela izicelo zoqingqo-mali zoMongameli, ijonge ukuphunyezwa koqingqo-mali, kunye nemimiselo yemibutho. I-OMB isebenza njengesixhobo esinamandla sokulawula umongameli kwisebe eliphetheyo, isebenzisa uqingqo-mali lwayo kunye negunya lokulungisa umgaqo-nkqubo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu alungelelane nezinto eziphambili zomongameli.

IBhunga loKhuseleko lweSizwe (NSC) licebisa uMongameli ngokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nenkqubo yamanye amazwe. Abasebenzi be-NSC, bakhokelwa yiSikhuseli seSizwe, balungelelanisa inkqubo ngaphaya kwamaqumrhu, balawule iinkqubo zokudibana, kwaye banike uMongameli uhlalutyo nokhetho kwimicimbi yokhuseleko.

IBhunga lezezoqoqosho linika uMongameli uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho namacebiso. ICEA, eqanjwe ziingcali zezoqoqosho, ihlolisisa inkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho, ivavanya izicelo zemigaqo-nkqubo, kwaye inceda ekuphuhliseni inkqubo yezoqoqosho yolawulo.

Ezinye ii-OP ziquka i-Ofisi kaMongameli onguVimba weSizwe, i-Ofisi yoMmeli woTradisitho e-U.S. iBhunga elikwiNtloko yokusingqongileyo, i-Ofisi yenzululwazi kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo woLawulo lweSizwe woLawulo lweziyobisi, kunye nezinye ii-ofisi. Ezi ofisi zivumela uMongameli ukuba alungelelanise inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko ngaphaya korhulumente kwaye aqinisekise ukuba imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo ihambelane nezinto eziphambili zobumongameli.

Amagophe Nolungelelwano Kumandla oLawulo

Ngeli xesha isebe elilawulayo lisebenzisa amandla angakumbi, inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika iquka iingqikelelo nezingqiniso ezininzi ezenzelwe ukukhusela ukuphangwa kwegunya eliphezulu nokuqinisekisa ukuphendulelwa koxanduva. Ezi nkqubo zibonisa inkxalabo yabalawuli ngamandla agqithiseleyo nokuzibophelela kwabo kurhulumente wamandla ahlukeneyo.

IBhunga libonisa ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo ngokuva, ngophando, nangeengxelo. Iikomiti zeBhunga zisoloko zimema amagosa aphetheyo ukuba anikele ubungqina ngemisebenzi, imigaqo-nkqubo, nokusetyenziswa kwemali efanelekileyo. IBhunga likwanokuqhuba uphando kwizenzo zesebe eziphezulu, amaxwebhu namangqina, kwaye lijonge amagosa ajongelwa phantsi ngenxa yokungasebenzisani. Lo msebenzi unceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lisebenzisa imithetho njengeBhunga elicetyiweyo kwaye lisebenze kwimida esemthethweni.

Ukuqinisekiswa kwamandla eNdlu yeeNtsimbi kukumiselwa komongameli kunika olunye uvavanyo olubalulekileyo. UMongameli akanakubeka umntu ngamnye kwiindawo ezingundoqo; iNdlu yeQela kufuneka ivumele onobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi borhulumente, oomatiloshe, nabanye amagosa aphezulu. Oku kufunekayo kunyanzelisa ooMongameli ukuba baqwalasele enoba ooNondyebo babo bangafumana inkxaso kusini na kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso zemithetho-siseko ze banike impembelelo kwisebe elikhokela abameli abalawulayo kwaye basebenze kwibhedriki yephondo.

Ulawulo lweBhunga elilawula ukuhambelana nokubekwa kwemida yamandla aphezulu ngokufuna uMongameli ukuba afune imali yeenkqubo nemisebenzi. UMongameli akanakuyisebenzisa imali engazange isetyenziswe yiBhunga, kwaye iKhomishini ingasebenzisa amandla ayo okusebenzisa ukuchitha izinto ukubumba, ukunqanda imisebenzi ethile, okanye ifune izenzo ezithile. Eli "gunya lemali" limela enye yezona ngxaso zeBhunga elibalulekileyo kwigunya elilawulayo.

