Inkululeko yokuthetha ifana nenye yezona mpawu zixakekileyo neziphikisanayo zamabutho olawulo-mpukane, inceda abantu bavakalise iingcamango, bagxeke igunya, bathabathe inxaxheba kwintetho yesidlangalala. Kodwa eli lungelo libalulekileyo alikho kwindawo engenamntu. Lidla ngokungqubana namanye amalungelo abalulekileyo `njengokuba wedwa, ukhuseleko, udumo, kunye nokulingana . Xa kuvela ezi ngxaki zomthetho nezokuziphatha. Xa ezi ngxabano zivela, abantu kufuneka balungelelene phakathi kokukhusela amazwi avulekileyo nokukhusela abantu engozini. Eli nqaku lihlola oko kwenzeka xa kungqubana ngokukhululekile namanye amalungelo, ukuhlolisisa imizekelo enyani, imizekelo enyani yehlabathi, kunye nemigaqo ekhokela ezi zigqibo zinzima.

Indlela Esithetha Ngayo Nemilinganiselo Yaso

Inkululeko yokuthetha ifakwe kwizixhobo zamalungelo abantu zezizwe ngezizwe, njengeGatya 19 loMgaqo-nkqubo Womhlaba Wonke Wamalungelo Abantu, kwaye ikhuselwe yimithetho-siseko emininzi yamazwe. Noko ke, akukho lungelo lipheleleyo. Kwanengcamango yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ithetha imbopheleleko yokuhlonela amalungelo abanye. Uxinezeleko olungundoqo lubakho xa intetho yomntu othile iphazamisana nezilangazelelo zomntu othile, ezifana nezobuqu, ukhuseleko, okanye isidima sakhe.

Isiseko Sembali Nemfundiso

Izazi ngezakhono njengoJohn Stuart Mill noJohn Milton baphikisa ngelithi ukukwazi ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kubalulekile ekufuneni inyaniso kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi. "umgaqo weMill" ucebisa ukuba intetho imele ithintelwe kuphela ukuthintela umonakalo ngqo kwabanye. Lo mgaqo uphembele kakhulu iinkqubo zomthetho zangoku, kodwa inkqubo yawo ihlala iphikisana. Ucelomngeni lukuchaza ukuba yintoni enziwa "harm" kwaye indlela yokuyilinganisa ngokuchasene nexabiso lokuthetha. Kwimiqathango emininzi, intetho ekhuthaza ugonyamelo, isasaza ubuxoki obugqwetha ubuxoki, okanye ukuhlasela ubucala bobuqu buphantsi kwemi. Ukuqonda ezi zisiseko kunceda ukucacisa ukuba kutheni ingxabano ivela kwaye indlela abantu bazama ngayo ukucombulula.

Imida Esemthethweni

Amazwe amaninzi amisela imida esemthethweni esemthethweni ekuthetheni ngokukhululekileyo ukuze akhusele amanye amalungelo. Le mida yahluke kakhulu kwiinkqubo zomthetho. EUnited States, uMgaqo-nkqubo Wokuqala unikela ukhuseleko olunamandla lokuthetha, kodwa ngaphandle kolu luhlu lohlazo, ukuphembelela, ubungendawo, kunye nezisongelo. Ngokuchasene noko, amazwe aseYurophu asoloko esebenzisa isiseko esiqinileyo sokulinganisela amalungelo abantu, ukugxininisa isidima kunye nemfihlo. Umzekelo, i-European Convention on Human Rights ivumela imiqathango yokuthetha ngokukhululekile ukuba "ayimfuneko kuluntu olunedemokhrasi" ukukhusela amalungelo abanye. Iimvavanyo ezingo ziquka ukulingana, ukuvavanya ngokungqongqo, ukuhlolwa okucacileyo nokucacileyo naxanduva okukhoyo. Ezi nkqubo zibonelela indlela elungele ukucotha ingxabano, kodwa zikwayo impikiswano eqhubekayo nxamnye nokunyusa imigca.

Iindawo Eziqhelekileyo Zengxabano

Ummandla ngamnye ubangela iingxaki ezikhethekileyo yaye ufuna uqwalasele umongo, injongo nemiphumo enokubakho. Ngeli ngezantsi zizinto eziphambili apho kuvela iingxwabangxwaba.

Ulwimi

Ilungelo lokukhusela abantu kwizinto ezifihlakeleyo. Umzekelo, xa umntu epapasha inkcazelo eyimfihlo ngaphandle kwemvume, ngokungathi ziingxelo zezamayeza, iifoto ezifihlakeleyo, okanye iinkcukacha zemali, zingqubana namalungelo obuqu. Iinkundla zisoloko zilungelelanisa ezi njongo ngokuqwalasela umdla wabantu ngokubanzi kwinkcazelo. Umzekelo, intatheli inokuba nelungelo lokupapasha izibakala ezifihlakeleyo ngomphathi-mikhosi wasekuhlaleni ukuba ityhila ukonakala, kodwa iinkcazelo ezifanayo ngomntu wabucala zingavalwa. Kwiminyaka yobugcisa, amaqonga e-media akhuthaza le ngxabano, njengoko abasebenzisi besebenzisa ulwazi olunokusuka kwi-projekto. Imithetho i-Gradioteew-data ye-Gradiation (GPGR) kunye no-"iwokungabokungabonziswa ukukhusela imfihlo, kodwa kwakhona banokuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yenkululeko yobuqu okanye ukusetyenziswa kwenjongo yobuqu.

Ukhuseleko loluntu

Ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke lelinye ilungelo elibalulekileyo elinokungqubana nenkululeko yokuthetha. Intetho exhokonxa ugonyamelo, ubugrogrisi, okanye uloyiko ingathintelwa ukukhusela ubomi nempahla. Umzekelo, ukukhwaza "umlilo" kwiholo yemidlalo ezele abantu ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wokungakhuseleki wokuthetha okucacileyo kuba kudala ingozi ecacileyo. Ngokufanayo, intetho yentiyo ejoliswe kumaqela angakwaziyo ukuchanabeka inokuba yimiqathango enyanzelekayo okanye isiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi-phithi. Urhulumente udla ngokumisela imithetho echasene nokukhuthaza ukukhuthaza, intetho yentiyo, kunye nemiqondiso ephosakeleyo, kodwa le nto kufuneka ikhutshwe ngobuchule bokuzinzisanelo olufanelekileyo.

Uguqulelo lwendlela yokuthetha ekhululekileyo. Uguqulelo (Ucaphulo)

Imithetho echaphazelekayo ikhusela abantu kwiingxelo zobuxoki ezonakalisa igama labo. Xa umntu epapasha ubuxoki olonakalisayo, isithethi sikhululekileyo singqubana nelungelo lexhoba. Ukusombulula oku, iinkundla zifuna ukuba inkundla zibonise ukuba le ngxelo ixoki kwaye ibangele umonakalo. Kumagunya amaninzi, amanani abantu kufuneka abonise "ubugqhinga"" ulwazi lwenkohliso okanye ukungakhathaleli inyaniso. (*ukuphumelela ngokungenankathayo ityala lokutyhola.) Umgangatho ophezulu uvela ekuqosheniseni impikiswano kawonke efuna igumbi lokuphefumlela imposiso. Noko ke, abantu abazimeleyo bajongene nomthwalo omncinci. Ukunyuka kwemigangatho yengingqi esezantsi kunyuke umngcipheko, njengoko amagqabaza angaziwayo angasasazeka ngokukhawuleza. Iinkqubo ezingomthetho emhlabeni wonke ukuzama ukulungisa, ukukhusela imfuneko yokukhusela ngemicimbiso. Imithetho esetyenziswa nakusetyenziswa nakumazwe athenwayo.

Ukungalingani (Intetho Engathethekiyo)

Intetho ejoliswe kubantu okanye amaqela asekelwe kwiempawu ezifana nohlanga, unqulo, ubufanasini, okanye indlela yesondo. Olu hlobo lwentetho lungakujongela phantsi ukulingana ngokukhuthaza ucalucalulo, ukukhathazwa, kunye nolwahlulo lwentlalo. Ulawulo-melo luthintela ukuchaswa kwentetho yentiyo ukuze kukhuselwe ilungelo lokuhlala ngaphandle kogonyamelo kunye nokucalucalulwa. Noko ke, iUnited States, iyakhusela kwanentetho yentiyo echasene nomthetho wokuqala, ngaphandle kokuba ikhuthaza ukuchasana okusondeleyo. Oku kubalaseko kubandakanya ukungavisisani okunzulu kwentandabulumko. I-jurispradenting ichaza inkululeko yokuzikhusela ukuhlasela urhulumente ochukumileyo, ngoxa imodeli igxininisa isidima nemviswa yimithetho yokuthetha kwabantu. Abaxhasi bezono bayiphikisa ukuba badala umahluko ofanelekileyo.

Ukulungelelanisa Iimvavanyo Nemisebenzi Yesakhelo

Ukulawula iingxabano zokuthetha ezikhululekileyo, iinkqubo zomthetho zisebenzisa iimvavanyo zokulinganisa kunye nezixhobo ezilinganisa iinjongo ezikhuphisanayo. Ezi zixhobo zijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imiqathango iyagwetyelwa, iyalungelelana kwaye iyalungelelana. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlolisiseni indlela iinkundla nabenzi bomthetho abacombulula ngayo ungquzulwano.

Umgaqo Obonisa Ukuba Ufanele Ubekho

I-propotigality iyingcamango engundoqo kumthetho wamalungelo abantu, ingakumbi eYurophu, eKhanada, nakweminye imiqathango. Phantsi kolu vavanyo, uthintelo ekuthetheni ngokukhululekileyo lusebenza kuphela ukuba lusebenza injongo esemthethweni (umz., ukukhusela ubumfihlo okanye ukhuseleko) kwaye yeyona ndlela ingqongqo yokufikelela loo njongo. Iinkundla zivavanya ubukhali bempembelelo yokuthetha ngokuchasene nokubaluleka kwamalungelo akhuselwayo. Umzekelo, ukuvalwa kokubhengezwa kwezobupolitika kusenokuba kungumlinganiselo olinganayo ukuba kukho enye into engqongqo, njengokufuna ukutyhilwa, kunokufeza injongo enye. I-proportioncation iqinisekisa ukuba akukwenzi okufunekayo, ukugcina isiseko sokuthetha ngokukhululekile xa kusenziwa iingxabano. Oku bekusetyenziswa kwezo meko zezizwe, njengentiyo kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Ubuchule bokubhala kunye nokusebenzisana kobuchule

EUnited States, iinkundla zisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuhlola ixhomekeke kwindlela ethetha ngayo kunye nokuyithetha okuchaseneyo. Ukuhlolisisa okungqongqo kusebenza kwimithetho ethintela intetho esekelwe ekuqulelweni, ifuna ukuba urhulumente abonise umdla onyanzelekileyo nokumxinwa. Umzekelo, imithetho ekhuthazayo mayidibane nalo mgaqo uphezulu. Ukuhlola okuqulathiweyo kuxhomekeke ekutheni imiqathango ibandakanya imicimbi engundoqo, enjengexesha, indawo, nendlela yokuthetha, apho urhulumente kufuneka abonise khona umdla obalulekileyo. Ezi zimvavanyo zidala imigangatho yokhuseleko, ngentetho yezobupolitika eyamkeleke kakhulu kunye nentetho engcolileyo encinane. Umlinganiselo onxulumene nokungachasana kwengxabano uxhomekeke ekunene, njengasese okanye ekukhuseleni, nokuba ngaba intetho ye-demodemokhn, ngaphandle kokuvavanywa kwazo, inokukhokelwa ngokuzinziswa ngokuzinziswa yimeko ecacileyo, iingxelo ezingezizo ezo zinto.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala nemizekelo

Uphando lwetyala lokwenene lubonisa indlela iinkundla ezisingatha ngayo iinkundla ezithetha ngokukhululekileyo ngokuchasene namanye amalungelo. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yomthetho kunye nocelomngeni lokufikelela ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo.

EUnited States: Brandenburg v. Ohio (1 969)

Brandenburg v.O., iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yamisa "uvavanyo olunzulu lolwaphulo-mthetho" lokuvuselela. Ityala libandakanya iKox Klan inkokeli ekrazulayo eyathetha iintetho kwintlanganiso. Inkundla yagqiba ukuba intetho ayikhuselekanga kuphela ukuba "ilungele ukukhuthaza okanye ukwenza isenzo esimandundundu okanye ukuvelisa umsantsa" kwaye "mhlawumbi wokukhuthaza okanye ukuvelisa isenzo esinjalo". Lo mqobo ukhusela intetho yezobupolitika, nokuba ikhuthaza ugonyamelo olungekho mthethweni, ngaphandle kokuba ibangela isisongelo esikhawulezileyo. Isigqibo sibonakalisa ukugxininisa ukuma ngokukhululekile kokuthetha kwabantu ngokhuseleko kumaxesha amaninzi, kodwa sikwadala umsantsalo apho inti isenokuqhubeka khona ngaphandle kovavanyo. Izenzo zovavanyo ezichaphaza-Abi, i-grobign, isebenza kunye nempembelelo ebonakalisa uphandolo.

INkundla YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu: Handyside nxamnye noBukumkani baseUnited Kingdom (1976)

Kwityala eliphawulayo laseYurophu Handyside v. umanyano loBukumkani, iNkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungu yaxhasa imiqathango ekwincwadi egqalwa njengengcolileyo, ilawula ukuba inkululeko yokuthetha ilinganiselwe ukukhusela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha namalungelo abanye. Inkundla yasungula "imfundiso yoxabiso", ivumela amagunya athile okulinganisela amalungelo asekelwe kumaxabiso asekuhlaleni. Le meko igxininisa umgaqo wokulungelelaniso kunye nendima yomongobume besithethe. Isigqibo savuma ukuba ukunqanda ugonyamelo kunakho ukuthintelwa, kodwa kwakhona yagxininisa ukuba imiqathango iyimfuneko kwibutho lolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Isigqibo sicatshululwe kwiimeko zamva ezibandakanya intiyo, ukurnabeka, ukuxoka kwamalungu obuqu ozimeleyo, kunye nokuzinyotyalwa kwe-European ethetha juniance kwimist propence kwiimpikiswano zesithethe esikhululekileyo.

Imisebenzi Esebenzisekayo Yomntu Noluntu

Iingxabano zokuthetha ezikhululekileyo zineziphumo zehlabathi kubantu, kuluntu nakumaziko. Ukuqonda ezi ziphumo kunceda abantu bakwazi ukusebenzisa amalungelo abo noxanduva lwabo kwihlabathi elilungelelanisiweyo.

Umlinganiselo wokufumana amajelo eendaba nolwaneliseko

Ukunyuka kwamaqonga onxibelelwano oluzimeleyo lwezentlalo-ntle kuye kwaqinisa iingxabano zokuthetha. Amaqumrhu afana noFacebook, iTwitter, kunye noYouTube kufuneka alinganisele umlinganiselo omkhulu wolwakhiwo, ulungelelaniso lomsebenzisi ngokuchasene neengozi ezifana nokukhathazwa, inkohliso, kunye nentetho eyintiyo. La maqonga asoloko exhomekeke kwimigaqo-sikhokelo yoluntu kunye neenkqubo ezizenzekelayo, ezinokuthi zikwazi ukudlula okanye ngaphantsi kwemiqathango yomthetho. Umzekelo, ukususa iposi egxeka urhulumente isenokubonwa njengendlela yokuhlola, ngelixa ingxengxengxezo okanye umbandela oyingozi unokuthi uphazamisananeewe okanye amalungelo okhuseleko. Izakhiwo ezisemthethweni, njengeCandelo loNklote Dectinetic Ement Act kwiU.S., amaqonga akhusela ekubekeni kwetyala lomsebenzisi, kodwa naphantsi wokuzikhusela kujoliswe phantsi kovavanyo.

Indima Yemfundo Nengxoxo

Ngapha koko izisombululo ezisemthethweni, imfundo kunye nengxoxo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekucombululeni iimpikiswano zenkululeko yokuthetha. Ukufundisa abemi ngexabiso lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nokubaluleka kokuhlonela amanye amalungelo kukhuthaza impucuko yokuqondana. Izikolo, iinkqubo zokufunda nokubhala ngezixhobo zonxibelelwano, kunye neencoko zikawonke wonke zinokubanceda abantu basebenzise imixholo echuliweyo ngaphandle kokukhetha imbono okanye ubutshaba. Ukukhuthaza ingxoxo yentlonelo ebekekileyo nokucinezela iimbono ezingqongqo. Umzekelo, xa impikiswano ivela kwintetho erhabaxa, ingxubuliso esetyenziswayo inika ithuba lokuphendula nokuphilisa. Imfundo ikwaxhobisa abantu ngabanye ukuba baqonde xa bethetha into eyingozi, befuna ukuphicotha ngokufanelekileyo xa befanelekelel

Isiphelo: Ukuya Kwindlela Elungeleleneyo

Ukungavumelani ngokukhululekileyo nokuthetha namanye amalungelo akunakuphepheka nakweliphi na ibutho labantu elixabisa inkululeko kunye nembopheleleko yoluntu. Isitshixo sixhomekeke ekuqondeni ukuba la malungelo awahlukeneyo kodwa azimeleyo. Isithethe esinenkululeko yokuthetha sifuna ukhuseleko ekuhlaseleni, ukuxhaphaza, nokunyelisa, ngoxa amalungelo anamandla okhuseleko axhomekeke ekukwazini ukuthetha ngokuchasene nokuxhatshazwa. Iinkqubo ezisemthethweni ezifana nokulingana nokusebenzisa umlinganiselo kunye nokucombulula iingxabano, kodwa kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngobuchule nokuhlonipha umongo. Njengoko ubugcisa buhambela phambili nonxibelelwano lwehlabathi, olu celomngeni luza kukhula kuphela. Abagwebi, abagwebi, kwaye abahlazi bomthetho, kufuneka baqhubeke incokola imicimbi yokuconga imida yenkululeko yokuthetha, beqinisekisa ukuba kusebenza kunamalungelo awo onke. Ulwazi oluninzi, luye lusetyenziswa kulwazi olusuka kulwazi olusuka kulwazi [FA: [0] [FFFF], [Fot.], [Fodk], kunye nokukhuselwa kolutiontion.[4]