Table of Contents

Isebe elilawulayo limi njengenye yeentsika ezintathu ezisisiseko zikarhulumente waseUnited States, lidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho nendlela elisebenza ngayo ilizwe yonke imihla. Ukuqonda isebe elilawulayo kubalulekile kummi ngamnye ofuna ukuqonda indlela izigqibo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela ngayo ubomi bakhe bemihla ngemihla, ukususela ekunyamekeleni impilo, imfundo ukuya kumgangatho wesizwe kunye nenkqubo yezoqoqosho. Lo khokelo lunentsingiselo ebanzi uhlolisisa isakhiwo, amandla, iimbopheleleko, kunye nempembelelo yokwenene yesebe eliphetheyo.

Ukuqonda Isebe Elilawulayo: Isiseko Nesakhiwo

Amandla eSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu anikwa uMongameli waseUnited States, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente noMlawuli wemikhosi exhobileyo. Olu hlomelo lwamandla omphathi omnye onyuliweyo lumela uphawu olukhethekileyo lwedemokhrasi yaseMelika, eyahlulayo kwiinkqubo zepalamente apho igunya elilawulayo lidla ngokusasazwa phakathi kweenkokeli ezininzi.

Ukunika uMongameli inkxaso afuna ukuyilawula ngokunempumelelo, iOfisi enoLawulo oluPhezulu yoMongameli (EOP) yasekwa ngo1939 nguMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt. Esi sakhiwo sentlangano siye savela ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, sakhula ukuhlangabezana nobunzima obukhulayo bolawulo lwale mihla.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

Igunya elilawulayo liza kunikwa uMongameli waseUnited States of America. La mazwi alula kodwa anamandla avela kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko amisela isiseko segunya elilawulayo. Abaqulunqi bemiGaqo-siseko baba nenxaxheba kwingxoxo ebanzi emalunga namandla okunika isebe eliphetheyo, befuna ukulungelelanisa ulawulo olunempumelelo kunye nokhuseleko nxamnye nengcinezelo.

Ilizwe ne-United States zitshintshe ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ngo 1788 zikhokelela koomongameli abanempembelelo eninzi nolawulo kunokuba zazixelwe ngabalawuli. Le ndaleko ibonisa iimfuno ezitshintshayo zohlanga olwandayo nendima yalo eyandileyo kwiqondo lehlabathi lonke.

Ubungakanani kunye noMda

Ukuquka amalungu emikhosi exhobileyo, iSebe elilawulayo liqesha amaMerika angaphezu kwezigidi ezine. Eli sebe likhulu lisebenza njengelona likhulu umqeshi kwisebe elilawulayo kurhulumente worhulumente, elijongene nokwenza imisebenzi emininzi echaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika.

Kukho amasebe alawulayo ali-15 ngoku. Ngamnye kula masebe ugxininisa kwimimandla ethile yolawulo, ukusuka kwezolimo nakwezorhwebo ukuya kwimicimbi yokhuseleko neyoovimba bamavanjisi. Ngaphaya kwala masebe omgangatho wekhabhinethi, amakhulu amasebe, amasebe, amasebe, kunye neebhodi ezisebenza phantsi kwegunya elilawulayo.

UMongameli: Amagunya Neembopheleleko

Njengentloko yesebe, uMongameli uphethe amagunya aphakamileyo yaye uneembopheleleko ezibalulekileyo ezibumba inkqubo yasekhaya kunye nolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe. La mandla asuka kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko nakumanyathelo embali.

Amandla oMthetho

UMongameli unamandla okutyobela umthetho okanye amatyala adluliselwe yiKhonkxale, nangona iNkqutyana ingayilawula ngevoti yesithathu kuzo zombini izindlu. Eli gunya lisebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kwigunya lowiso-mthetho, iqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo linelizwi kwinkqubo yokwenziwa komthetho.

UMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, engqalileyo okanye ecacisa ngokungakumbi kwaye iqhubekisela phambili imithetho. Imiyalelo yegunya iye yaba sisixhobo esibaluleke ngakumbi kumongameli ukuzalisekisa inkqubo ephambili, ingakumbi xa kujongwa imvume yomthetho. Le miyalelo ithwala umkhosi womthetho kodwa inokucelw ’ umngeni enkundleni okanye iphendulwe lulawulo olulandelayo.

Inkqubo yaMany ’ Amazwe Namandla Angaqhelekanga

Isebe eliphetheyo liqhuba unxibelelwano namanye amazwe, kwaye uMongameli unamandla okunxibelelana nokutyobelana, nto leyo emele ivunywe zii-3 ezimbini zeBhunga. Oku kwabelana ngegunya phakathi kwamasebe aphetheyo nawasemthethweni kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuzinikela okukhulu kwezizwe ngezizwe kufumana inkxaso ebanzi.

UMongameli usebenza njengombuso wamanye amazwe aseMerika, udibana neinkokeli zehlabathi, umela uhlanga kwiintlanganiso zezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye ulolonga ulwalamano lwelizwe namanye amazwe. Uya kunika ngamaxesha athile iCongress Information of the State of Union, kwaye ancomele ukuba bacinge ngezi meko njengoko eza kugweba imfuneko nenzuzo.