Isebe eligwebayo lihlola igunya lolawulo oluphezulu ngokuhlola ikomiti, amandla okugqiba enoba izenzo zolawulo ziyavumelana noMgaqo-siseko nemithetho. Iinkundla zingawisa imiyalelo yezolawulo, imimiselo yesebe elingenanto, zize zilawule ukuba amagosa aphezulu angaphezulu kwegunya lawo. Ngoxa iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zijongene nobuchule bokulawula kwiindawo ezininzi, zisebenza njengesikhuselo esibalulekileyo ekuthinteleni ukuphazanyiswa kwegunya eliphetheyo nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ekuphazanyisweni ngurhulumente.

Ukunyanzela kunika uhlolo olupheleleyo kwihambo engalunganga yobumongameli. Indlu yabameli ingamtyumza uMongameli "ngesizathu, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nokungagqibeki," kwaye iBhunga linokususa uMongameli kwisikhundla xa kuvotelwa amatyala amabini anesithathu. Ngoxa ukungaququzeleli kunqabile `kuphela koomongameli abathathu abangafundiswanga, kwaye akukho namnye osusiweyo ngenkqubo yokungagqibeli kwemithetho-"imela inkqubo ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-siseko ekuthetheni nokwenza ububi obunzulu bomongameli.

Uluvo lwamaphephandaba nolwamaqumrhu kawonke wonke lukwasebenza njengeengqikelelo ezingacwangciswanga kodwa ezinamandla kwigunya eliphakamileyo. Ukuhlolisiswa kwemisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo, uphando lobuzwilakhe olubhenca ububi bukarhulumente, kunye nengcinezelo kawonke-wonke kumagosa anyuliweyo onke anyanzelisa ukunyanzeleka kwenyathelo eliphezulu kwaye akhuthaza ukuphenduliswa kwedemokhrasi. Kwidemokhrasi, uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwamandla aphezulu luvela kubavoti, abanokunyula uMongameli omtsha rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine aze atshintshe ukwenziwa kweBhunga kwinkomfama yonyulo rhoqo.

ISebe loMsebenzi loManyano: Umgaqo-nkqubo woLawulo oluPhezulu

Isebe elilawulayo lisebenzisa abasebenzi abangaburhulumente abamalunga nezigidi ezi-2,2 (abasebenza ngeposi) abasebenza imihla ngemihla kurhulumente wesizwe. Aba basebenzi basekuhlaleni basebenza kwii-ofisi kulo lonke ilizwe nasehlabathini lonke, bezalisekisa imithetho, benikela iinkonzo, besenza uphando, kwaye benza eminye imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kurhulumente.

Inkoliso yabaqeshwa basekuhlaleni basebenza phantsi kwenkqubo esekelwe kwigunya elifanelekileyo elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi karhulumente izalisiwe ngokusekelwe kwiimfaneleko kunokuba idibane nezobupolitika. Inkqubo yenkonzo yasekuhlaleni, emiselwe ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukulwa inkqubo yokuxhasa, ikhusela abasebenzi bengingqi ekugxothweni ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nengcinezelo yezobupolitika, ibavumela ukuba banikezele ukuqhubekeka nobuchule babo ngaphaya kolawulo lomongameli.

Abasebenzi bomanyano basebenza kwiindima ezahlukeneyo, ukususela kwizazinzulu eziqhuba uphando lwezamayeza kwiZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo ukuya kutsho kwimiphaka ekhusela iipaki, ukusuka kubaphathi beenqwelo-moya abaqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwenqwelo-moya ukuya kubaphathi-moya abamela izilangazelelo zamazwe angaphandle. Baquka amagosa omthetho, abasebenzi bezonyango, oononjineli, amagqwetha, iingcali zezoqoqosho, kunye noochwepheshe kwimibango nganye yomgudu woluntu.

