Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya isekelwe kwisiseko sorhulumente wase-United States. Iqinisekisa ukuba alikho isebe elinye elinamandla kakhulu, ngaloo ndlela likhusela inkululeko namalungelo abemi. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iinkalo ezingundoqo zokwahlula amagunya, imvelaphi yawo, indlela esebenza ngayo ekusebenzeni, kunye nentsingiselo yayo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika.

Kuyintoni Ukwahlukana Kwamandla?

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kubhekisela kukwahlulwa kweembopheleleko zikarhulumente zibe ngamasebe ahlukeneyo ukulinganisela naliphi na isebe ekusebenziseni imisebenzi engundoqo yelinye. Urhulumente wase-U.S. wahlulwe waba ngamasebe amathathu:

  • [[UMTL:0] Isebe elinokwahlulelwa[[UMTL:1] – yenza imithetho
  • [[FT:0] Isebe eliphumezayo[[FTL:1] – imithetho enyanzelisayo
  • Judicial bank [ – tolika imithetho

Esi sakhiwo sayilwa ngabom ngabalawuli bomGaqo-siseko ukuthintela ukuxinezeleka kwamandla aye akhokelela kulawulo oluphezulu lwamaBritane. UJames Madison, osoloko ebizwa ngokuba nguYise womGaqo-siseko, wabhala kakhulu ngemfuneko yamasebe awohlukeneyo ku u-Fedalist No. 51. Waphikisa ukuba "isigqibo kufuneka senziwe ukulwa nephulo" – okuthetha ukuba isebe ngalinye lifanele libe namandla aneleyo okuvavanya abanye.

Imvelaphi Yamandla Embali

Le ngcamango ayiqalanga kubaseki. Isithandi sobulumko saseFransi uMontesquieu, kumsebenzi wakhe wonyaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo. Umoya woMthetho , uxhasa ukwahlula igunya lezobupolitika libe yimithetho, isebe elilawulayo, nemisebenzi yokugweba. Inkqubo yaseBritane ngelo xesha yayinokwahlulwa ngokwenxenye, kodwa uKumkani wayesalawula iPalamente neenkundla. Abalawuli baseMelika, benamava okuqhatha, babezimisele ukuseka inkqubo apho igunya lalisa uqhezuko.

KwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787, iindwendwe zaphikisana ngendlela yokwakha urhulumente omtsha wesizwe. IPlane yaseVirginia yacebisa ukuba kubekho urhulumente onamandla onamandla namasebe amathathu, ngoxa iPhondo laseNew Jersey lakhetha igunya elinamandla abuthathaka. Ulalanisa ekugqibeleni kwaba ngumGaqo-siseko njengoko sazi, ngeMigaqo I, II, kunye no II ukwenza amasebe amathathu nokudwelisa amandla awo.

Isebe Elisemthethweni: Inqaku I

Isebe lowiso-mthetho limiselwe liQumrhu I lomGaqo-siseko. Linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho yaye lenziwe ngezindlu ezimbini: iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu kunye neNdlu yabameli. Zizonke, zibumba iBhunga laseUnited States.

Isiseko seBhunga

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

  • I-Intenet: iqokelelwe ngama-estator ali-100, amabini kwingingqi nganye, asebenza amabinzana eminyaka emithandathu. ICampte yayilwa ukumela izilangazelelo zoorhulumente ngokulinganayo.
  • Indlu yabameli: Ekhiwe ngabameli abangama-435, nenani elisuka kwilizwe ngalinye elisekelwe kubemi bayo, elisebenza ngokwemiqathango yeminyaka emibini. Indlu yayijoliswe ukuba ibekufutshane nabantu.

Amandla Engqungquthela

IKhomishini inika iNkomfa ekhethekileyo edweliswe kwiGatya I, iCandelo 8.