Igunya lomkhosi

UMongameli uza kuba nguMlawuli kwiNtloko yoMkhosi noMkhosi wamanzi waseUnited States, kunye neMilitia yamaZwe amaninzi, xa ebizwa kwiNkonzo yokwenene yeUnited States. Le ndima ibeka igunya lomkhosi elipheleleyo ezandleni zasekuhlaleni, umgaqo osisiseko wedemokhrasi yaseMerika olungiselelwe ukuthintela ulawulo lomkhosi.

NjengoMyaleli-oyintloko, uMongameli wenza izigqibo ezibukhali malunga nokubekwa komkhosi, izinto eziphambili, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Noko ke, eli gunya lilungelelaniswe negunya leBhunga lokuvakalisa imfazwe kunye nokulawula inkxaso yemikhosi, edala olunye uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulo.

Amandla Edinga

UMongameli ukwamisela iintloko zeeKhomishini ezizimeleyo zoManyano ezingaphezu kwama-50, njengeBhodi yeSiqinganiso neKhomishini yeSizwe, kunye nabagwebi bamaFederal, oomatiloshe, namanye amagosa oMasipala. Oku kumisela ulwalathiso lwamaqumrhu karhulumente kunye nokucaciswa kwemithetho kangangeminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka ezayo.

Amalungu eKhabhinethi atyunjwa ngumongameli kwaye kufuneka avunywe yiBhunga. Le nkqubo ivumela isebe lowiso-mthetho ukuba lihlolisise ukumiswa komongameli liqinisekise ukuba abantu abafanelekayo bakhokela amasebe karhulumente amakhulu.

Amandla Okugweba

UMongameli ukwanamandla angenasiphelo okuxolela nokubeka ityala kulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko zokunganconywa. Oku kuxolelwa kuvumela uMongameli ukuba abonise inceba, alungise ukuphunyelwa kokusesikweni, okanye aphumele usukelo lwenkqubo olunxulumene nokulungisa ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Umongameli OnguMongameli OnguMongameli: Indima Nempumelelo

Umongameli onguMongameli oyiSigxina ukwayinxalenye yeSebe eliphetheyo, ekulungele ukuthatha imfuneko yokulawula. Ngeli xesha ijongwa njengesikhundla sesibini, uBuongameli bunendima ebalulekileyo yesiseko somGaqo-siseko kwaye buye baguquka baba nendima esebenzayo ngakumbi kulawulo lwale mihla.

Umongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso yaseUnited States, apho afaka khona isigqibo sokuvota kwimeko yeqhina. Le ndima idibene namasebe alawulayo nawamagunya, nangona oomongameli bobuKhosi bedla ngokuchitha ixesha elininzi kwimisebenzi yempatho ephakamileyo kunokulawula iBhunga.

Uxanduva lokuqala lukaMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli waseUnited States kukukulungela ngexesha lesaziso ukuba uMongameli akakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yakhe. Oku kusenokuba ngenxa yokufa kukaMongameli, ukuphelelwa ngumsebenzi, okanye ukuphelelwa kwemodeli, okanye ukuba uMongameli ongumongameli kunye nenkoliso yeKhabhinethi ukuba uMongameli akasakwazi ukukhupha imisebenzi kamongameli.

IKhabhinethi: Inkonzo nokhokelo lolawulo

Amalungu ekhabhinethi asebenza njengomphathi-mikhosi. Aquka isekela lomongameli, iintloko zamasebe alawulayo, namanye amagosa karhulumente aphezulu abeka izikhundla. IKhabhinethi imela iqumrhu eliphambili loMongameli, lizisa iinkokeli kunye ezinobuchule kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yemigaqo.

Isebe ngalinye likhokelwa ngunobhala onesihloko esiphinda isibizo sesebe lakhe, ngaphandle kweSebe loBulungiseleli, elintloko yalo ibizwa ngokuba ligqwetha jikelele. Iintloko zamasebe alawulayo zimiselwa ngumongameli kwaye zithathe isikhundla emva kokuqinisekiswa yiBhunga lezemini yaseUnited States, zize zikhonze ngokonwabisa umongameli.

Amasebe aphetheyo alishumi elinesihlanu

IKhabhinethi iquka amasebe alawulayo alishumi elinesihlanu, ngalinye elineembopheleleko ezahlukileyo ezigubungela zonke iindidi zemisebenzi karhulumente:

  • Isebe lobuzwe: Ilawula imicimbi yangaphandle kunye nolwalamano lwentsebenziswano
  • Isebe leNgxelo-mali: Ijonga phezulu imali yesebe, ukuqokelelwa kwerhafu, kunye nenkqubo yezoqoqosho
  • Isebe lokhuselo: Ilawula amajoni axhobileyo nokhuseleko lwesizwe
  • IMPAWU yeSimo soBulungiseleli: i-odola imithetho karhulumente kwaye imele urhulumente kwimicimbi engokwasemthethweni
  • IMPAWU yeMbindi: Ilawula amazwe olawulo kunye noovimba bendalo
  • Isebe lezolimo: Ixhasa abalimi kwaye ijonge ukhuseleko lokutya kunye nokuphuhliswa kwasemaphandleni
  • Isebe lorhwebo: likhuthaza uphuhliso norhwebo
  • Isebe lemisebenzi: Ikhusela amalungelo abasebenzi kwaye ikhuthaza umsebenzi
  • Isebe lezempilo nezoluntu: isebe elilungiselela unyango kunye neenkonzo zoluntu
  • Isebe lezindlu nophuhliso lwezixeko zedolophu: idilesi zendlu ezifunekayo kunye nophuhliso
  • Isebe lezothutho: likhangela ngaphezulu izibonelelo zezithuthi kunye nokhuseleko
  • Isebe lamandla: Ilawula inkqubo yamandla kunye neenkqubo zenyukliya
  • Isebe lemfundo: Ixhasa iinkqubo zokufundisa kunye noncedo lwabafundi
  • Isebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko: Linikela iinkonzo kumagqala omkhosi
  • Ikhusi loKhuseleko lwasekhaya: Ikhusela ubugrogrisi kwaye ilawula ukhuseleko lomda

Iinkxalabo Zesebe: Ukhuseleko Lwasemakhaya

IDHS yasekwa nguMthetho Wezokhuseleko WaseHomeland wowama - 2002, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuhlaselwa ngabanqolobi ngoSeptemba 11, 2001. Eli sebe litsha laqinisa amasebe angama - 22, kuquka iSebe Lezobupolisa laseUnited States, iSebe Loburharha laseUnited States, iSebe Lezokhuseleko LaseUnited States, iSebe Lezothutho neFederal Emergency Management Agency.

Amadoda namabhinqa aseDHS ancedisa ekulindeni imida yethu, ekukhuseleni abahambi nezibonelelo zezithuthi, ekunyanzeleni ukuba imithetho yokufuduka inyanzeliswe, ekungeneni kwiintlekele nakwiingxamiseko, nasekukhuthazeni ukulungiselela nokukhusela ungxamiseko kulo lonke elo lizwe.

Uphuhliso lwezibonelelo zeSebe:

ISebe leNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeMidlalo neYophuhliso (HID) lingumbutho ojongene nemigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe kunye neenkqubo ezithetha ngeemfuno zezindlu zaseMelika, ziphucula zize ziphuhlise imimandla yoluntu, zinyanzelise imithetho yezindlu elungileyo. ISebe likwadlala indima enkulu ekuxhaseni umnini-khaya ukwenzela iintsapho eziphantsi nezinengeniso ephakathi nge-inshorensi yendlu kunye neenkqubo zokuqesha.

I-ofisi eLawulayo kaMongameli

I-Ofisi yesiGqeba esiLawulayo yoMongameli (EOP) ineziqendu ezifutshane kuMongameli, kunye namaqumrhu anjenge-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo-mali kunye ne-Ofisi yoMmeli woTradeko wase-United States. I-EOP isebenza njengenkqubo yokuxhasa ngqo yoMongameli, inika uhlalutyo lwenkqubo, umanyano, kunye noncedo lokuzalisekisa.

I-EOP inembopheleleko yomsebenzi osuka ekudluliseleni umyalezo kaMongameli kubantu baseMelika ukuya kukhuthaza izilangazelelo zethu zorhwebo kwamanye amazwe. I-EOP, ejongelwe yiWhite House of Staff, ngokwesiko ibilikhaya kuninzi lwabacebisi abasondeleyo boMongameli.

Amalungu eQhosha i-EOP

Mhlawumbi ezona ndawo zibonakalayo ze-EOP yi-OWhite House Communications Office kunye ne-Ofisi yoNobhala Womsebenzi Ophathele Phantsi. Ezi ofisi zilawula uthungelwano lukaMongameli nolonxibelelwano lukawonke-wonke kunye nolo nxibelelwano lwe-media, olusebenza njengonxulumano oluphambili phakathi kolawulo kunye nomatshini wokushicilela.

Ngeli xesha kufuneka isiqinisekiso seNdlu yeeNtsimbi, njengoMlawuli we-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo, abaninzi batyunjwa ngobulumko obupheleleyo boMongameli. Oku kuvumela uMongameli ukuba akhe iqela labaxhasi abathembekileyo ngaphandle kokulibazisela ukuqinisekisa okuninzi.

Imicimbi yomanyano: URhulumente woLawulo

Ngaphandle kwamasebe eKhabhinethi, isebe eliphetheyo liquka amasebe amaninzi azimeleyo, amagunya azimeleyo, kunye neenkampani zikarhulumente eziphumeza imisebenzi ethile. La masebe abumba oko kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba "ngurhulumente woLawulo" okanye "iigunya lolawulo loburhulumente" okanye "ii-bureaucracy".

IKhabhinethi kunye namasebe azimeleyo oManyano lwemini nolawulo lwemithetho yoManyano. La masebe kunye namasebe aneentlanganiso neembopheleleko ezithe zanda njengolwahluko-mazwe lweSebe loKhuselo kunye ne-Arhente yoKhuselo lweNtlalo-ntle, uLawulo lweNtlalo-ntle yoLuntu, kunye neKhomishini yeSecurentity kunye ne-Exchange.

Izicelo neeKhomishini ezizimeleyo

Amaziko azimeleyo asebenza ngokuzimela ngakumbi kulawulo oluthe ngqo lomongameli, nangona iinkokeli zawo zisatyunjwe nguMongameli. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Environral Protection Agency (EPA): ikhusela impilo yoluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo
  • I-Arhente yobuNgqingi (CIA): iyahlanganisa kwaye ihlalutya ubukrelekrele
  • [[UMTL:0] Ibhodi yeReserve Faceral: Ilawula inkqubo yemali kunye nomthetho webhanki
  • Imisebenzi yokhuseleko kunye neKhomishini yoTshintshiselwano (SEC): ibuyisela ulawulo lwemarike yemali
  • Ulawulo lokhuseleko: Abalungiseleli abathatha umhlala phantsi neenzuzo zokukhubazeka
  • Izenzo zokhangelo lwesithuba nophando lwe-Aeronautics kunye nolawulo lwezithuba (NASA):

Ziyathelelwa kule mbopheleleko zezinye iziko eliphetheyo njengeCIA neNtlalobume yeNtlalo-ntle, iinkokeli zazo eziphantsi kwegunya elipheleleyo loMongameli.

Amandla nemisebenzi ye-Arhente

Izikhululo kufuneka zigqibe ukuba kufuneka ukwenziwa kwemithetho yesizwe kuqhubekeke njani. Oku kubandakanya ukwenza imimiselo echaza indlela imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga esetyenziswa ngayo. Iinkqubo zolawulo zimisela iimfuno, imirhumo, iinkqubo zokuthobela, kunye nenkqubo yokunyanzelisa.

Abameli bathatha ezo ndima, ngoko ke babe yi-"police-efana" nento ekhoyo "njenge start". Abameli abaninzi banamandla omthetho, abavumela ukuba bahlole ukwaphulwa, banyanzele intlawulo, kwaye baxambulisana kwimimandla yabo yolawulo.

Iindima Eziphambili Neembopheleleko Zesebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu

Isebe elilawulayo lenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo egcina urhulumente welizwe elawula yaye enceda abantu baseMerika.

Ukunyanzeliswa koMthetho nokusetyenziswa

UMongameli unomthwalo wokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho ebhalwe yiBhunga, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, umisela iintloko zamasebe oManyano, kuquka iKhabhinethi. Le mbopheleleko ingundoqo ithetha ukuguqulela injongo yomthetho kwisenzo esisebenzisekayo esichaphazela izigidi zamaMerika.

Ingumsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka. Le mbopheleleko yomgaqo-siseko ifuna ukuba uMongameli aqinisekise ukuba imithetho karhulumente iphunyezwa ngokuzingisileyo nangempumelelo kuwo onke amaqumrhu aphetheyo.

Ukhuselo nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Ukukhusela ilizwe kwizisongelo zamanye amazwe nokugcina umkhosi ulungele umela enye yezona mbopheleleko zibalulekileyo zesebe eliphetheyo. ISebe lokhuselo, amaqumrhu obulumko, kunye nezixhobo zokhuseleko zamazwe angaphandle zisebenza kunye ukukhusela amaMelika kwimfuno yasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.

UMongameli wenza izigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo ngokuthunyelwa komkhosi, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziza kuqala, nokusabela kwiingxaki zezizwe ngezizwe. Ezi zigqibo zinokuba nemiphumo enzulu kukhuseleko lwesizwe nozinzo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Ulwalamano lwamazwe angaphandle kunye nokungakhathalelwa

Isebe eliphetheyo lilawula ulwalamano lwamazwe amanye ngeSebe leLizwe kunye nee-corps zobuzwe. Oku kubandakanya ukudibanisa izivumelwano, ukuqhuba iinkqubo zoncedo zamanye amazwe, ukukhuthaza izilangazelelo zaseMerika kwamanye amazwe, nokumela iUnited States kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe.

Lo msebenzi wesithethe nowokunxibelelana unceda ekulondolozeni ulwalamano olufanelekileyo namanye amazwe kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ulawulo lwezoqoqosho

NgeSebe Lemali, iSebe lezorhwebo, kunye namasebe ahlukeneyo olawulo, isebe eliphetheyo linendima ephambili ekulawuleni uqoqosho. Oku kuquka ukuqokelela irhafu, ukuphatha amatyala karhulumente, ukulawula iimarike, ukukhuthaza urhwebo nokusebenzisa iinkqubo zezoqoqosho.

NgeSebe leNgxelo-mali, linamandla okubhala uvavanyo kwimithetho yokusebenzisa izicelo. Eli gunya lokuphumeza uqingqo-mali lwesizwe lichaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwintlawulo yoKhuseleko loNtlalo ukuya kwizivumelwano zokukhusela.

Iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke nolawulo

Amaqumrhu alawulayo anikela iinkonzo ezininzi axhomekeke kuzo yonke imihla, ukusuka kwiingenelo zoKhuseleko loLuntu kunye neMidlalo yeSizwe ezichaza ukulondoloza iipaki zesizwe nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya. Le misebenzi yolawulo isenokubonakala ingaqhelekanga kodwa ibalulekile kumgangatho wobomi babemi.

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano: Ukulinganisela Amandla Olawulo

UmGaqo-siseko umisela inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ukuthintela naliphi na isebe elinye ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Isebe elilawulayo lijongene nemiqathango emininzi kwigunya lalo.

Ubuchule besebe ngalinye bokusabela kwizenzo zamasebe amanye yinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisa. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba amandla ahlala esasazwa kwaye akukho sebe lingasebenza lingazukwenza nto ngaxesha linye kwiimeko ezininzi.

Ukukhangela Umthetho Kumandla alawulayo

IKhomishini iqinisekisa okanye iyala okanye iyala umongameli. Ingasusa umongameli eofisini kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga. Ukuqinisekisa kweNdlu yeeNtsimbi kumandla okumisa amadinga kunye nenkqubo yokungagunyazi kunika imiqathango ebalulekileyo kwigunya lomongameli.

IBhunga lilawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali kurhulumente kwinkqubo yokuququzelela, lithintele amandla esebe eliphetheyo okuzalisekisa iinkqubo ngaphandle kwenkxaso yowiso-mthetho. IBhunga lingakwalawula i-vetoes, liphande izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu, limisele imithetho ethintela igunya eliphezulu.

Ijaji Ihlola Amandla Alawulayo

Amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo angayibhukuqa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho. Iinkundla zoManyano zingawisa imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo, imimiselo yesebe kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezingaphezulu kwegunya lomgaqo-siseko okanye lomthetho.

Uhlolo lwezeejaji lusebenza njengengqwalasela egosayo kumandla omphathi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zomongameli ziyavisisana nomGaqo-siseko nemithetho edluliswa yiNkqutyana. IiNkundla zingakhupha imiqathango ethintela imigaqo-siseko elawulayo kwaye ziyalela isebe eliphetheyo ukuba lenze izenzo ezithile.

Inkqubo Yokuzibophelela

UMongameli, uMongameli oPhathiswayo kunye nabo bonke amagosa asekuhlaleni eUnited States, baza kususwa eOfisi ngokuLawulwa, nokuqinisekiswa, ukubhungca, ukunyotywa, okanye ezinye ii-Crimeages eziphezulu kunye namaBhunga aphezulu. Olu hlolo lugqibele luza kuvumela iNkqutyana ukuba ishenxise amagosa aphezulu asebenzisa kakubi igunya lawo okanye enze izono ezinzulu.

I-Evolution yamandla olawulo oluphezulu

Amandla obuongameli aye anda ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa, eqhutywa ziimeko eziguqukayo neenkcazelo eziguqulayo zegunya eliphakamileyo.

Amandla aye aqhubekeka ngokuya enyuka aya kwisebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu, eliphumele kumandla omongameli achazwa kungengayo umGaqo-siseko njengesithethe esenziwe kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo. Kumbindi wenkulungwane yama-20, ulawulo olukhulayo kunye nesenzo esilula somphumo okhawulezayo kumandla omthetho onyanzelisayo owiso-mthetho.

Namhlanje, olu tyekelo lokunika igunya elingakumbi kumphathi-mikhosi ukuvumela urhulumente ukuba athabathe inyathelo elikhawulezileyo ngenxa yohlanga, kunye notyekelo lweenkokeli ezibambelele kumagunya anwenwayo njengoko ixesha lihamba linceda ukuzalisekisa izithembiso zephulo, luyaqhubeka. Olu lwando lubonisa izinto eziyimfuneko kunye neempembelelo zezobupolitika ezixhasa ukusetyenziswa kwesebe elilawulayo.

Iimeko Eziqhubela Ebuntwini Ulwando

Oothunywashe abaliqela baye banegalelo ekukhuleni kwamandla abalawuli:

  • Ingxamiseko yohlanga: iimfazwe, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, kunye neentlekele zikhokelele kulwando lokwexeshana lwegunya elilawulayo elisoloko lisiba ngolwexesha elide
  • Ukuphumelela kolawulo lwangoku: imiba yobuchule ifuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo obunokubonelelwa lula kakhulu ngabameli abalawulayo kuneBhunga
  • Isantya sokwenza izigqibo: Isebe eliphetheyo lingaphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo kunenkqubo yowiso-mthetho evumelayo
  • [[Ukwenziwa kwe-"0] kokumanyuko: imicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe ufuna ukhokelo oludityanisiweyo lwegunya elilawulayo
  • I-logiethi yegridi e- Xa iNgqungquthela ingakwazi ukudlulisa imithetho, oomongameli ngokuqhubekayo basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya kunye nezenzo zolawulo

Indlela Isebe Elilawulayo Elibuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Babemi Bemihla Ngemihla

Izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo nemigaqo-nkqubo zichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bamaMelika, ngokufuthi ngeendlela abemi bakhona abangeboni ngokukhawuleza.

Unyango nempilo kawonke-wonke

ISebe lezempilo nezoluntu linika iMedicare kunye neMedicaid amayeza agunyaziswayo ngoMgaqo-nkqubo weFood kunye neMichizo, liqhuba uphando lwezamayeza kwiZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo, lize liphendule kwiimeko zempilo zoluntu. Izigqibo zolawulo oluphezulu malunga nenkqubo yonyango zichaphazela ukufikelela kwizigidi zabantu baseMerika ekufumaneni unyango nakumayeza agunyazisiweyo.

Ebudeni beengxaki zempilo zikawonke wonke, amaqumrhu aphetheyo alungelelanisa iimpendulo, asasaze oovimba, aze anikele imigaqo elawula indlela abasabela ngayo abanyamekela impilo nabasebenzi boluntu xa besoyikwa.

Imfundo noncedo lwabafundi

ISebe lezemfundo lilawula iinkqubo zabafundi ababolelekileyo, linika izikolo imali yokuboleka imali, linyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu ngokwemfundo, limisele nemigaqo yeenkqubo zemfundo. Imigaqo yemigaqo-siseko yokukholisa abafundi, ukuboleka imali esikolweni, kunye nemilinganiselo yemfundo ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo abafundi, iintsapho kunye nabafundisi.

Amathuba Ezoqoqosho Nomsebenzi

ISebe leMisebenzi linyanzelisa imithetho yokhuseleko emsebenzini, imithetho encinane yemivuzo, kunye nokukhuselwa kwemiqathango echasene nolwaphulo-mthetho. ULawulo oluNcinane lweshishini lunika iimali kunye nenkxaso kubathengisi. Imigaqo yezoqoqosho emiselwe lisebe eliphetheyo eliphembelela umsebenzi, ukukhutshwa kwemivuzo, nokuphuhliswa kwezoshishino.

Amaziko alawulayo afana neKhomishini yeSibonelelo neyobuNtloko akhusela abatyali-mali aze agcine imali eninzi, nto leyo echaphazela imali egciniweyo ehlala umhlala - phantsi namathuba okutyala inzala yezigidi zabantu baseMerika.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo

I-Agency yeNkcubeko yokuKhuselwa koMmandla weNtlalo-ntle imisela imilinganiselo yomgangatho womoya namanzi, ilawula ungcoliso, kwaye inyanzelisa imithetho yemeko- bume. Izigqibo zolawulo malunga nemigaqo yemekobume zichaphazela impilo yoluntu, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nokulungelelana phakathi kwenkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho nokhuseleko lwemekobume.

Izithuthi Nezakhiwo

ISebe Lezothutho ligcina iindlela ezihambayo, lilawula ukhuseleko lwenqwelo - moya, lijonge uloliwe, limisele nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko kwiinqwelo - mafutha.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nokuthatha Umhlala - phantsi

ISebe loKhuseleko loLuntu linceda amashumi ezigidi zabantu baseMerika abafumana umhlala phantsi, abakhubazekileyo nabasindayo.

IMiphaka yeSizwe namazwe oLuntu

ISebe Lezangaphakathi lilawula iipaki zelizwe, iindawo zokusabela kwizilwanyana zasendle namazwe kawonke wonke, lilungiselela amathuba okuzonwabisa nokulondolozwa kwezinto zemvelo nezobukho bexesha elizayo.

Ukhuseleko lwabathengi

IKhomishoni yePumer Product Safety Commission ikhumbula iimveliso eziyingozi, ngoxa iFederal Trade Commission ilwa nezibhengezo ezikhohlisayo nezikhohlisayo ezibangela ukuqhatha.

Ukuba Ngummi Oncedisana Nesebe Elilawulayo

Abemi baneendlela ezininzi zokusebenzisa isebe elilawulayo, nto leyo eyenza urhulumente afune ukusabela aze aphendule.

Ukhetho

Eyona ndlela iphambili abemi abaphembelela ngayo isebe elilawulayo kukuvota kumongameli.

Unyulo lobuongameli lubandakanya zombini izinyuko eziphambili, apho amaqela akhetha ii-amneines zawo, kunye nonyulo jikelele, apho iElectoral College ikhetha uMongameli ngokusesikweni ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zikarhulumente.

Inkcazo yoLuntu ngeMithetho

Xa abasemagunyeni bemisela imimiselo emitsha, kufuneka bavumele ixesha lokugqabaza esidlangalaleni apho abemi, amashishini nemibutho inokunikela ingxelo. La magqabaza anokuphembelela uhlobo lokugqibela lwemimiselo yaye maxa wambi akhokelele abameli ukuba batshintshe okanye basuse imithetho ecetyisiweyo.

IRegister yoManyano ipapasha imimiselo ecetyiswayo kunye nesaziso samaxesha okugqabaza kukawonke-wonke, inika ingqwalasela kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Izakhamuzi ziyakwazi ukufikelela le nkcazelo kwi-intanethi zize zingenise amagqabaza ngombane.

Inkululeko Yolwazi Izamkela Izicelo

IThe Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) ivumela abemi ukuba bacele amaxwebhu nolwazi oluvela kumasebe aphetheyo, bakhuthaze ukubonakala nokuziphendulela. Ngoxa ezinye iinkcukacha zingakhutshelwa ngenxa yokhuseleko okanye izizathu zobuqu, iFOIA inika isixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuqonda imisebenzi karhulumente.

Ukudibana Nendlu Emhlophe Nezongxamiseko

Ingingqi yesebe iyakwazi ukuqhagamshelana neWhite House ngokungqalileyo ukuchaza izimvo kwimibandela yezomthetho, kwaye inkoliso yamasebe aphetheyo ineeofisi zemicimbi kawonke-wonke eziphendula imibuzo yabahlali.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Ukuthelela amaqela olawulo kunye nemibutho yezentlalo-ntle kufaka amazwi afanayo kwaye kubangela ingcinezelo ecwangcisiweyo kwisebe elilawulayo. Le mibutho isoloko inobuchule ekuqhubeni inkqubela yeenkqubo zikarhulumente kwaye iyakwazi ukunxibelelana ngokunempumelelo nabenzi benkqubo.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Ekuchondweni Kwabantu

Amaziko alawulayo maxa wambi aba namatyala kawonke-wonke kwimibandela ebalulekileyo, anika abemi amathuba okungqina nokuthethana ngqo nabenzi besigqibo.

Ucelomngeni Olukhoyo Ngoku Olujamelene Nesebe Elilawulayo

Isebe eliphetheyo lijamelene nocelomngeni oluninzi ekuphumezeni iimbopheleleko zalo kule mihla.

Name

Ukunyuka kokuthatyathwa kweepolitiki kwenza kube nzima kwisebe eliphetheyo ukwakha izivumelwano nokuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezinandiphe inkxaso kawonke-wonke. Ukwahlulwa kwee-palissi kungakhokelela ekuguqukeni kwemigaqo rhoqo xa ulawulo lutshintsha, kudala ukungaqiniseki nokungaqiniseki.

Ubunzima bebugrogrisi

Ubukhulu nokuntsonkotha kwemithetho yesebe yesebe kunokwenza kube nzima ukudibanisa iinkqubo kwiingingqi ezikhoyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba ziphunyezwe ngokufanelekileyo. Ukubethana kwezandla nokukhuphisana kwezinto eziza kuqala maxa wambi kukhokelela ekudidekeni nasekungasebenzini.

Utshintsho Lobugcisa

Ukuhambela phambili ngokukhawuleza kobugcisa kudala ucelomngeni olutsha kumasebe alawulayo, ukusuka ekulawuleni ubukrelekrele obungeyonyaniso nokungaqiniseki ukukhusela iingozi zekhompyutha nokulawula amanani omntu.

Ukuxhotyiswa kweNkxaso

Iingxaki ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, izifo ezimandundu, ubugrogrisi nokudibana kwezoqoqosho zifuna ukusetyenziswa ngendlela elungeleleneyo xa kuthelekiswa nemithetho yelizwe.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Ukulinganiselwa kohlahlo-mali kunye nocelomngeni lwabasebenzi kunokuthintela amandla abameli okufeza imisebenzi yabo ngokufezekileyo. Ukuqokelelwa koovimba abambalwa kufuna izigqibo ezinzima.

Ubuchule bokubonisa ngaphaya kombane nokuphendula

Iinkqubo ezahlukahlukeneyo zibangela ukuba kubekho ukukhanya yaye isebe elilawulayo limele liphendule kurhulumente nakwamanye amasebe karhulumente.

Ii-ofisi eziBanzi

Isebe ngalinye eliyintloko lineNjengele ehlola ngokwayo ii-Phondo ezizimeleyo kunye nophando lwemisebenzi yeziko, ukuchonga inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, nokuxhaphaza. Ezi ofisi zinika ulawulo olubalulekileyo kwaye zincomela inkqubela kwimisebenzi yesebe.

I-ofisi ephendulayo karhulumente

I-ofisi yeMali kaRhulumente (GAO), ngoxa iyinxalenye yesebe lowiso-mthetho, iphicotha iinkqubo zesebe elilawulayo kunye nemisebenzi, inika iNkqutyana kunye noluntu uhlolisiso oluzimeleyo lokwenziwa korhulumente.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

Iikomiti zeKhomishoni zisoloko ziqulunqa iinkundla apho amagosa aphezulu angqina imisebenzi, uqingqo-mali, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yamaziko azo. Oku kukhokela kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba kumele kuthatyathwe ityala kwaye kunika amathuba okuqwalaselwa koluntu.

Uxinzelelo kunye nokugqunywa kwesixhobo samajelo eendaba

Ijelo leendaba elikhululekileyo linendima ebalulekileyo ekuhloleni imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo, ekuphandeni izinto eziza kwenzeka, nasekuxeleleni uluntu ngezenzo zikarhulumente.

Ukukhusela Abavuthuzi Beentaka

Imithetho yokukhusela abavuthi beempempe ikhuthaza abasebenzi abaphethe amasebe ukuba bachaze inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, ukuxhaphaza, nokungekho mthethweni bengenaloyiko lokuziphindezela.

Isebe eliphetheyo Kwingqikelelo Ethelekisayo

Ukuqonda indlela isebe elilawulayo laseMerika elithelekiswa ngayo nezakhiwo eziphakamileyo kwezinye idemokhrasi kunikela umongo obalulekileyo wokuhlolisisa amandla nobuthathaka balo.

Iinkqubo zePalamente

IUnited States isebenzisa inkqubo yobumongameli apho umphathi olawulayo enyulwa ngokuzimeleyo yindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye esebenza ibinzana elisisigxina. Oku kwahlukile kwiinkqubo zepalamente apho umlawuli (umlungiseleli) akhethwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye angasuswa ngokuvota okungenantembelo.

Iinkqubo zomongameli zinika uzinzo ngemigaqo emisiweyo kodwa zinokukhokelela ekubopheleleni izithuba xa isikhululo nendlu yowiso-mthetho ilawulwa ngamaqela awahlukeneyo. Iinkqubo zePalamente zivumela ulawulo olubhetyebhetye ngakumbi kodwa lunokubonwa rhoqo ngurhulumente.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ukwahlula ngokungqongqo kwamandla phakathi kwegunya eliphetheyo, lowiso-mthetho, namasebe eejaji kuphawulwe kakhulu kunakweminye imimandla emininzi yedemokhrasi. Olu lwahlulo ludala izalathisi ezininzi ezinokuthi zithintele isenzo sokungxama kodwa zikwakwenza kube nzima ukucombulula iingxaki ezingxamisekileyo ngokukhawuleza.

Ukukhangela Phambili: Ikamva Lamandla Alawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo liza kuqhubeka liguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko nocelomngeni. Izinto eziliqela zisenokutshintsha inkqubela yalo kwixesha elizayo.

Ulawulo lobuxhakaxhaka

Inkqubela kugcino-lwazi, ubuntlola obungeyoyamvelo, kunye nonxibelelwano lwamanani ziya kuyiguqula indlela abameli abalawulayo abasebenza ngayo kunye nokunikela iinkonzo. Ezi misebenzi inika amathuba okuphucula ukusebenza nokunikezelwa kweenkonzo ezingcono kodwa zinyusa inkxalabo malunga nokungafihliwa kunye nokungavumelani nemithetho-siseko.

Imozulu Nemekobume

Ukulungisa imozulu nokuwohloka kwemekobume kuya kufuna ukhokelo oluqhubekayo nokulungelelana okuqhubekayo kwiintlangano ezininzi. Isebe eliphetheyo liya kuba nendima ebalulekileyo ekuphumezeni imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu nasekuqhelaneni neenguqu zemekobume.

Iinguqu Zomfanekiso

Ukwaluphala, ukwanda kweenguqu nokuguquka kwemeko yomhlaba kuya kubangela iimfuno ezintsha kubameli abalawulayo yaye kufuna iindlela ezilungelelanisiweyo zokudlulisela iinkonzo nokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo.

Ukhuphiswano Nentsebenziswano Yazwenibanzi

Ukulawula ulwalamano namagunya anyukayo, ukuhlangabezana neengxaki zamazwe ngamazwe, nokugcina ukhokelo lwamaMerika kwihlabathi elineenkwenkwezi ezininzi kuya kuvavanya amandla aphakamileyo esebe kumgaqo wamanye amazwe nokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Uqonde Imibandela Yesebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo limela eyona nxalenye ibonakalayo nenamandla karhulumente wesizwe, echaphazela ubomi babemi ngeendlela ezininzi yonke imihla. Ukusuka ekunyanzeleni imithetho nokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe ukuya kutsho ekunikeleni iinkonzo eziyimfuneko nasekulawuleni izoqoqosho, abameli abaphetheyo namagosa benza izigqibo ezibumba ibutho lamaMerika.

Ukuqonda indlela elisebenza ngayo isebe eliphetheyo, amagunya anawo, nendlela elinyanzelwa ngayo ngoxilongo nangokulungelelana kunceda abemi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Abemi abanolwazi bangavavanya abathathi-nxaxheba, babandakanyeke kwiinkqubo zolawulo lweziko, kwaye bagcine amagosa karhulumente ephendule ngezenzo zabo.

Njengoko isebe elilawulayo liqhubeka liguquka liphumeza iimpendulo kwiingxaki namathuba amatsha, ukuganana nokuvelela kwabemi kusebalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba igunya elilawulayo linceda abantu abanomdla. Ngokuhlala benolwazi ngemisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo nangokusebenzisa amalungelo abo okuvota, ukugqabaza ngemigaqo, nokuba nenxaxheba kubomi bentlalo-ntle, amaMerika anokuba negalelo ekulungiseni indlela karhulumente wawo aze aqinisekise ukuba uhlala esabela kwiimfuno nakumaxabiso awo.

Ulwazi oluninzi ngesebe elilawulayo kunye nemisebenzi yalo, abemi bangatyelela i-website esemthethweni ye-White House, i-website zomzi - nye zomzi wolawulo nganye ngeli . USUSA.gov[, kwaye bajonge imisebenzi yowiso-mthetho ngokuhambelana nerejista ye- REP . Ezi zibonelelo zinika ukukhanya kwimisebenzi karhulumente namathuba abalulekileyo okudibana kwezezezezentlalo.