Ulwalamano phakathi kwabaphathi bezobupolitika nabasebenzi bengqesho maxa wambi lunokuba lunzima, njengoko abamiselwe befuna ukuzalisekisa ucwangciso loMongameli loxa abasebenzi bemisebenzi benika ulwazi nobuchule. Ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna intsebenziswano phakathi kolawulo lwezopolitiko kunye nabasebenzi abaqeshwa, kunye nabamiselwe ukuba banikele umgaqo-nkqubo kunye nabasebenzi bemisebenzi abancedisa ubuchule bobugcisa kunye nenkumbulo yequmrhu.

Impembelelo Yesebe Elilawulayo Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo ichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika, ngokufuthi ngeendlela abemi abangayiqondi ngokukhawuleza. Ukuqonda olu nxibelelwano kunceda kubonise isizathu sokuba isebe eliphetheyo linemibandela nendlela izigqibo zalo ezichaphazela ngayo abantu, iintsapho kunye nabantu.

Xa amaMerika evuka aze ahlole imozulu engaphambili, axhomekeke kugcino-lwazi olusuka eNOA, inxalenye yeSebe lorhwebo. Ukutya abakudlelayo kwisidlo sakusasa kuhlolwe yiFDA okanye i-USDA ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko. Ukuba basebenzisa amayeza kagqirha, iFDA iyavuma ukuba i-FDA ikhuselekile kwaye iyasebenza. Amanzi abawaselayo ahlangabezana nemilinganiselo ebekwe yi-EPA, kwaye umoya abaphefumlayo ucocekile ngenxa yemithetho ye-EPA engongcoliseko.

Xa amaMerika ehamba nge-asel-endleleni eyakhiwe ngemali yezithuthi zezethutho nezithuthi zemali elungele ukufikelela imigangatho yokhuseleko karhulumente. Ukuba abhabha, iFAA iqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwenqwelo-moya kwaye ilawula ulawulo lwenqwelo-moya. Emsebenzini, imithetho ye-OSHA iyawakhusela kwiingozi zasemsebenzini, kwaye imithetho yezempangelo iqinisekisa ukuba afumana umvuzo omncinane, intlawulo olude, kunye nokukhuselwa ekucalulweni.

Isebe elilawulayo likhusela ukhuseleko lwemali lwamaMelika ngobuchule obuninzi. I-FDIC iintlawulo zebhanki, i-SEC ilawula iimarike zokuvalwa kwemali, kunye ne-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ikhusela abathengi ekubolekeni imali kunye nokuqhatha ngemali. Ukhuseleko loluntu lunika izigidi zabantu abadala umhlala-phantsi ingeniso yomhlala-phantsi, kwaye iMedicare iqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwempilo yabantu abadala kunye nabantu abaneziphene.

Amaqumrhu okhuseleko eeNgingqi aqokelela inkcazelo engosongelo, umkhosi, amasebe okhuseleko akhusela ilizwe lawo, ngoxa ezi zinto zidla ngokusenzeka ngaphandle kwembutho, akhusela amaMerika ukuze aphile ngaphandle koloyiko lokuhlaselwa.

Xa kufikelwa iintlekele, i-FEMA ilungelelanisa ukusabela kwentlekele karhulumente, inika uncedo kubantu abachaphazelekayo nokunceda ukuba baphinde bahlaziywe. I-CDC iqwalasela ukuqhambuka kwezifo ize isebenze ukukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke. I-National Weather Service ilumkisa ngemozulu embi, inika abantu ithuba lokufuna ukhuseleko.

Iingxaki Nempikiswano

Isebe elilawulayo lijamelene nocelomngeni oluninzi kule nkulungwane yama - 21, yaye iingxoxo eziphathelele igunya eliphakamileyo, ukuphumelela kukarhulumente, nendima efanelekileyo yamasebe karhulumente ziyaqhubeka zibumba ezopolitiko nezolawulo lwaseMerika.