  • Ukudrafta nokuvota ngokomthetho
  • Ukuvakalisa Imfazwe
  • Ulawulo lwezorhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle
  • Ukulawulwa kwemali nerhafu
  • Ukukhulisa nokuxhasa amajoni kunye nomkhosi wamanzi
  • Ukumisa iiofisi zeposi neendlela
  • Ukuyila iinkundla ezisezantsi

IKhomishini iye yachaza amandla ngokusebenzisa i-Claus efunekayo nefanelekileyo, evumela ukuba kubekwe imithetho efunekayo ukuze kuqulunqwa amagunya ayo adwelisweyo. Eli binzana liye laba ngumthombo wengxoxo ebalulekileyo yomGaqo-siseko ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika.

Imilinganiselo kwiiKhonklathi

Kwakhona umGaqo-siseko umisela iKhonkqu kwiGatya I, iCandelo lesi-9, alinakunqumamisa i-habeas corpus (ngaphandle kwamaxesha emvukelo okanye ukuhlasela), ukugqithisa amatyala omngeni, okanye ukunika izihloko zezikhulu. Le mida iqinisekisa ukuba kwanesebe elikufutshane nabantu alinakuwaphazamisa amalungelo asisiseko.

Isebe ElinoLawulo Oluphezulu: Inqaku II

Isebe elilawulayo limiselwe liQumrhu II lomGaqo-siseko. Linembopheleleko yokumisa imithetho kwaye likhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States, osebenzisa igama elineminyaka emine kwaye onokuthi aphinde akhethwe kwakhona ukwenzela ibinzana elinye elingakumbi (njengoko lilinganiselwe nguMphetho-mda wama-22).

Indima kaMongameli

UMongameli unendima ephambili ezininzi, kuquka:

  • Umkhosi-nge- jif wemikhosi exhobileyo, enamandla okukhokela imisebenzi yomkhosi
  • I-gcisa-mvume yeChief, elijongene nolwalamano lwamanye amazwe, izivumelwano (ngemvume yeNdlu yeQela), kunye nokumisela oothunywa
  • Isigqeba esiphetheyo , uvelela iqumrhu lolawulo lorhulumente kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iyaphunyezwa ngokuthembekileyo
  • Inkokeli yomthetho , iphembelela ukwenza umthetho ngedilesi yeSizwe se-Union, amandla, nemiyalelo yegunya
  • Ukutshona kwezwe, ukumela uhlanga kwiziganeko zemithendeleko

Imicimbi yezolawulo neSebe loLawulo loMkhosi

Amasebe amaninzi asebenza phantsi kwesebe elilawulayo, ngalinye lijongene nemimandla ethile.

  • Isebe lokhuselo
  • ISebe lezemfundo
  • ISebe lezeMpilo neeNkonzo zoLuntu
  • ISebe leMithetho eLuntu
  • ISebe likaRhulumente
  • ISebe loNondyebo

Ukongezelela, amaqumrhu azimeleyo anjenge-EPA i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), iFederal Reserve, ne-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) angaphantsi kwesebe elilawulayo kodwa asebenza ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo ozimeleyo. Ukwanda kwegunya lolawulo kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthunywa kwamandla owiso-mthetho kumaqumrhu alawulayo – umxholo wengxoxo eqhubekayo kumthetho-siseko.

Isebe Eligwebayo: Inqaku III

Isebe eligwebayo limiselwe liQumrhu III lomGaqo-siseko. Litolika imithetho kwaye lisebenzisa okusesikweni. Liquka iNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zephondo.

Isakhiwo seSizwe

Isebe eligwebayo liquka:

  • Inkundla yeQumrhu eliphezulu: Inkundla ephakamileyo kwelo lizwe, equka ithoba labagwebi (kuquka iJaji enye enkulu) emiselwe ubomi nguMongameli ngesiqinisekiso seNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Ubomi benzelwe ukukhusela abagwebi kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.
  • [[UMTL: 0] AmaQumrhu ezibheno (IiNkundla zeNtlanganiso yeNtlanganiso): iziphaluka ezili-13 eziva izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili. Zikumgangatho ophakathi.
  • IiNkundla zephondo: izithili ezigwebayo ezisebenza njengeenkundla zokuvavanya amatyala karhulumente. Urhulumente ngamnye unenkundla yesithili enye ubuncinane.

