Eli xesha lilandela unyulo lwesizwe lelinye lamanyathelo abalulekileyo kurhulumente wedemokhrasi. Asilomdlalo nje obalulekileyo wokulinda de inkokeli elandelayo ithathe isikhundla; kunoko, yinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo kakuhle eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukudluliswa koxolo nocwangco lwamandla olawulo. Lo mgaqo-ndlela-ninzi . "Ukwahlula ulwamkelo lweziphumo zonyulo, ixesha lotshintsho olucwangcisiweyo, kunye nokunikezelwa kwenkqubo eqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kukarhulumente, ukhuseleko lohlanga, kunye nozinzo lwemisebenzi. Ngoxa unyulo ngokwalo lufumana ingqalelo yomhlaba wonke, iinkqubo ezilandela indlela ephumelelayo yokulawula ulawulo olutsha olunokuqala ngosuku olunye. Ukuqonda la manyathelo ayimfuneko ekuqondeni ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nokuzinziswa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kweziphumo Zonyulo

Ukuqinisekiswa kweziphumo zonyulo linyathelo elisisiseko eliqinisekisa isiphumo solawulo-lwazi nebangela inkqubo yotshintsho. Oku kukude kwisiganeko esinye; kutyhileka kumgangatho oninzi karhulumente kwaye kusenokudlula kwiiveki eziliqela okanye kwaneenyanga. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ucoselelo luchanile, ukusombulula iimpikiswano, nokunika ubalo lokugqibela oluqinisekisiweyo phambi kokuba nasiphi na isidluliso samandla siqalise.

Ukuqinisekisa ngenqanaba likarhulumente

Ngokukhawuleza emva koSuku lokhetho, urhulumente ngamnye uqalisa inkqubo yakhe yokufumana nokuqinisekisa. Urhulumente kunye neebhodi zonyulo zobulali zihlola umgama wamavoti asuka kwicandelo ngalinye, isikhokelo sophicotho, kwaye zibala iivoti kwiintlanga ezisondeleyo ukuba zifunwa ngumthetho wesizwe. Urhulumente ngamnye unommiselo wexesha elimiselweyo elibekiweyo (ngomhla wenhlohlo-nye okanye ekuqaleni kukaDisemba) apho irhuluneli okanye umphathi-mikhosi omiselweyo amele aqinisekise iziphumo zelizwe lonke. Le ngxelo ingumthetho yelo mntu uphumelele kwivoti yombuso eyaziwayo kwaye, iza kumiswa khona izikolo zabavoti abachongi ezimiselwe yivoti.

IElectoral College

EUnited States, umongameli akanyulwa ngqo ngevoti edumileyo kodwa ngumongameli we-Electoral College. Xa isiqinisekiso sombuso sigqityiwe, abanyuli abamiselweyo badibana kumakomkhulu abo esizwe ngoLwesibini lokuqala emva kweyesibini ngoDisemba (ephakathi kwe-December). Baphosa iibhola zabo zomongameli kunye nomphathi-sekela. Ezi zivoti zibhalwe [FLT: 0] iziko levoti yevoti [, ezithi zithunyelwe kumongameli weCandelo (iKhosi) lomongameli (ingingi)), urhulumente weSizwe nomlawuli weencwadi, urhulumente wesizwe, urhulumente wesizwe, kunye nomgwebi wenkundla yelizwe. Ulawulo lwesizwe lugcina umgaqo womthetho wezomthetho wesizwe.

Isiqinisekiso seKhonkxa-ntele

Inyathelo lokugqibela kwinkqubo yokunyulwa kwesiqinisekiso se-creding lenzeka ngoJanuwari 6, xa intlanganiso yeBhunga lidibana ukuze libale amavoti okhetho. Isekela lomongameli, elisebenza njengomongameli weNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, lilawula intlanganiso. Iivoti zeli lizwe ngalinye ziyafundwa ngokuvakalayo kwaye ziqulethwe ngolungelelwano olulandelelwayo. Ukuba akukho kugatywa okunyuliweyo okunyuliweyo okuye kwanyuswa kwaye kuqukwa kokubini iNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu. Ukuba umba luthiyathi qho ikhutshwe, iziphumo ziphela, kwaye inkqubo yotshintsho ihamba ngokusemthethweni ithetha ukuba uphumelele.