Ukukhula kwegunya lokulawula ngexesha elidlulileyo kuye kwabangela iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngokulungelelana phakathi kwamasebe. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ooMongameli baye baqokelela igunya elininzi, ingakumbi kwimimandla efana nokusebenza komkhosi, ukunyanzeliswa kolawulo, kunye nemigaqo yokulawula. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ulawulo lwale mihla lufuna ulawulo olunamandla olunamandla olunokukwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiingxaki entsonkothileyo enokuthi iBhunga lingakwazi ukucombulula ngokulula ngomthetho.

Ilizwe lolawulo ./_Umnatha omkhulu weengingqi kunye nemimiselo elawula ubomi banamhlanje .Impikiswano ibangelwa kukungavisisani kwezobupolitika. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi abameli basebenzisa amandla amaninzi kakhulu yaye abakwaziyo ukuphendula ngokwedemokhrasi, bedala imimiselo yokuba amashishini nabantu abanoxanduva olucacileyo lokuqulunqwa kwamagosa angenabo ubuchule bokulawula ngqo. Abanye baqinisekisa ukuba kufuneka ukuba amaziko obugcisa ajongene nobuchule bokusingatha imicimbi yoorhulumente.

Ukwenziwa kwemibutho kunye nongquzulwano lwabaququzeleli besebe lesebe eliphethe amasebe kuye kwabangela ucelomngeni olukhulu. Xa amaqela ahlukeneyo elawula ubungangamsha kunye neBhunga, ukungquzulwano ngamadinga, uqingqo-mali, kunye nenkqubo zisiba nzulu ngakumbi. Abameli baxhomekeke ngokungakumbi kwimiyalelo yezolawulo xa bengenakukwazi ukufikelela iinjongo zabo ngomthetho, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungazinzini kwemigaqo njengoko ulawulo olutsha lutshintsha izenzo zabandulelayo.

Utshintsho lobugcisa nobugcisa buye badala luzisa ucelomngeni olutsha kumasebe aphetheyo. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente zijamelana nezisongelo zekhompyutha ezivela kutshaba lwamanye amazwe nakwimibutho yabemi. Iinkqubo kufuneka ziqhelane nokutshintsha kobugcisa ngokukhawuleza ngoxa zikhusela ubumfiliba kunye nenkululeko yabemi. Ukwanda kobuchule bokwenziwa, ibhayoloji kunye nezinye ii-teknoloji ezitshayo kuphakamisa imibuzo ebangela ukuba izakhiwo ezikhoyo zingaphenduli ngokwaneleyo.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kufuna ukuba kwenziwe ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo kumaziko amaninzi nomgangatho karhulumente. Isebe eliphetheyo linendima ebalulekileyo ekucombululeni iingxaki zemozulu ngemiqathango yemeko-bume, ngomgaqo-nkqubo wombane, ngokutyalwa kwezixhobo, nangokuthethana ngemozulu yezizwe ngezizwe.

Ikamva Lesebe Elilawulayo

Njengoko iMelika isiya isiya phambili kwinkulungwane yama-21, isebe eliphetheyo liza kuqhubeka liguquka liphendulela kwiingxaki ezintsha kunye neemeko ezitshintshayo. Imeko nemibuzo emininzi izakubumba ikamva lolawulo oluphezulu.

Ubugcisa buza kuguqula indlela isebe elilawulayo elisebenza ngayo lize lidlulisele ngayo iinkonzo. Iinjongo zikarhulumente wamanani ukwenza iinkonzo zikarhulumente zifikeleleke kwaye ziphumelele, zivumela abemi ukuba basebenzisane norhulumente kwi-intanethi kunokuba basebenzisane neefomu zamaphepha kunye nokutyelela ubugcisa. Ubuchule obudityanisiweyo kunye nogcino-lwazi lungaphucula ukwenziwa kwesigqibo kunye nokunikezelwa kweenkonzo, nangona zikwaphakamisa imibuzo ephathelele ubumfimbe, ikhethe, kunye nokuphendula.

