Inkqubo kawonke-wonke yenza isiseko solawulo lwangoku, isalathisa indlela amaqumrhu anika ngayo ubuncwane, alawula ngayo indlela yokuziphatha, asuke asuke ajongene nemigaqo-nkqubo yempilo. Ukusukela ekufikeleleni kwimpumelelo yezoqoqosho, izigqibo ezenziwa ngoorhulumente zivakala kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Abafundi, abafundisi-mfundo, nababandakanyekiswe kubemi, ukuqonda indlela inkqubo kawonke-wonke esebenza ngayo ayiyo nje imfundo kuphela. . Kubalulekile ukuba kubekho inxaxheba ngolwazi kwidemokhrasi. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa inkqubo yoluntu lize linike imizekelo eqinisekileyo, yehlabathi etyhila impembelelo yayo enzulu kwimpilo, imfundo, izoqoqosho, nemekobume.

Ukuqonda Umgaqo-nkqubo Kawonkewonke: Inkqubo Neentlobo

Inkqubo kawonke wonke yinkqubo yezenzo zeqhinga urhulumente athabatha----okanye akathathi nxaxheba ekucombululeni iingxaki .ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabemi bakhe. Idityaniswe kwimithetho, imimiselo, imiyalelo yolawulo, kunye nemithetho elawulayo, kwaye iguquka ngomjikelo wokuzichaza kwengxaki, ummiselo wemimiselo, umiselo lwenkqubo, ukwenziwa kwemimiselo, ukusetyenziswa, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokuvavanywa. Iqonga ngalinye libandakanya abadlali abaninzi: amagosa anyuliweyo, ii-bureaucrates, amaqela enzala, kunye nabantu bonke.

Imithetho-nkqubo yolawulo ingahlulwa ngokweentlobo ezininzi. Iinkqubo zokusasaza imigaqo-nkqubo, njengenkxaso-mali yezolimo okanye iziphiwo zophando, zabela amaqela athile. Iinkqubo zokuhlaziya, njengenkcitho yerhafu eqhubekayo okanye iinkqubo zokunceda abantu, ziguqula izinto ukusuka kwicandelo elinye loluntu ziye kwelinye. Iinkqubo zolawulo, kuquka imilinganiselo yemeko-bume kunye nemithetho yokukhusela abathengi, zithintela ukuziphatha ukuba kusebenze umdla woluntu. Iinkqubo ezilawulayo, ezifana nokulungisa okanye ukuqulungelana, ukubumba isakhiwo sorhulumente ngokwaso. Ukuqonda ezi migaqo-nkqubo kunceda kucacisa isizathu sokuba ezinye iinkqubo ziqalise ingxoxo enzulu ngoxa abanye abantu besebenza ngokuzolileyo.

Imizekelo yobomi bokwenene yempembelelo yomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke

Imizekelo ecacileyo ibhunga umsantsa phakathi kwengcamango engekho ngqiqweni namava aphilayo. La mava alandelayo avela kwimpilo, kwimfundo, ekulawuleni izoqoqosho, nakwimigaqo yemekobume abonisa indlela eziveliswa ngayo izigqibo zemigaqo kwizigidi zabantu.

Ukunyamekela Impilo

Inkathalo yempilo yenye yezona ndawo zilandelayo zomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke, ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukulindela ubomi, ubunjani bobomi, nokhuseleko lwezoqoqosho. Imizekelo emibini eyahlukileyo .

  • Umthetho weNtolongo oBalulekileyo (ACA): Watyikitywa kumthetho ngo-2010, i-ACA yamela eyona inkintsho yempilo ebaluleke kakhulu eU.S. ukususela eMedicare nase Medicaid. Yandisa ukungakwazi ukugquma iMedica ebhayisekile ukugquma ngengeniso ukuya ku 138% kumgangatho wobuhlwempu obulawulayo, eyasungulwa yi-inshorensi ye-inshorensi yempilo ekhuselweyo, yayalela ukuba abantu ngabanye bafumane ityala okanye bahlawule isohlwayo. Umthetho wakwalela ukurhoxilonga okusekelwe kwiimeko ezikhoyo ngaphambili. Ngokutshona kwe-MFLD:2] Brobithi, i-A i-ACCP, incitshiswe kwi-16% ngokuchanabileyo kunyaka-2010, ngokokunganyelelwa kwezopolitiko.
  • IMedicare yaseCanada exhaswayo ekuhleni yi-inshorensi yempilo ye-Canada, emiselwe ngo-1984, ibonelela ngenkxalabo yehlabathi lonke kwiinkonzo zonyango nogqirha. Iphondo ngalinye lisebenzisa icebo lalo, kodwa lonke kufuneka lihlangane nemigaqo karhulumente yendalo, ukufumaneka, kunye nokufumaneka kwayo. Le nkqubo ixhaswa ngerhafu jikelele, hayi ngexabiso eliphezulu. Abemi baseKhanada abajongani nako ukuphuma kwiindleko zotyelelo oluyimfuneko kugqirha okanye isibhedlele. Ngelixa imo yemo ephumele kufutshane nexabiso lobubanzi kunye neendleko eziphantsi kuneUS., itsala ixesha lokulinda iinkqubo ezikhethiweyo kunye nokuncitshiswa kweziyobisi ezingentlalo-mayeza.
  • Umzekelo woTshenxiso lokweyiseka-moya-uLawulo lwehlabathi lonke lwaseJapan: Inkqubo ye-inshorensi yempilo yaseJapan, eyamiselwa ngowe1961, idibanisa i-inshorensi yomqeshi esekelwe kulawulo lukarhulumente kunye necebo lokusebenza lomntu orhoxileyo. Igubungela bonke abemi, ucwangciso lwemi olucwangcisiweyo lwemiba ecwangciswe ngurhulumente, kwaye ifuna intlawulo olusezantsi. IJapan ifumana rhoqo phakathi kobomi obuphezulu obulindele uluntu ehlabathini lonke ngelixa lisebenzisa umlinganiselo omncinane kunonyaka ongaphantsi kweUnited States.

Imfundo

Imfundo ilawula ikomkhulu labantu, ukhuphiswano nokhuphiswano lwesizwe. Iintanda - bulumko eziphikisanayo zeNo Child Lend Behind Act nenkqubo yeFinland yokulingana zinikela izifundo ezicacileyo.

Imigaqo - siseko Yezoqoqosho

Imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo imisebenzi, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, ulwando nokungalingani. Imizekelo emibini ephawulekayo intshukumisa emva kokwehla koMkhosi Ophezulu woHlomelo neNguqu zezorhwebo zaseTshayina, ibonise indlela isenzo sikarhulumente esinokubuguqula ngayo uqoqosho luphela.

  • [[FLT: 0] u-Keynesian Economic Policies: Udodobala Okukhulu Kooklomelo Lwama-1930 Oknassisez-faire Eorthodox. Isazi sezoqoqosho saseBritani uJohn Maynard Keynes waphikisa ukuba ngexesha lobunzima bezoqoqosho, imfuno yobuqu yayinganele ukubuyisela umsebenzi opheleleyo, kwaye urhulumente umele angene kwinkcitho yemali kwimisebenzi yoluntu nezinye iinkqubo. I-U.U.S.UD.New Dec, ingakumbi iPropublic Progres Adminity and Social Secuty, yaquka le ndlela. Kamva, iKeynesian ekhokela imigaqo yemithetho esemva kwemfazwe yehlabathi II kulawulo lwezoqoqosholo-mali kumazwe amaninzi akwiminyaka esezantsi kunye nokukhula. I-20000% ye-U. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Right Resethmentation kunye ne-ocentist, i-evotive yesibini yemeko yemeko yezolongo-opera yesibini.
  • iChestina’s Economic Reformations (Gaige Kaifang): Ukuqala ngo-1978 phantsi kweDeng Xiaopiang, iTshayina yasuka kwimo yezoqoqosho ecwangcisiweyo yasuka kwimo yentengiselwano eyaya phambili yaya kutsho kulawulo lwezopolitiko lwendawo enye ngexesha ekhoyo. Izichazi zotshintsho eziye zabangela ukuba ubulimi obudibeneyo, zivumele ishishini lezezobuqu, livule ilizwe langaphandle kutyalo lwezorhwebo, kwaye laseka icandelo elingalinganiyo. Iziphumo ezikhoyo zalenziweyo: i-GDP kunyaka-206, ngonyaka ngo-1979, zisuka kwi-R1,22222222, ziphakamisa abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-80, ngokwee-Bran [FF3] i-BM. ngoko ke, ngoko kurhorhoxinabo lwemeko oludala, ukutshintsha-ogqwebo-og.
  • Umzekelo wobugcisa-addation +'s Social Market Economy yaseJamani: Emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi II, iNtshona Jamani yamkela “uqoqosho lwezoqoqosho lwentlalo-ntle” oludibanisa ukhuphiswano olukhululekileyo lorhwebo nolawulo olunamandla kunye notshintsho lwemithetho-siseko (ummeli womqeshwa kwibhodi ejongene nenkampani). Le nkqubo yakhuthaza ukwenziwa kwenkqubo ye- “Wirtshchaftswinder"." (ummangaliso wezoqoqosho) kwaye incede iJamani ukuba igcine isiseko soshishino, ukungasebenzi, kunye nokungaqeshwa kwentlalo-ntle ngexesha lobuzwelo.

Amalungelo Okusingqongileyo

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke ekwindawo engqongileyo ithetha ngeempahla ezidityanisiweyo ezifana nomoya ococekileyo namanzi, ezidla ngokusilela ukukhusela. Imizekelo emibini emikhulu yomthetho ibonisa indlela urhulumente anokuyiphucula ngayo okanye amelane nemimoya yezopolitiko.

  • Umthetho ococekileyo womoya (United States): Kuqala wamiswa ngo1963 kwaye waqiniswa ngokuphawulekayo ngo1970 nango 1990, uMthetho wokucoca umoya ugunyazisa i-Arhente yokuKhuselwa Kwendawo Engqongileyo (EPA) ukumisela iMigangatho ye-National Ambienter Airty emone engcolisekileyo enjenge-ozone, icandelo le-partus, kunye nesulfure dioxide. Umthetho ufuna ukuba kuzalisekiswe iingcinga zokuzalisekisa imigangatho kunye nokukhupha okusuka kwimiqathango ye-atracter kunye ne-styraftratrasmeter. Ngokutsho kwe-irfy ye-at-at.[FLT] [[FLTY:3], phakathi konyaka ka-1970 kunye no-2020, ukukhuselwa kwemilongo yezoqoqosho okuqhelekileyo okuye kwahlayo.
  • Isivumelwano seParis (International Revention): esimi ngo-2015, isivumelwano se-Paris sisivumelwano esigunyazisayo ngokomthetho sezizwe ngezizwe kutshintsho lwemozulu. Sigunyazisa imiqondiso ukumisela ukufudumala komhlaba wonke ngaphantsi kwama-2°C ngaphezulu kwemiqathango yangaphambi kwe-Indiya, ngemiqathango yokuzithandela yesizwe ehlaziywayo (NDC) ehlaziywa rhoqo iminyaka emihlanu. Ngokungafaniyo nemithetho yangaphambili yeKyototo, iParis ivumela ilizwe ngalinye ukuba limisele amaxhoba alo, likhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba ebanzi. Inzaliselo, ngoko ke, iintsoko, nangona, imingeni eqhubekayo: amazwe amaninzi akhoyo ngoku ajongeneenjongo yokuhlangabezana nosukelo 2° C, kunye nokurhoxandukunye nokubuyiselwa komthetho wolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

Indima Karhulumente Kumgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke - wonke

Urhulumente usisithuthi esiphambili apho inkqubo karhulumente yenzelwe, ixhaswa, inyanzeliswe, ihlaziywe, ihlaziywe. Ukuqonda iindima zayo eziphicothiweyo kuyanceda ekucaciseni imilinganiselo yomthetho

  • [[NKQUBO:0] Isivumelwano somthetho: Isebe lemithetho (Ikomkhulu, iPalamente, njl.) limisa imithetho echaza uqulunqeno lwenkqubo kawonke-wonke. Abaququzeleli bengxoxo, i-ante, kunye nevoti kwityala elithetha yonke into ukusuka kumlinganiselo werhafu ukuya kukhuseleko lokutya. Impembelelo yezopolitiko yokwenza umthetho (icandelo, imigaqo yekomiti, ukuva, ukuquluqela, kunye nokwakhiwa kwemithetho yesivumelwano (iiiiingxoxo epheleleyo) ibumba ngokuthe ngqo inkqubo yokugqibela.
  • Ummiselo: Amaziko alawulayo aguqulela izindululo zomthetho ezibanzi kwimithetho ecacileyo, enyanzelekileyo. Umzekelo, i-EPA ibhala imimiselo ezalisekisa uMthetho wococo loMmoya, ngelixa i-Secturation kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange ijonge ukuthotyelwa, iphanda ukuphandwa, kwaye ibeka izigwebo. Inkqubo yokwenza ulawulo ngokwayo iphantsi kogqabaza lukawonke-wonke yaye ngamanye amaxesha uhlolo lomthetho, longezelelo lwemiqathango.
  • Ukubekwa kwemali kunye neZibonelelo-mali: uqingqo-mali lukaRhulumente lungundoqo wenkqubo kawonke-wonke. Iinkqubo ziqikelela ukuba bangaphi abantwana abafumana imali ephantsi abafumana inkcaso yempilo ngeMedicaid, zingaphi iimayile zendlela ephindaphindwayo, okanye zingaphi izazinzulu ezixhaswayo kuphando lwemozulu. Izigqibo zoqingqo-mali zibonisa ezona ziphambili kwezobupolitika kwaye zidla ngokubangela ungquzulwano olukrakra phakathi koncedo olukhuphisanayo.
  • Ufako kunye nokuNika iNgxelo: Imithetho isebenza njengempumelelo yokubulala kwabo. Amasebe karhulumente, ngokufuthi asebenzisana neengeniso okanye nezindlu zabucala, anikela iinkonzo ezinjengeenzuzo zokungaqeshwa, imfundo kawonke-wonke, kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Ukufakelwa kwezithuba ezibangelwa kukungafumani nxaxheba, i-injini ye-ertesia, okanye iinkqubo ezenziwe kakubi, ziyakwazi ukuthoba kwanelisa kwaneyona migaqo yenjongo elungileyo.
  • Ulwahlulo kunye noHlelo-mali: Oorhulumente basebenzisa ngokukhulayo ugcino-lwazi kunye nobungqina ukuvavanya ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo iyayifikelela kusini na injongo yabo. Iinkqubo zingaqhuba ixabiso-beantsficitions, iimvavanyo ezilawulwa ngokungakhethiyo (njengoko kuhlaziywa kwentlalo), okanye uphicotho-manani okwenziwayo. Iziphumo zibuyela kumjikelezo wenkqubo, zikhokelela kulungiso, ulwando, okanye ukupheliswa kweenkqubo.

Ucelomngeni lokuSebenza komgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente

Kwaneyona nkqubo icwangcisiweyo ngokucokisekileyo isenokungafezeki xa iphunyezwa. Ukuyiqonda le miqobo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofundayo okanye ozimisele ukuyila inkqubo kawonke-wonke.

  • I-Protolitical Resistance:[ I-Pricies esongela izilangazelelo ezicwangcisiweyo ngokufuthi ijongene nenkcaso evela kumaqela oshishino, abachasi beengcamango, okanye umva woluntu. I-ACA yasinda kwiinzame ezininzi kodwa yabona amazwe amaninzi engavumi ulwando lweMedicaid, eshiya izigidi ezingakhange zihlolwe. Ngokufanayo, iingcebiso zekharbon ekharbon kwimimandla efana neAustralia neFransi ziye zabangela iimbambano zezobupolitika.
  • Imida yohlahlo-mali exhomekeke kuqingqo-mali ingabulala iinkqubo zemali ezifuna impumelelo. Umzekelo, u-Anter Personal neScrebral Education Act (IDEA) kwiU.S. ithembise ukuqukumbela i-40% yeendleko ezigqithisileyo zokufundisa abafundi abaneziphene, kodwa iBhunga alizange lixhase ngokupheleleyo elo gunya, intlawulo olutshintshayo kwiimeko neendawo.
  • Ingxolo neNkcubeko yamaBhureaucara: amasebe kawonke-wonke asenokuswela ubuchule bobugcisa, abasebenzi, okanye ububhetyebhetye ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo. Kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo, iinkqubo zolawulo ezibuthathaka zithintela ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo esisiseko njengokusasazwa kwemithi. Kwanakumaziko asebenzayo, inkcubeko yangaphakathi ingazixhathisa iindlela ezintsha okanye ukuqulungela ukusungula.
  • Ukufakela kunye neziphumo ezingadityaniswanga: Iinkqubo zoluntu zintsonkothile, kwaye iinkqubo zisoloko zivelisa iziphumo ezingakhange zilindelwe ngabayili. Iinkqubo zezentlalo-ntle zinokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kodwa zinyanzelela ezinye iintsapho kwimisebenzi engazinziyo. Imigaqo yokuzigcina umgangatho wobume bengingqi ingazikhupha iimpumlo zezindlu. Uhlalutyo lwenkqubo olulungileyo lulindele iziphumo ezingalindelekanga ezingalindelekanga kwiinkqubo zenqwelo-moya kunye noyilo lwe-aveyilo.
  • [[NTLALA:0] Uluvo lobuGcisa noTshenxiso: Imithetho ethetha ukuba ukungaqondi okanye ukungathembani kukawonke-wonke kujongene novavanyo. Imiqathango, iimfuno zemaski, kunye nokuvalwa kwesikolo ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19 yabangela ukuchasana ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yokungathembani namaziko karhulumente. Unxibelelwano olucacileyo kunye nokhuseleko lwemiqathango zibalulekile ekukhuseleni intsebenziswano.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke asiyonto nje engabonakaliyo okanye imithambo ye-bureaucrates. Yinkqubo esetyenziswayo ukuze ibutho labantu likhethe ngokudibeneyo ngendlela yokusasaza amathuba, ukulawula iingozi, nokusukela kwiminqweno eyahlukeneyo. Imizekelo echazwe apha ```Kusukela kuMthetho we-Afford Cance Care Act'''' yokunikezela ngemfundo yejiyoli, ukusuka ekuncitshisweni kobuhlwempu kungcoliseko lwe-Ceac Air Act'. Iziphumo ezikhoyo zemfundo ye-Finland zisuka kwi-iChina zisuka kwi-Ceac - actstyracty short shorts shorts shorts shore es zokwenene, ezizicity iziphumo ezinokuhleyo kuluntu.

Kanti inkqubo ikwayinkqubo yezopolitiko neyamahlelo. Ifuna ingxubusho, inkxaso-mali, ubuchule bokulawula, kunye nokufaneleka kwabantu ngokubanzi. Kubafundi nabafundisi-lwazi ababandakanyeke kwiinkqubo zikawonke-wonke, usukelo alukokuqwalasela nje impumelelo nokungaphumeleli kodwa kukuphuhlisa izixhobo zenkcubeko ukuqonda isizathu sokuba imigaqo-nkqubo isebenze okanye ingaphumeleli.