Imisebenzi yesebe lezahluleli

Isebe eligwebayo lenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo:

  • Ukutolika umGaqo-siseko nemithetho karhulumente
  • Ukulungisa iingxabano phakathi kwamazwe
  • Ukuhlola ubugqeba bemithetho nezenzo zesebe (ukuhlola umgaqo-siseko)
  • Ukuchongwa kwamatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente, izivumelwano kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemikhosi
  • Iimeko ezibonisa ukuba urhulumente wase-United States liqela

Amandla ohlolo lomthetho amiselwa kwityala lephawu Madison (1803). Kweso sigqibo, uMgwebi omkhulu uJohn Marshall wabhala ukuba "kugxininisa iphondo kunye nomsebenzi wesebe lejaji ukuchaza oko umthetho ukuko. Oku kwanika iinkundla igunya lokuwisa imithetho kunye nezenzo zegunya ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko.

Inkqubo yeepeyinti nolungelelwano

Ukwahlukana kwamandla kukodwa akunakuba kwanele ukuthintela ulawulo olunzima; izikhephe ezakhiwe kwinkqubo yokukhangela nokulinganisela. Ezi ziindlela ezivumela isebe ngalinye ukuba liwathintele amandla amanye. UJames Madison wakuchaza oku ku Fateralist No. 51 njengokunika isebe ngalinye "indlela yomgaqo-siseko neentshukumisa zobuqu ukuxhathisa ukungenelela ezinye."

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

  • Engasebenzisi iivetoes zomongameli ngeevoti ezimbini kwigumbi lazo zombini
  • UBraise ukumiselwa komongameli (Uninzi lwabasebenzi lufanele lunikele inkxaso kumalungu ekhabhathi, oonozakuzaku kunye nabagwebi)
  • Izivumelwano ze Rafyence (Hlanganisa iivoti ezimbini- 3)
  • Ukususa uMongameli namanye amagosa
  • Ukulawula uqingqo-mali – gqiba indlela esetyenziswa ngayo imali
  • Imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo ngokuva

Icandelo Elilawulayo Lihlola Umthetho

  • Umthetho weVeto owiswe yiNgqungquthela (iNkqutyana ingawuyeka)
  • Name
  • Ingxelo yoMbutho weSizwe
  • Isalathisi solawulo esiphezulu sikhupha imiyalelo echaphazelekayo yokwalathisa indlela esetyenziswa ngayo imithetho
  • Musa ukusebenzisa imali efunwa yiKhonkxamenti (imposiso – nangona ilinganiselwe nguMthetho Wolawulo Lwezikhundla ka - 1974)

Ukukhangela Amanye Amasebe Okugweba

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Hlola ubukho bomgaqo-siseko wezigqibo zenkundla esezantsi zesibheno
  • Ukuyiqonda intsingiselo yemithetho xa kuvela iingxabano
  • Ukuthintelwa koomongameli ekumangalweni kwezinye iinkundla kulinganiselwe yimithetho yokugweba

Iitsheki Kwicudicary

  • IBhunga linokutshintsha inani labagwebi okanye libangele iinkundla eziphantsi
  • UMongameli umisela abagwebi besizwe (nengqinisekiso yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso)
  • IBhunga linokuba yingqwalaselo ephambili lize lisuse abagwebi
  • IKomiti yeNkcubeko ingenza utshintsho kumgaqo-siseko ukuze kutshintshwe izigqibo zenkundla
  • Amaqumrhu asemthethweni anokuwuguqula umthetho ukuba iNkundla ichaza umthetho ngendlela engavumelaniyo

Umanyano Nokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba inkqubo ye-U.S. inomnye umaleko: uburhulumente. Amandla akwahlulwe phakathi korhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente. Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wakhe ngamasebe amathathu karhulumente, ebonakalisa isakhiwo sorhulumente. Ugcino lweSimi sokuLandli seshumi elinambini kumaphondo okanye kubantu nawuphi na amandla anganikwanga nguMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States.

Oku kulawula okumabini kuthetha ukuba abemi baphantsi kwemithetho yorhulumente neyorhulumente. Ukungavisisani ngemida yamandla orhulumente bekuxhaphakile ukutyhubela imbali, ukususela kwiNkida yeNyullification kwiminyaka yee-1830 ukuya kwiingxoxo zale mihla ezimalunga nokunyanyekelwa kwempilo, umgaqo-nkqubo wemekobume, kunye nemfundo.

Amatyala Abalulekileyo Enkundla Ephakamileyo Okwahlukana Kwamagunya

INkundla ePhakamileyo ikhuphe izigwebo ezininzi ezichaza imida phakathi kwamasebe.

  • [FLT]] Marbury v. Madison (103): emiselweyo uhlolo logwebo – amandla eenkundla okubetha imithetho engamiselwanga.
  • Ikhasi le Table i Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952]: Amandla omongameli alinganiselweyo, elawula ukuba uMongameli Truman akanakukwazi ukuthatha izijungqu zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea ngaphandle kogunyaziso.
  • [FLT] United States v. Nixon [19974]): intengo kaMongameli uNixon yelungelo elipheleleyo legunya eliphezulu, emnyanzela ukuba ajike phezu kweteyipu yeWatergate.
  • [FLT]S v. Chadha [19983]): Gqiba phantsi umthetho weveto njengokwaphula ulwahlulo lwamandla, ilawula ukuba iBhunga alinakuyivala imisebenzi yesebe ngaphandle kokugqitha umthetho.
  • [FLT] Clinton v. IsiXeko saseNew York (1998:] ithe ifomati yomgca-ilungu leveto, ibambe ukuba yawuphazamisa u Presalelo lwenqaku I.
  • [FLT]Boumediene v. Bush (2008): I-Upt (i-hatmas) amalungelo ee-corpus kubabanjwa eGuantamo Bay, ibeka umda wamandla olawulo oluphezulu kunye nengqungquthela yemfazwe.

Ucelomngeni Neengxoxo Zanamhlanje

Ukwahlulwa kwenkqubo yamagunya akuhlali kwindawo enye; kusekho iingxaki eziqhubekayo.

Imiyalelo yegunya nesenzo esingahambisaniyo

Abalawuli baye basebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo imiyalelo yegunya elawulayo ukudlula kwiiKhomishini xa inyathelo lowiso-mthetho lipheliswa. Abahlalutyi baphikisa oku kululaza isebe lowiso-mthetho, ngoxa abaxhasi besithi kukusetyenziswa kwamandla okulawula ukunyanzelisa imithetho ekhoyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yempatho-mandla kuye kwanda kwaye kwaqulunqwa kwimbali yonke, nabona bakhulu abafana noFranklin D. Roosevelt, George W. Bush, kunye noBarack Obama, bejongenelu hlengahlengiso oluvela kwiBhunga-mthetho.

Urhulumente Olawulayo Nemfundiso Enganikezeliyo

IBhunga lisoloko lithumela igunya lolawulo kumaqumrhu olawulo njenge-EPA, i-OSHA, kunye ne-FC. Abanye abaphengululi nabagwebi baphikisa ngelithi oku kwaphula ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngenxa yokuba amasebe asebenzisa imithetho, impatho-mbi, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba idibene. Imfundiso engagunyaziyo, ethi iKhomishini ayinakumisela igunya layo lowiso-mthetho, iye yangagunyaziswa kakhulu kangangamashumi eminyaka kodwa iye yabona ukuvuselelwa kwamatyala akutshanje eNkundleni ePhakamileyo [[FLT: 0].Goundsy v. United States (20:9) kunye )] ne[FL:] ye-Urgino.[PA[FLT]

Ukungaququzeli kwemithetho yezomthetho

Impikiswano ngendima efanelekileyo yejaji idla ngokugxininisa ekubeni iinkundla zifanele ukuthobela amasebe ezobupolitika kusini na. Abahlalutyi bezenzo zokugweba baphikisa ukuba abagwebi bafanele bachaze umGaqo-siseko njengoko ubhaliwe, ngoxa abanye bephikisa ngelithi iinkundla zimele zivumelanise imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko neemeko zale mihla. Iimfazwe zokuqinisekiswa kwiinkundla eziPhakamileyo zibonisa ukwahlukana okunzulu kule mbambano.

Ubophelelo lwe Grid lwendlela yeKhatheti

Imfuneko yokuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNdlela zolawulo kunye nokumiswa kwekomiti egwebayo ikhokelele ekubeni ilwele amadabi akhutshwayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-filibuster kunye "ukhetho lwenyukliya" ukuqinisekisa ukuba oomatshini batshintsha amandla enkqubo yokumisa. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo iye yazitshintsha kakhulu, nto leyo eye yaphazamisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamasebe olawulo oluphezulu kunye namasebe agwebayo.

Amandla Emfazwe Nokusetyenziswa Komkhosi Womkhosi

ISigqibo soMkhosi waMagunya emfazwe ka 1973 samiselwa ukukhangela igunya lomongameli ukuba afake imikhosi ye-U.S. kwimfazwe ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho. Noko ke, oomongameli abavela kuwo omabini amaqela baphikisane ngokuthi umthetho uphazamisana nendima yabo engokomGaqo-siseko njengoMthetheli-kwi-Chieef. Isiphumo besiyintambo eqhubekayo yoodokolwana bemfazwe kungenelelo lomkhosi, ukusuka eVietnam ukuya eLibya ukuya e-Siriya.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Kubaluleke Namhlanje

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kubalulekile ekulondolozeni idemokhrasi nasekukhuseleni amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Iqinisekisa ukuba amandla akajoliswanga kwisebe elinye, ikhuthaza ukuphendula nokubonisa. Nazi izizathu ezingundoqo zokuba lo mgaqo usoloko ubalulekile:

  • Igunya lolawulo: Ngokusasaza amandla, akukho mntu okanye iqela elinokulawula urhulumente.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Icebo lokuququzelela:[[UMTL:1] Amasebe ahlukeneyo kufuneka asebenze kunye, ecotha inyathelo longxamiseko nengxoxo ekhuthazayo.
  • Amalungelo amancinane: Ijaji ingakhangela ukugqithisa okugqithisileyo okuphazamisayo kwinkululeko engundoqo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukubeka ityala: Isebe ngalinye lingaphanda lize libhence ububi kwamanye amasebe.
  • Igcina umthetho: Akukho sebe lingaphezulu komthetho; lonke kufuneka lisebenze phakathi komda womgaqo-siseko.

Ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente wase-U.S. Ligumbi ledemokhrasi yaseMelika, elenzelwe ukukhusela inkululeko yabemi bayo ngeli xesha kuqinisekwa ukuba akukho sebe likarhulumente linamandla kakhulu. Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, uphando lwezibonelelo zelizwe kwi [ , [FLT]].

Isiphelo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akuyongcamango nje engekho mthethweni engokomGaqo-siseko – yinkqubo ephilayo elawula zonke izigqibo ezinkulu zezobupolitika kunye nomthetho eUnited States. Ukusuka kwi Congress yeNkundla eWhite ukuya kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, ukudlala phakathi kwamasebe kuchaza indlela olulawula ngayo uhlanga ngokwalo. Njengabemi, ukuqonda le nkqubo kusinika amandla okugcina urhulumente wethu ethembekile kwaye siqonde ukulungelelanisa okukhuselekileyo okukhusela inkululeko yethu. Abalawuli balumkisa ngelithi "ukubekwa kwawo onke amandla, ulawulo, isigqeba, isigqeba, kunye nesazulu, kuchazwa kanye kwezandla zobuzwilakhe. Ukuhlala sinolwahlulo lomsebenzi ohlala uhleli kuso sonke isizukulwana.