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwamandla olawulo oluphezulu negunya lombutho luza kuhlala luphikiswa. Oomongameli bexesha elizayo baza kubuzwa ngemida yokusebenza kwegunya eliphakamileyo, ingakumbi kwiindawo apho iBhunga lingakhange linikezele ulwalathiso olucacileyo okanye apho i-propati yemithetho ithintela ukumiswa kwemithetho emitsha. Iinkundla ziza kuqhubeka zisenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni imida yegunya elilawulayo.

Imingeni yokusebenza iza kufuna ingqalelo njengoko urhulumente wengingqi ekhuphisana necandelo lobucala ukuze afumane isiphiwo. Ukurhwebelana nabasebenzi abanobuchule kwinkonzo kawonke-wonke, ingakumbi kwimisebenzi yobugcisa, kufuna imbuyekezo yokhuphiswano, umsebenzi onentsingiselo, kunye nenkcubeko entle yentlangano. Abasebenzi bengingqi baluphala, abaqeshwa abaninzi abanamava besondela kwithuba lokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, bedala iingxaki zokucwangcisa ngokulandelelana.

Iingxaki ezisemhlabeni wonke ziya kufuna ukhokelo olusebenzayo kwisebe elilawulayo. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ubhubhani olungele ukuvela kwemozulu, ukukhuphisana kwekhompyutha, ubugrogrisi obuzweni lonke nokhuphiswano olukhulu lwezixhobo ezinamandla kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwesebe elilawulayo.

Ukubuyisela ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke kumaqumrhu karhulumente kungucelomngeni olunzima. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuncipha kokuthembana kumaqumrhu karhulumente, kuquka nesebe eliphetheyo. Ukuthembana kwakhona kufuna ukubonakala, ukuphendula, ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo okunempumelelo, nokubonisa ukuba urhulumente angacombulula iingxaki aze aphucule ubomi babantu.

Indlela Abemi Abanokusebenzisana Ngayo Nesebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu

Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kunceda abantu balawule baze baphendule urhulumente.

Inkqubo yolawulo inika amathuba acwangcisiweyo okungeniswa kolwazi lukawonke-wonke. Xa abameli becebisa imimiselo emitsha, bayazipapasha kwiFederal Register baze bamkele amagqabaza kawonke-wonke. Nabani na unokunikela amagqabaza achaza indlela umthetho ocetyisiweyo onokubachaphazela ngayo okanye ocebisa iinguqu. Ii-accounts kufuneka ziqwalasele la magqabaza phambi kwemithetho yokugqiba, oku kwenza ukuba oku kube yindlela ebalulekileyo yokuphembelela abemi.

Izakhamuzi zingaqhagamshelana ngqo neWhite House ngeeleta, ii-imeyili, kunye nemfonomfono ukuze zichaze iimbono zazo kwimibandela. Ngoxa uMongameli engenako ukusabela ngokobuqu kuzo zonke iingxoxo, abasebenzi beWhite House bafumana iimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke kunye nemibandela emikhulu ephakanyiswa ngabaququzeleli. Inkcazelo yokuqhagamshelana nabameli abathile ikhona kwii-webhsayithi zabo, ivumela abemi ukuba bafikelele abasemagunyeni abajongene nemimandla ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo.

I-Formation of Information Act (FOIA) izicelo zivumela abemi ukufumana amaxwebhu nolwazi lukarhulumente. Ngoxa ezinye iinkcukacha zingakhutshelwanga ngenxa yokhuseleko okanye izizathu zobuqu, i-FOIA iluncedo ekuboneni nokuphendula.

