Ijudiary yesizwe saseUnited States yenye yeenkqubo zenkundla ezinamandla ehlabathini, kodwa imisebenzi yayo yemihla ngemihla iseyimfihlelo kubemi abaninzi. Imiswe phantsi kweGatya III lomGaqo-siseko, isebenza njengommeli wokugcina umthetho wesizwe kunye nokulondoloza inkululeko yomgaqo-siseko. Ngokungafaniyo neenkundla zephondo, ezisingatha iimpikiswano kunye nemithetho karhulumente, ezisingatha imicimbi yezorhulumente, ezisingatha imicimbi echaphazela lonke ilizwe, kodwa imicimbi yezolawulo lwesizwe ("ixhomekeke ekukhuseleni kwemiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu lokukhusela amalungelo evota kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho karhulumente. Olu khokelo lunikela ushwankathelo olucacileyo, olucacileyo lwezintluvolulo lwemithetho-mthetho-rhulumente yorhulumente, indlela ezilungelene, nesizathu sokuba umsebenzi wazo ubaluleke ngayo ekusebenzeni kwe-demokhrasi yaseMelika. Ukuba ungumfundi, ummi, ummi wase-jur, okanye ummi waseburhulumenteni, elichule ukuqondwa kwelo loburhulumente loburhulumente baseUnited States.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sesiGunya leNkundla yoManyano

Amandla asetyenziswa ziinkundla zikarhulumente akazalwanga; anikwa ngokukhethekileyo ngumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko, besebenzisa amava abo phantsi kolawulo lweBritane, baqonda imfuneko yokuba ijaji ezimeleyo isebenze njengovavanyo kumasebe owiso-mthetho kunye negunya. Balufaka olu zimeleyo kwiGatya III, bedala isebe elilawulayo elilingana neBhunga kunye noLawulo. Eli candelo lihlolisisa iingcambutho zomgaqo-siseko wejajini lejaji yephondo kunye nomgaqo wesiseko wesiseko wenkundla enika igunya labo.

Inqaku III Nokwenziwa Kwesebe Eligwebayo

Inqaku III loMgaqo-siseko lifutshane ngokuphawulekayo ekumiseni isebe likarhulumente. Lifaka "Ulawulo lomthetho lwe-United States" kwi "eNkundleni enye ephakamileyo, nakwiiNkundla eziphantsi njengeNkundla ePhakamileyo enokuthi ngamaxesha athile imiswe kwaye imiselwe. Eli sigwebo silula sadala iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye sagunyazisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaza yanika iZiko leNkulawula inkqubo yeNkusebenza yeNkundla ePhakathiswayo. Abalawuli bagcina ngabomkeli bezimele ngokwabo ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwezopolitiki ngokunika abagwebo abagwebi bobomi babo (ngokunjalo befuna ukuncitshiswa kwemivuzo zabo ngexesha elithile, besenza i-Alectrial [2][Frective][81], i-ectivective, ekwayilwayo. Oku kucetyiswe kucekwaku, kungacengwanga negunya eliyingozi, kodwa ngenxa yegunya elingu-Gwayidebeku, kodwa kwanga, kwathiwayo, kwathi, kwathiwayi

Umgaqo Ongumqondiso Wokuhlalutya Isigwebo

UMgaqo-siseko awuwaniki ngokuphandle amatyala amandla okuvakalisa imithetho engekho mgaqweni. Noko ke, eli gunya libalulekileyo lasekwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo ngokwalo kwityala lephawu le [FLT][1]. [FLT] Marbury v. Madison[[[FLT]] [185] [183] [18] [iiiisigqibo, [iSigwebo esingundoqo]. Kule sigqibo, iJaji eyintloko uJohn Marshall yaqinisekisa ukuba "kugxininiswa ngokungqongqo kwephondo kunye nesebe lejajinga lemithetho ukuba ithethe ukuthi yintoni umthetho.]. Imithetho elawulayo yaseka umgaqo we-[[FLTY:] [[FLT] [FLT] [iv:5], evumela iinkundla zezenzo eziphantsi zeBhunga lomthetho, okanye urhulumente ukuba ulwenze olulawulayo lomthetho, okanye umgaqo-mthetho wesizwe.

Ukuqonda Ityala Lenkundla Yomkhosi

Isigwebo se-juridition ligama elisemthethweni elisetyenziselwa igunya lenkundla ukuva nokugqiba ityala. Inkundla yesizwe ayinakusuka nje ive naliphi na ityala eliziswe phambi kwayo; kufuneka ibe negunya eliphantsi phezu kwempikiswano. UMgaqo-siseko nemithetho yezolawulo ichaza imida ekhethekileyo yaleli gunya. Ukuqonda igunya linyathelo lokuqala ekugqibeni enoba ityala likwinkundla yorhulumente okanye inkundla yetyala. Inkundla yesizwe isebenza inkqubo yenkundla yenkundla yenkundla yezomthetho ephakathi kwetyala, kunye neenkundla zelizwe, kunye neenkundla zezomthetho-ogxamfa, kunye neenkundla zezomthetho-ogxamfazwe.

Isigqibo sombuzo womanyano

Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo ukuya kwinkundla yesizwe ingeyombuzo owenziwe ngokungqalileyo . Ngaphantsi .[FLT]U.S.C. ^ 1331], iinkundla zesithili zinegunya lokuqala kuzo zonke izenzo zoluntu ezivela phantsi koMgaqo-siseko, imithetho, okanye izivumelwano zeUnited States. Ukuba isaziso somchasi sisekelwe ekuphulweni komthetho wesizwe (njengemithetho yamalungelo amakhaya, imimiselo yezenteleko, okanye imithetho yokusingqongileyo) okanye amalungiselelo athile omGaqo-siseko (njengoMgaqo-siseko wokuqala okanye oMgaqo-siseko wesiNtsintsi), ityala linokubekwa kwinkundla yesizwe. Umzekelo, lonke ityala elichasene nesebe lesixeko elichasa ukubhukula ngokungekho mthethwe kwe-mthetho, libandakanya nokuncinwa kwetyala kwetyala, ityala letyala lemali, nokuba kusini setyala.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwamaqela Ahlukahlukeneyo

Iinkundla zomanyano ziyakwazi ukuva amatyala asekelwe kuphela kwi- udidi lwemithetho ekhoyo. Phantsi kwamaqela abandakanyekileyo. Ngaphantsi 28 U.S.C. 7632[, ulawulo oluhlukeneyo lukho xa iimeko ezimbini zidityaniswa: (1) abangeni bamazwe ahlukeneyo (okanye abemi belizwe le-U.S. ummi kunye nomntu wasemzini okanye wesizwe), (2) isixa sempikiswano esingaphezulu kwee-$75,000 [injongo yokulawula ngokweentlobo-ntlobo.], injongo yokubonelela i-mali yelizwe engekho mthethweni yephondo enokuthi ngamanye amazwe ajongene ubuhlanga kwinkundla yesizwe. Ukuba umqhubi umqhubi ubandakanye nengozi e-Orrogen kunye netyala le-Rhomerenia.

Isigqibo esiqukumbelayo

Kwimimandla ethile ekhethekileyo yomthetho, iinkundla zesizwe zinegunya elipheleleyo, ithetha ukuba ziinkundla zikarhulumente kuphela ezinokuva ezi ntlobo zezi tyala. Iinkundla zikarhulumente azinagunya kule mibandela. Iindawo ezingundoqo zolawulo olupheleleyo lwezwe ziquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Bhankiptic: Zonke imicimbi zolwaphulo-mthetho oluwisiweyo zisingathwa ziinkundla ezikhethekileyo ezithe creditayities eziziinkundla zesithili zengingqi.
  • Admiralty kunye neMaritime: Ityala elibandakanya iingozi, izivumelwano, okanye ingozi kumanzi anokusetyenziswa (iinqanawa ezincinane, imilambo emikhulu, kunye neGreat Lakes) liwa phantsi kolawulo lwamazwe.
  • .patent, Copyright, kunye neTrademark: Le mimandla yomthetho wempahla yenkcubeko ilawulwa yimithetho karhulumente, kwaye ngenxa yoko ziinkundla zikarhulumente kuphela ezinokuva ukumangalelwa okunxulumeneyo.
  • ICases A Against the United States: urhulumente wengingqi akanakumangalelwa kwinkundla yesizwe ngaphandle kwemvume yayo. Iisuti ezininzi ngokuchasene norhulumente worhulumente worhulumente okanye amaziko akhe kufuneka zisiwe kwinkundla yequmrhu.
  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezithe tye: Ngelixesha iinkundla zikarhulumente zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene nemimiselo karhulumente (njengokuphanga ebhankini, ukurhwebelana kweziyobisi epalamente, kunye nokuqhatha kweposi) zibekwa ityala kuphela kwinkundla yesizwe.

Izakhiwo ezibucala zeNkundla yoManyano

Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo yesizwe ilungelelaniswe kwisakhiwo esicacileyo, esinemigangatho emithathu ephakamileyo. Le ndlela yokuyila efana ne-piramidi iqinisekisa ukuba amatyala aqwalaselwe ngenyameko kwimigangatho emininzi, iNkundla ePhakamileyo imi kwincopho njengegunya lokugqibela kumthetho worhulumente.

IiNkundla ZeSithili zaseUnited States: Umgangatho Wetyala

Isiseko se-piramidi yephondo sinezikhombisi zeSithili zase-U.S. . Ezi ziintendelezo zomthetho jikelele zenkqubo karhulumente. Iphondo ngalinye linobuncinane inkundla enye yesithili, kwaye lineemeko ezinkulu njenge California, iNew York, neTexas zinazo ezininzi njengezine. Inkundla yesithili nganye inendlu yenkundla emiselweyo, kwaye ezininzi zinabagwebi abaninzi. Ziinkundla zommandla apho kuqalisa khona amatyala karhulumente. Zingamaqumrhu akhoyo apho amatyala anyuliweyo, amangqina phantsi kwesifungo, kwaye ubungqina obuphathekayo bunikelwa. Ijaji yesithili enye ilawula ukuvavanywa, iqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi ilandela iPunill Revices/irmical Procure. Kwimeko yolwaphulo-mthetho solwaphulo-mthetho (ityala) i-okanye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho loluntu) inikwa kuphela.

IiNkundla Zezibheno zaseUnited States: Umgangatho Wokuqala Wezibheno

Umgangatho wesibini wenkqubo yephondo uqukiwe kumthetho wesibheno wenkundla yesithili apho inkundla yephondo ihlala khona. Inkundla yeSibheno ibizwa ngokuba yiNkundla yeNtlanganiso. Iqela eliphulukana netyala elibalulekileyo kwinkundla yesithili linelungelo lokubhenela kwityala leNkundla yesibheno, elingunxantathu, eliye lafumana ityala elisemthethweni elithe libekwe inkundla yesiphakathi. Inkundla yephondo elifutshane ayiqhubeli lityala elitsha. Endaweni yoko, iqela labagwebi abathathu liyakwazi ukuhlolisisa ingxelo ebhaliweyo yenkundla yetyala, ingakumbi iingxelo, ubungqina, kunye neziphelo-mo zomthetho ezikhoyo, xa kusenziwa impazamo esemthethweni. [iicandelo elikhoyo, icandelo eliphantsi kwelizwe, elikhoyo, icandelo, icandelo eliphantsi kwelonke: [FFoctive, kunye nelonke] [iphondo lomqulu seLiyenye icandelo lombuso] [uhlanga] [iqu], ityala eliphantsi selizwe eliphantsi selizwe] [uhlanga], eliphantsi eliphantsi eliphantsi eli

INkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States: IArbiter Yokuqala

Kwincopho yejaji yephondo yephondo. Ngokungafaniyo neNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla yeNkqutyana yeUnited States, ekwindawo ephezulu, ekwiWashington, D.C. Iqumrhu liqulathe iziBahlulelo ezisithoba: iJaji eSikhulu neMithetho esibhozo eMalungani. Ngokungafaniyo neNkundla ePhakamileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo inezigwebo, inelungelo lokulawula, ikhetha ukuba ngawaphi amatyala okuva. Unyaka ngamnye, iNkundla yamkela izibongozo ezimalunga nama-7 000 ukuya kuma-80 000 ukuya kwi-80 eengxelo ebhaliweyo ebhaliweyo, ithetha iNkundla ephambili yeNkupho ibandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo phakathi kweNkuphothotho yeNkundla okanye iNkundla yeNkundla yoMkhosi, ephantsi kweNkundla yeNtolongo yomthetho ePhaka. [[FFFoct.] ephantsi kweminye ephantsi yomthetho ephantsi yomthetho egunya egunya ephantsi, ikhonzileyo

Indlela Yomzekelo Ngenkqubo Yomanyano

Ukuqonda ityala elithathwa yinkqubo karhulumente kuyanceda ekucaciseni iindima ezahlukileyo zenkundla nganye. Ityala eliqhelekileyo liqala kwiNkundla yeSithili yase-U.S. apho izibakala ziqululwa ngokuvavanywa okanye ngokuchana kwetyala (njengentshukumo yokuhamba ngomfutshane). Ukuba eli qela likholelwa ukuba imposiso esemthethweni yenzekile, lifaka isaziso sesibheno. Ityala lidluliselwa kwinkundla efanelekileyo yeZibheno. [FLT:] inkundla ihlola iimpikiswano ezisemthethweni kunye nesigqibo. Ukuba iqela eliphulukaniswe zifuna ukuvavanywa kweNkuquluko yezibheno lifuna ukuvavanya ityala elibhekele phambili, bangafaka isicelo senkundla ephakamileyo setyala. [FLD:0]

Iintlobo Ezingundoqo Zetyala Eziveliswe KwiNkundla yeFederal

Umlinganiselo weshishini lenkundla yenkundla yelifa lemveli uphangalele kakhulu, uchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika. Iinkundla zoMasipala zisingatha imicimbi ebaluleke kakhulu kwisizwe, imimiselo entsonkothileyo, namalungelo asisiseko omGaqo-siseko.

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko kunye nokukhulula kwabemi

Iinkundla zomanyano zingundoqo wokuqinisekisa amalungelo aqinisekisiweyo yiBhili yamaLungelo kunye noLawulo lweMpatho-Mpanzi weshumi elinesine. Ityala elibandakanya iSindululo Sokuqala (inkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, ukucofa kunye nendibano), isiHlanzekiso sesiNwevu (ukukhusela ukuphehlwa nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni), isiHlathiswa (ukuthintelwa kweNkqutyana yokuzikhusela nokungaqini), isiHlathisa (ukukhusela isigwebo senkohlakalo nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga) siyinxalenye engundoqo yenkundla yesikhululo senkundla yoluntu. Uninzi lwale tyala luziswa phantsi kwetyala elingekho mthethweni, ukumanyuko, ukuma okungekho mthethweni, ukumanyuko kweze, ii-mthetho zezezomthetho, ii-otholo-mvolo zezonqulo.[FLT.C.[19984][FFF.1] [FLG:1], umthetho wesizwe osemthethweni osemthethweni, osemthethweni, ongekho mthethwenileyo, okanye iimotyi.[25.[25]

Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho Ezimanyeneyo

Ngoxa inkoliso yamatyala esenziwa enkundleni yeli lizwe, urhulumente wephondo umangalela ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene nemithetho karhulumente.

  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho olusemgangathweni karhulumente (izakhiwo zemikhosi, iipaki zesizwe, izakhiwo zikarhulumente)
  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho oludlula kwiimeko zikarhulumente (ukuthumba, ubusela phakathi kwemimandla,
  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, ukurhwebelana ngenkohliso (RICO), kunye nokurhwebiswa kweziyobisi
  • Ulwaphulo - mthetho, ubusela ngamagama, nokuqhatha kwekhompyutha
  • Urhwaphilizo lwamashishini, ubuqhetseba basebhankini, nokunganyaniseki kukawonke - wonke
  • Ityala elinxulumene nokufuduka
  • Abanqolobi nolwaphulo-mthetho lokhuseleko lwesizwe

La matyala aphandwa ngamaziko aqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho karhulumente anjengeFBI, DEA, ATF, neHomeland Security, yaye agwetywa ngamaAtttorney aseUnited States, amiselwa nguMongameli aze aqinisekiswe yiNdlu yephondo ngalinye elilawulayo.

Iingxabano Zasekuhlaleni Phantsi Komthetho Womanyano

Iinkundla zomanyano zisingatha amatyala amaninzi anzima abandakanya ukutolikwa nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho nemimiselo karhulumente.

  • UMthetho woKhuseleko: IKhomishini yoBuseke ne-Exchange (SEC) ifakela iisuti zamakhaya ukurhwebelana nokunganyaniseki. Abanikazi betyala ngezoshishino basekuhlaleni nabo bathatha inxaxheba kwicandelo lodidi lokumangalela amaqumrhu ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwemithetho yetyala.
  • [[Umthetho wesiseko:0] Ityala elicel'ucel'igunya le-EPA lokulawula umoya ococekileyo namanzi, okanye ukumangalelana kwabucala nabangcolisi phantsi kwemimiselo njenge Clue Water Act, liviwa kwinkundla yesizwe.
  • Umthetho wobuKhosi: Isebe leJaji okanye amaqela azimeleyo angamangalela iinkampani ngenxa yoqheliselo lobupolitika okanye ukudityaniswa okungekho mthethweni phantsi kweSherman neClayton.
  • Ipropati Engaqwalaselwanga: kunye nokungagunyaziswa kwamalungelo ombhali kukwalatha kuyinxalenye enkulu yemathiriyeli yelizwe, ingakumbi kubugcisa nakushishino lokuzonwabisa.

Impinda ye-arhente yomanyano

Ngaphantsi koMthetho wolawulo lweProcedure (APA), abantu ngabanye, amashishini, kunye nemibutho eyonakaliswa sisenzo sokugqibela okanye sisigqibo sombutho wesizwe ingafuna uhlolo lwenkundla yequmrhu lenkundla karhulumente. Oku kuvumela ijaji yequmrhu ukuba imisele i-equara (njenge-EPA, FCC, okanye iSebe lezempilo neSebe Leenkonzo Zoluntu) lisebenze ngaphakathi kwegunya elinikwe yiBhunga lize lilandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Eli lilungiselelo elibalulekileyo lokugcina i-agronational comment comment commentation ijonge umthetho.

Indima Nesabelo SaBagwebi Abamanyeneyo

Abagwebi besizwe uArticle III] ```iijaji zesithili, iijaji zesiphaluka senkundla], kunye nabagwebi bephondo, batyunjwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiBhunga. Babamba iiofisi zabo ngexesha "Isimilo esihle," ngokunempumelelo ithetha ukuba bakhonze ubomi. Lo bomi buyinkalo ebalulekileyo elungiselelwe ukugcina inkululeko yezomthetho. Imbono yaba yezobulungisa, njengoko iimbono zabagwebi zinokuyilwa ukutolika imithetho nezomGawulayo. Inkundla yasezantsi ayisoloko ikhululekile ukwenza izigqibo ezingathandekiyo kodwa ezichananga ngokusemthethweni, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya impikiswano yezobupolitika okanye izilangazelelo ezinamandla. [2] Imbono yokuzimo zezoburhulumente zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho engekho ngqiqweni, kwaye inyaniswa kakhulu kwemithetho yezobupolitiki.[3]

Isizathu Sokuba Iinkundla Zomanyano Zibe Nendima Kuyo Yonke Ilizwe

Umsebenzi wenkundla yesizwe unempembelelo engqalileyo nenzulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla bamaMelika. Isigqibo esinye esivela kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo singabuyisela isonakaliso intlalo, ipolitiki, kunye nemeko yezoqoqosho yelizwe. Isigqibo seNkundla [[FLT]][1] Brown v.[FLT].[FLT][FLT][2][2] [3] [3] [3] [3] [4] [isigqibo esisemthethweni sobuhlanga esisemthethweni kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke. [[FLT][5]] [[5] [imfula]. [iiiiinqano].[FLT] [FLT] [ig:6] [iiiindlela] zonke iinkundla zeNtlanga yemfundo yemfundo esezantsi [iiiimbuso, inceda imigaqo esemthethweni engoonke, ityala eliphantsi yetyala eliphantsi eliphantsi kwezoqoqosho, eliphantsi kwezoqoqosho eliphantsi, eliphantsi eliphantsi komthetho, eliphantsi likhuselayonganye, eli

Isiphelo: Isebe Elibalulekileyo LeRiphabliki

Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo ingumsebenzi onzima kodwa obalulekileyo wovavanyo lwamaMelika kwi-rhulumente. Inika inkundla elungelelanisiweyo nengakhethi buso ekucombululeni iimpikiswano ngemithetho yelizwe, ukusuka kuMgaqo-siseko ukuya kwiqumrhu elikhulu lemithetho nemigaqo. Ngokuqonda igunya, isakhiwo, kunye nomsebenzi wale nkundla, abemi bangayiqonda kakuhle indima yemidlalo yejaji ekukhuseleni amalungelo abo, ukuvavanya amandla amanye amasebe amabini, nokuqinisekisa ukuba iUnited States ihlala iyilizwe elilawulwa yimithetho ebekwe phantsi kwenkundla yephondo ebandakanya ulwaphulo-mthetho worhulumente okanye ulawulo oluphezulu olulawula inkqubo yesizwe, umsebenzi weenkundla yelizwe opholonke uphothiweyo, uphothe kwimo yemeko yelizwe nemodeli yehlabathi. Ukutshona kweNkunyuka kweNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundlalela-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho.[3][F][3][3] [F] [F]]