Ukudluliselwa Kwamandla

Utshintsho lwamandla lulawulo lwebhulorho kunye nolawulo ukusuka komnye ulawulo ukuya komnye. Lumgudu olungelelanisiweyo kakhulu obandakanya ulawulo oluphumayo, iqela elizayo, kunye namasebe karhulumente. Injongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba umongameli omtsha angathatha ulawulo olupheleleyo lwesebe eliphetheyo kuSuku loHlaliso ngaphandle kwezithuba kukhuseleko okanye ulawulo lwesizwe.

UMthetho wokuThintelwa koMongameli

Isakhiwo sotshintsho lwangoku lomongameli sisekwa nguMthetho woTshenxiso lweNkqutyana wePursidential Transformation Act (PTA]), edluliselwe ekuqaleni kwaye yalungiswa amaxesha amaninzi ukususela ngoko. ISivumelo sigunyazisa uLawulo lweeNkonzo jikelele (GSA) ukunikezela ngoovimba kunye nenkxaso kwiintloko zabathathi-nxaxheba kunye nokhetho. Ikwamisela imigaqo yokufikelela kulwazi oludwelisiweyo, ukhuseleko lokwexeshana, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesithuba se-ofisi nenkxaso yemali yesizwe. I-PTA yenzelwe ukuqhuba ubuchule bokudluliswa kwegunya, kwanakukhuphikiswa okulungeleyo okanye iimeko ezikhoyo.

Indima yeGSA neSiqinisekiso

Esinye sezigqibo eziphumele phambili kwixesha lonyulo lwasemva konyulo senziwa ngumphathi woLawulo lweeNkonzo Jikelele. IGSA ijongene nokukhupha uqikelelo ] .ileta ekwamkeleni ngokusemthethweni umvuzo olucacileyo lonyulo. Ukuba le ngxelo ityikitywe, iGSA ingakhulula inkxaso-mali, inika unikezelo lobeko lweziofisi zikarhulumente, iinkqubo zonxibelelwano, kwaye yahlula ulwahlulo. Kwinkqubo yesiqinisekiso sokuziko isenokuphazamisa utshintsho, njengoko kuboniwe kukhetho oluthile oludlulileyo. Umlawuli we-GSA kufuneka alungelelanise ixesha elisemthethweni kunye nelopolitiki, kodwa umsebenzi wolawulo ulawulo olungqongqo, hayi ngokwezopolitiko.

Amaqela oHlelo lwe-Agency

Ngexesha lotshintsho, iqela lonogada lomongameli lilungiselela amaqela okuhlola amaqela aqhubekekayo, amaqela ocwangciso-mali, amaqumrhu okuhlola, kunye nezisongelo zokhuseleko lwesizwe (ngamanye amaxesha abizwa ngokuba ngamaqela okumisa) kwisebe ngalinye lesizwe kunye nombutho. La maqela, enziwe ngoogcisa benkqubo, abasemagunyeni, nabasebenzi bemisebenzi, aqhuba uhlolo olunzulu kwimisebenzi eqhubekayo, izinto eziphambili zoqingqo-mali, izenzo zolawulo, kunye nezisongelo zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Afumana uxwebhu olubanzi, angene kwimibasebenzi abaphezulu abashwankanyiweyo. Injongo kukuvelisa imisebenzi etshintshayo eya kukwazisa abasebenzi abatsha abaphetheyo, inkqubo, inkqubo yomthetho, kunye nomthetho. Le nkqubo iyimfuneko ekuqondeni imeko yangokunye okanye ukunqanda okungekho mthethweni kolwazi.

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha Nokhuseleko

Ulawulo ngalunye oluzayo kufuneka lusebenzise imigaqo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nenkqubo yokucoca ukhuseleko. Ii-minees ezikwizikhundla zekhabhinethi, abasebenzi bendlu emhlophe, kunye namagosa amatsha kufuneka agqibelele iifomu zezemali, afumane ii-FBI ezingasemva, kwaye afumane ulunyulo lokwexeshana okanye olusisigxina lokhuseleko. Eli qela lenguqu lisebenza ngokusondeleyo ne-Ofisi yeSebe leSebe leMithetho-mthetho yoLuntu ukuqinisekisa ukuthobelana nemithetho enxulumene nenkqeqele yoluntu, imiqathango yokumisa, kunye ne-Ethicscsclicscs efunekayo phantsi koMthetho weSikhokelo 13989 (okanye isalathathiso sokhuseleko lwalo lwalo. Le nkqubo yokuhlola isebenza ngokusondeleyo emva kweHwebhusayithi yeNtyo, kodwa iyaqhubeka kakuhle ukulondoloza ukuthembana nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Imali neZibonelelo

Ukutshintsha kwegunya kuxhaswa ngemali ngomxube woovimba babantu kunye nabobucala. UmThetho woMongameli woPhawulo ugunyazisa iGSA ukuba kwabelwe intlawulo ethile kwiqela lotshintsho lomongameli-omatshini ngokufuziselayo kwizigidi zeerandi. Ukongeza, abathathi-nxaxheba kunye nee-okanye iimali zotshintsho zinganyusa imali zobuqu ukugubungela abasebenzi, uhambo, kunye neendleko zeofisi, eziphantsi kwemiqathango yomthetho kunye neemfuno zenkcazelo. Ulawulo oluphumayo lukwanika intsalela ekhawulezileyo, izixhobo zonxibelelwano ezikhuselekileyo, kunye nendawo yeofisi yexeshana. Unxulumano lwale misebenzi lulawulwa liBhunga leNdlulo-Ndlukwano yeNdlukwano yeNdlukwano yeNdlu, emiselwe ngomyalelo wolawulo, oluquka abameli abavela kwi-GSA, i-Oficerensity, i-Ofices yoLawulo noodonga, kunye nezinye ii-ooma ze-oventi ye-ooma.

Ukumiselwa

Ukunikezelwa kusisincomo somsitho wokudluliswa kwegunya. Kuyimfuneko yomGaqo-siseko kunye nesikhumbuzo sikawonke-wonke sedemokhrasi. Kuqhutywa ngoJanuwari 20 (ngaphandle kokuba loo mhla ufikela ngeCawa, apho umsitho wabucala unokuthi ubekho ngaphambi kwexesha), ukunikezelwa kubandakanya ukufunga komongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli, idilesi yokuqalisa, kunye nothotho lwezithethe ezikwisindululo sohlanga.

Isifungo se-Ofisi

Ngemini emaqanda ngoJanuwari 20, umphengululi umisela isifungo sesikhundla njengoko simiselwe liGatya II lomGaqo-siseko: “Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembekileyo ndiya kuphumeza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa kangangoko ndinako, ndigcine, ndikhusele ndikhusele uMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States.” Umthetho oyintloko weUnited States ulawula isifungo, nangona uphethwe ngabanye abagwebi kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga zembali. Umongameli uquke isifungo esahlukeneyo, esiquka ukufungisa nokukhusela uMgaqo-siseko. Isifungo kunye nexesha elichanile ligweba: ukudluliswa kwegunya akugqitywangade kugqitywe isifungo.

Izithethe Nezithethe

Unikezelo lusekelwe kwisithethe, uninzi lwazo lucetyiswa yiKomiti yeCamplet Congregation kwi-Inaugralial Ceremonies . Iziganeko zosuku ziquka umongameli ophelekwayo kuCapitol, umbhiyozo wokufunga kwiNtshona yeCapitol, idilesi yovulo, umboniso, umboniso osecaleni kwePennsylvania Avenue, kunye neebhola ezininzi ezincinane ezidityalwayo ngokuhlwa. Umongameli ophumayo nomphathi-mongameli ohambayo uhlala kwinkonzo yesithethe, ebonakalisa utshintsho loxolo. Ingqungquthela yesidlo yangameli ibizwa yiJCICIC ye-presil, umongameli, umongameli, i-budikoni, kunye nenkokeli-ngqu zinye ezinde zisetyenziswa kwintetho yesizwe, intetho yesizwe, nemithetho ye-demodemokhkh.

Ukhuseleko nobuchule

I-Inaugition Day yenye yemisebenzi emikhulu yokhuseleko eUnited States. Inkonzo yeShumi yase-U.S. ikhokela ekuququzelweni kokusebenzisana namapolisa aseCapitol, amaPolice ePark, amaPolitili eSizwe, iFBI, kunye neminye imikhosi emininzi yorhulumente, urhulumente, kunye namasebe asekuhlaleni. Esi siganeko sityunjwe njengeSicwangciso soKhuselo esikhethekileyo sesizwe (NTSE), esivula oovimba borhulumente bongezelelweyo kunye nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko ebanzi. Ukhuseleko, ukuvaleka kweendlela zokuhlola, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola ziyathunyelwa. Ukwanikezelwa kukwafuneka kwenziwe imigudu emikhulu yolawulo lwesihlwele, iinkonzo zonyango, iinkonzo zonyango, ezonxibelelwano, kunye nothungelwano.

Umfuziselo Wokuthuthwa Koxolo

Ukunikezelwa kungaphezulu komsitho; luphawu olunamandla lokuqhubekeka kolawulo-moya. Ukuguqulwa ukusuka kulawulo lwezolawulo lwedemokhrasi ukuya kolunye ngezantsi. Ingakumbi ukusuka kumongameli weqela ukuya kumongameli womnye,(8) iidemonthi ezithi amandla athathwe ngokuvuma kwabalawulwa, hayi ngamandla. Oku kunikezelwa kolawulo loxolo, luphawu lwedemokhrasi yaseMelika kwaye lusoloko lukhankanywa njengenye yeziphumeziso zayo ezinkulu. Unikezelo lukawonke-wonke, ngemibhiyo, izifungo, nemibhiyotho, kuqinisa ilungelo lenkqubo yolawulo kunye nokuzinziswa kwenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko. Kungomzuzu xa uhlanga, nangona kukho izantluko yezobupolitika, luye lwaya kuboniswa kunye ukubuyiselwa korhulumente walo.

Imbali Nokubaluleka Kokungaguquguquki

Inkqubo yonyulo lwasemva konyulo ivele ngokuphawulekayo kunembali yesizwe. Utshintsho lokuqala lwaba lufutshane kwaye alucwangciswanga, lunentsebenziswano encinane phakathi kolawulo oluphumayo noluzayo. Inkqubo yale mihla yayilwa emva komlo wonyulo wekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo, eyakhokelela kwiSindululo sonyulo lweTwelfth, kwaye ngoko ngokungakumbi emva kokubulawa kukaMongameli uWilliam McKinley ngo1901, eyabalaselisa imfuneko yokuqhubeka ngamaxesha obunzima. Iinguqu eziphawulekayo zaveliswa emva konyulo, olwabhenca izithuba kukhuseleko lwesizwe, nasemva konyulo lwama 2000, olugxininisa imingeni yokungaliselwa kovavanyo.

Kutshanje, i-ofisi ePhakamileyo yokuHlanganisa uLawulo loMphathiswa woMfezeko ka-2015 kunye nokulungisa okulandelayo kuye kwaqinisa inkqubo ngokukhuthaza ucwangciso, kufuna amaqela okuguqulwa kokhetho kwangaphambi kokhetho, nokunika ufikelelo olungcono kubulumko kunye nogcino-lwazi lukarhulumente. I-ofisi enika ingxelo eNika iNgxelo-Mvumelwano [[ ibone uqheliselo olungcono olucacileyo oluquka unxibelelwano olucacileyo phakathi kwamaqela ahambayo nazayo, intsebenzi abasebenza kunye nocwangco-msebenzi abalungele ukudibana ngokunempumelelo. Ucwangciso oluqinileyo lukarhulumente luqinisekisa ukuba kwanangenwabi ngexesha lotshintsho, ukungqubana nokukhuselwa kwezoqoqosho, ukungqubana kwendalo, neentlekele zendalo. Ukubaluleka kokuqhubekeka okungenanto kunokuthi kukhokelele kwinkqubo yokutshintsha kolawulo, ukurhoxakeka kwesizwe, ukurhoxiswa kokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Isiphelo

Ixesha elisemva konyulo lunzima kodwa lubalulekile kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ukusuka ekuqiniseni ngocoselelo lwezivoti ngombuso, iElectoral College, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo, ukuya kulwakhiwo olugqithisileyo olubandakanya amawaka amagosa, kwaye ekugqibeleni kuvunywa kokomfuziselo nomgaqo-siseko wokunikezelwa, inyathelo ngalinye liqinisa umthetho kunye nokudluliselwa koxolo kwamandla. Ngexa uluntu lusoloko lujolise kwiziphumo zonyulo ngokwalo, unyulo lwenkqubo yokhetho, kodwa lunento eqinisekileyo yokuba umnqolobi angalawula ngokuphumelelayo ukususela ngomhla omnye. Ukuqonda le nkqubo engokwasemthethweni, imingeni yayo, kunye nendaleko yayo yembali.