Ukunika intetho kumela eyona ndlela isisiseko abemi abaphembelela ngayo isebe elilawulayo. Unyulo lomongameli lugqiba ukuba ngubani okhokela isebe eliphetheyo kwaye lumisela umgaqo walo. Unyulo lweKhomishini luchaphazela imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo ngolwalathiso, ngokuququzelela, nangokuqinisekisa abamiselwe ngumongameli. Uvotelo olunolwazi lufuna ukuqondwa kwezikhundla zabathathi-nxaxheba nendlela imigaqo-siseko sesebe elilawulayo echaphazela ngayo abantu kunye nohlanga.

Imibutho yezentengiselwano kunye namaqela ezinzala anika abami omnye umgaqo wokubophelelana. Le mibutho ilawula imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo, ikhuthaza iinguqu kwiinkqubo, ikhuthaza abemi ukuba baqhagamshelane namagosa okanye babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yolawulo. Ngoxa ngamanye amaxesha abagxeki bejonga amaqela abantu anomdla onciphileyo, ikwabonelela ngobuchule kunye namazwi akhuthaza imicimbi entsonkothileyo yabemi kwiingxoxo zeenkqubo.

Isiphelo: Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu kuLawulo - melo lwaseMerika

Isebe elilawulayo likwilungu elibalulekileyo likarhulumente waseMerika, linembopheleleko yokumisela imithetho, ukuphatha imisebenzi karhulumente, ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe, nokulungisa iingxaki ezingenakubalwa ezijongene nelizwe. Ukusuka kumongameli ukuya kumsebenzi wezigidi zabasebenzi besebe eliphetheyo, isebe eliphetheyo lichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bamaMelika.

Ukuqonda isebe eliphetheyo ``isiseko somGaqo-siseko, isakhiwo sentlangano, amagunya, kunye nemiqathango'ibalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Isebe elilawulayo lisebenza kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nezingqinisi ezilungiselelwe ukuthintela ubundlobongela ngeli lisenza ulawulo luphumelele. Le nkqubo ifuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo nokubophelelana kubemi ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla alawulayo aphumeza umdla woluntu kwaye ahlala ebuza kubantu.

Njengoko iMerika ijongene neengxaki ezintsha kule nkulungwane yama-21, isebe elilawulayo liza kuqhubeka liziguqula. Ubugcisa, ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi, ukutshintsha kwamanani abantu, nezisongelo ezivelayo ziya kufuna utshintsho kwindlela elisebenza ngayo isebe elilawulayo. Impumelelo iya kuxhomekeka kukhokelo olusebenzayo, izicaka zikarhulumente ezinobuchule, oovimba abaneleyo, nokuqhubeka kukuzinikela kwimigaqo-siseko nokuziphendulela ngokwedemokhrasi.

Kubemi abafuna ukuqonda urhulumente wabo baze babe nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi, ukwazi isebe eliphetheyo kunika isiseko sokuganana. Enoba ngokhetho, ngokugqabaza ngemigaqo, ngokuqhagamshelana namagosa, okanye ngokusuka nje baqhubeke benolwazi ngemisebenzi karhulumente, abemi benza indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni izinto eziphambili kwisebe eliphetheyo baze baphendule urhulumente.

Isebe elilawulayo limela amandla kunye nesithembiso sikarhulumente waseMerika,(85) amandla okuthatha inyathelo ngokusisigxina kumdla wesizwe nesithembiso sokuba amandla anjalo aza kusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, ngokwemiqathango yomGaqo-siseko, nakumsebenzi wabantu baseMelika. Ukugcina olu mlinganiselo kuhlala kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo noxanduva lwesizukulwana ngasinye samaMerika.

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungakumbi ngemisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo neyamaqumrhu karhulumente, tyelela SUSA.gov, isikhokelo esisemthethweni kulwazi neenkonzo zikarhulumente, okanye uhlolo lweNdlu yeWhite.gov ukuze ufumane ulwazi malunga noMongameli kunye nemisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo.