Table of Contents

Ukuqonda Unqabiseko Lwale nkqubo Nokuthembeka

Isiseko sazo naziphina idemokhrasi sisekelwe kubuchule babemi bayo bokuvota ngokukhululekileyo kwaye nabo babalwa ngokuchanekileyo. Ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kweenkqubo zokuvota ngoko ke kubaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni ugcino-lwazi lweziphumo zonyulo. Njengoko ubugcisa bugxininisa kakhulu kunyulo, ukwanda kwemekobume yesoyikiso, ukuvelisa uthotho lweengxaki ezithi amagosa onyulo, abenzi beenkqubo, nabahwebi bezobugcisa banike uhlolo olubanzi lwezona zimngeni ezicinezelayo ezijongene nenkqubo yokhuseleko lwemiqobo ejongeneenkqubo zovoti, ukungqubana kwehlabathi lokwenene, kunye nezicwangciso zokwakha izibonelelo ezinamandla.

Ukhuseleko lwenkqubo asiyongxaki enye kodwa lulonke elilayishwe ngobuninzi. Ibandakanya ukukhusela unyulo lobomi: ubhaliso lomvoti, ukwenziwa kwebhola, ukwenziwa, ukwenziwa, ukwenziwa kwesarha, ukusasazwa kweziphumo, kunye nophicotho-zincwadi lwasemva kokhetho. Isigaba ngasinye sinikela iinjongo zaso ezizizo ezimele zincitshiselwe ngokudityaniswa kokhuseleko lomzimba, ukhuseleko lwekhompyutha, ulawulo lwendlela yokukhetha, nokubona ngaphaya. Injongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba isiphumo sonyulo sibonakalisa injongo yokwenene yonyulo, engasetyenziswanga, entweni, ephosakeleyo, okanye enyanzelweni.

Amatyathanga Angaphezulu Kakhulu Kunangaphambili

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, unyulo eUnited States, eYurophu, nakwezinye iindawo lujoliswe kubadlali abanobuntlola belizwe, abaphunguli, kunye namaqela olwaphulo-mthetho. Iziphumo zohlaselo olunempumelelo zingaphaya kwesiphumo esinye esikhuphiswano; zinokuphelisa intembelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi yonke. Ngokutsho kwe U.S. iKhomishini ye-EUFUFURAF , ukhuseleko lonyulo luyimbopheleleko eyahlukeneyo efuna ukuphaphaphakanyiswayo kuwo onke amaqondo karhulumente.

Iintlobo zeenkqubo zokukhupha neenkangeleko zazo zokhuseleko ezikhethekileyo

Iinkqubo zokuvota azinaso isisongelo esifanayo, ukwakhiwa kwale ndlela ithile nezinto ezisetyenziswayo zinempembelelo engqalileyo kwiingxaki zokhuseleko ezivelayo.

Iinkqubo zephepha

Iphepha lokulinganisa imibala lihlala liyi-golide kuhlobo lobunyani. Iivoters ziphawula ibhola ephathekayo ebhalwa ngesandla okanye eshwankathelwe yi-scanral scan. Ucelomngeni lokuqala lokhuseleko apha lityathanga-lucotho: ukuqinisekisa ukuba iibhola azilahlekanga, azizange zibiwe, okanye ziguqulwe ngexesha lezithuthi okanye kwindawo yokugcina. Amanani esandla athelekelelwayo kwaye atyekele kwimposiso yomntu okanye athanda ukukhaba ukuba akaqwalaselwa kakuhle. Ngoko, iphepha linika igophe elizimeleyo, uphicotho olungaxhomekekanga kwi-software.

Izixhobo zombane zokushicilela ngqo (DRE)

Oomatshini be DRE bavumela abavoti ukuba bafake iivoti zabo ngqo ngokugqitha kwikhusi eliphathekayo okanye umdibaniso wemida yeqela, ngaphandle kwengxelo yephepha yevoti nganye ngaphandle kokuba uphicotho lwephepha olunesiqinisekiso ludibene. Inkxalabo enkulu nge DREEs kukuba i-software ingafakelwa ngaphandle kovoti okanye unyulo olusemthethweni. Ngaphandle kogcino-lwazi lwephepha, ubalo okanye uphicotho alunakwenzeka. Njengesiphumo, ulawulo oluninzi luye lwangena maphepha ludityaniswa ngaphandle ko- DRES. [[FLT: 0]] I-Vregidified Foundation [ imikhondo yokuvota esetyenziswa yinkqubo yokuvota isetyenziswa ngaphaya kwe U.S. kwaye incomela ukuba kuvezwe ushicilelo lwephepha.

Inkqubo yokujija engaphakathi kwenye (i-Internet)

Uvota ngonxibelelwano, nokuba nge-web-parteal okanye i-app eneselula, kuvela ucelomngeni olunzima lokhuseleko. I-intanethi ayikhuselekanga ngokwemvelo; i-athority inika ukhupho-lwazi lwesixhobo sovoti, umntu-ngaphakathi, ukukhanyelwa kwe-service, kwaye ulwahlulo lomncedisi lungatshintsha okanye luthintele ukhuphiso. Ubuchule bokuqinisekisa obunganelanga bungavumela ukuthotywa okanye ukuvota okuphinda kusetyenziswe. Ngoxa i-intanethi ye-intanethi inika uncedo oluluncedo kukungabikho kombutho novoti waphesheya, ukhuphiwo olunamandla phakathi kweengcaphephe luthisoluthi luthi lwamazwe amaninzi. Iinkqubo ze-intanethi zokuvota orverselselsenotectivess na Susseia zibonise ukuba zikho zombini kwaye zibalulekile.

Ucelomngeni Oluyintloko Ekuhambiseni Iimpahla Enkquboni

Imingeni kukhuseleko lwenkqubo yokuvota ayingobuchule. Ziquka oothunywashe babantu, amasuntswana, ukunikezela ngomngcipheko wetyathanga, kunye nokukhawuleza ukujika kwemeko yezoyikiso zekhompyutha. Ngapha koko sihlola ezona ndidi zibalulekileyo.

Izinto ezisetyenziswa ngobugcisa: iSoftware, i-Hardware, kunye neenethwekhi

Iinkqubo zokuvota zale mihla zixhomekeke kwimiqolo ye-software entsonkothileyo kunye namalungu adibeneyo. I-vneronible inokubakho kwi-aftice yoomatshini bokuvota, inkqubo yokusebenza, ikhowudi yenkqubo yokuba uphando luvote, okanye uthungelwano olusetyenziswa ukudlulisela iziphumo ezingakhutshwanga. Isiphene esinye se-software esingagawulwanga sisenokusetyenziswa ukuguqula amanani evoti. [[FLT: 0] I-AS MPIS[FLT] ikhupha imilinganiselo kunye nemigaqo yenkqubo yokuvota, ukanti, ukanti izixhobo ezisetyenziswa njengelifa zisoloko zikho emva koqheliso olungcono.

Ukuphazamisa i-hardware yenye into exhalabisayo. Abahlaseli abanokufumana ngokoqobo oomatshini bokuvota ngaphambi okanye emva konyulo bangafaka ii-chips ezonakeleyo okanye bafake enye inxalenye yamakhadi. Itsheyina elinikezelweyo lezinto zentsimbi lingqukuva yomhlaba wonke kwaye kunzima ukuligcina ngokucokisekileyo. Kwanephepha elisetyenziselwa iibhola zomdlalo linokuba yilayini esuka embindini wesangqa sesangqa semehlo: iphepha eliphawulwe ngokukhethekileyo lingasetyenziswa ukuxhobisa i-scanner.

Izizathu Zomntu: Iimpazamo, Iingozi Ezingaphakathi, kunye nobunjineli bentlalo

Amagosa okhetho kunye nabasebenzi bokhetho badla ngokuba ngabasebenzi abanikezeli bakawonke-wonke, kodwa abangoochwepheshe bezobuxhakaxhaka bekhompyutha. Impazamo yomntu inokubakhokelela ekushwankatheleni oomatshini, ukulahleka komagama okugqithisiweyo, okanye ekuphatheni kakubi iibhola. I-Uyinsiders — nokuba yenze ngempazamo okanye ngengozi i-— iphakathi kwabaninzi ukukhusela. Umqeshwa onganelisekanga ofumananga kulawulo lwenkqubo yasemva okanye izixhobo zokutshabalalisa. Ukuhlasela kwezentlalo, njengokusebenzisa ii-imeyili ezifihlakeleyo njengentsebenziswano ezisemthethweni, kunokunikezela ngesiqinisekiso sokufumana i-data yobhaliso okanye iinkqubo zokubika iziphumo.

Ngowama - 2020, iFBI yakhupha izilumkiso ngeewebhsayithi zonyulo zenkohliso ezilungiselelwe ukubamba inkcazelo echuliweyo.

Ukwahlulwa komgaqo-siseko kunye nowiso-mthetho

Kumazwe anjenge-United States, unyulo lunikezelwa kumgangatho wesizwe nowasekuhlaleni, kunye nemigangatho yonyulo eyahlukeneyo engaphezu kwama-8,000. Oku kuhlaziywa kuthetha ukuba imigangatho yokhuseleko, iindidi zezixhobo, kunye noqheliselo lokuphicotho-zincwadi lwahlukene ngokungalawulekiyo. IKhomishini yoKhuselo yoluHlulo inikezela uvavanyo lokuzithandela kunye ne-clupring, kodwa asiyiyo yonke imimandla efunayo. Igunya elinoqoqosho olulinganiselwe lwemali lungasebenzisa izixhobo eziphelelwe lixesha ezingasaxhaswangasaxhaswa ngumthengisi, zishiya i-vlavilliontiesstyhead ezaziwayo. Ababandezeli bamazwe banokuxhaphaza unxulumano olubuthathaka, izibheno ezijongelwano ezibuthathaka ukuphosa amathanda ukuphosa ingqibelelo yonyulo lonke lonke.

Ukhuseleko lweData yeData yeDilesi yoBhaliso

Phambi kokuba kuvotelwe, ukuthembeka koluhlu lobhaliso olubalulekileyo. Uhlaselo kwii-database zobhaliso lungacima abavoti abasemthethweni, bongeze abavoti bobuxoki, okanye batshintshe iidilesi zovoti ukubangela ukudideka kwiindawo zokuvota. Ngexesha lonyulo 2016, abadlali baseRashiya baphanda iinkqubo zobhaliso lwamazwe amaninzi. iCybersecurity kunye ne Infrapublicture Security Agency (CISA) Ngoku banika oovimba abaninzi bokunceda ukuba balawule aba balawuli abachasene nokungena.

Iziganeko zokwenyani zehlabathi: Ukufunda kwimbali

Ukuqonda amaqhinga neziphumo zohlaselo lwangaphambili kubalulekile ekuyileni ukhuselo. Nazi iimeko eziliqela ezifuziselayo.

Unyulo loMongameli wase-U.S.

Eyona meko edumileyo yokungenelela konyulo kwixesha langoku. Amaqumrhu obulumko aseRashiya enza uhlaselo oluphindiweyo: ukuqhekeza iKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic (DNC), uphanda iinkqubo zokuvota zikarhulumente kumaphondo angama-21 ubuncinane, kunye nokuqalisa iphulo elikhulu lokurhoxa kwengxelo kumajelo eendaba entlalo-ntle. Ngelixa kungekho bungqina bokuba naluphi na uvoti lokwenene lwatshintshwa, ukuhlasela kwaphumelela ekuhlwayeni ukungathembana okusasazelelwe kwinkqubo yonyulo. Isiganeko sakhokelela kulwano olukhulu lwemali kwimali yonyulo nokumiselwa kwe-CISA's Evolution I-Intection Incort.

Unyulo loMongameli waseFransi ngo-2017

Kwiintsuku zokugqibela zephulo phakathi kwe-Emmanuel Macron kunye noMatilone Le Pen, ungquzulwano olukhulu lwekhompyutha eyaziwa ngokuba yi "MacronLeaks" lwabona indawo yokulahlela amawaka ee-imeyili zangaphakathi zephulo phambi nje konyulo. Nangona kamva inxulunyaniswa neqela elaziwa ngokuba yi-APT28 (ekubeni ithe yanelwa bubulumko baseRashiya), ivektha ecacileyo yayiluhlaselo olukhuthazayo olwaye luphikisa iingxelo zabasebenzi. Umsebenzi wonyulo lwamaFrentshi walumkisa abemi ukuba bangawahluzi amaxwebhu avulileyo. Isiganeko sathi kamva sabalaselela ukurhoxinzeka kweminywa kwemibutho yemfazwe nokubaluleka konxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo noqeqesho.

2020 Unyulo jikelele lwase-U.S.

Ngeli xesha luqwalaselwa ngokubanzi olona nyulo lukhuselekileyo lwase-U.S. ngenxa yonyulo olunzulu lwemikhondo yoshicilelo nophicotho-zincwadi, yayingeyiyo ngaphandle kwemizamo. Abadlali baseIran basasaza ii-imeyili ezisongelayo kubavoti, kwaye abadlali baseRashiya bazama ukwaphula izibonelelo zonyulo lwesizwe esinye. CONCA-----ISITA-ucet'' ucwangciso lonyulo lonyulo olugunyazisiweyo [[ lwanceda ekunqanda ukuzama ukuphelisa imigudu emininzi. Noko ke, iziphumo zabona igatyatha lokuxoka kwemilo ngoomatshini bokuvota, nto leyo ikhokelela ekungqubanisweni kwezixhobo eziphathekayo kwizixhobo ezigunyazwe ngu "ohuliwe".

Unyulo lwePalamente yeYurophu

Amazwe angamalungu e-European Union asebenzisa ukhuseleko olulungelelanisiweyo, kuquka izibonelelo zoxinezeleko kunye nokusebenzisa ubuchule bokunqumla imida yesisongelo. Phezu kwako nje oku, ukuzama ukuhlasela ngoncedo kumagosa onyulo kwaxelwa kumazwe amaninzi, kwaye iphulo lokurhoxiswa kwenkcazelo lajolise kwiCentre yoKhuselo lweInternet. Indlela yeEU yokwabelana ngezona zenzo zilungileyo ibalaselisa ixabiso lentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe.

Iindlela zokhuseleko lokhuseleko lokusebenza

Akukho sisombululo sinye singaphelisa zonke iingozi. Endaweni yoko, imodeli yokhuselo iyafuneka, idibanisa iprocedtura, ubugcisa kunye nomlinganiselo ophakathi komntu.

Umzila wephepha osisigxina kunye nophicotho-zincwadi olunemingcipheko

Umlinganiselo omnye wokhuseleko olunempumelelo kukufuna yonke inkqubo yokuvota ukuvelisa irekhodi yephepha elikhutshiweyo. Oku kwenza ukuba uphicotho-zincwadi lwasemva kokhetho oluthelekisa isampuli yephepha nomlinganiselo we-elective. Uphicotho-manani olunemida yengozi (RL) ziinkqubo ezingqongqo ezinokufumana isiphumo sokudibanisa iziphumo ngesiqinisekiso esikhulu ngelixa uphicothazo kuphela lwemibatha. Amazwe afana noColorado noGeorgia aphumeze ngempumelelo iRL. Brenan Center yeJanual[FL:1] inikeza ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha kwiRLLCP.

Uphicotho-zincwadi loKhuseleko oluLungiselekileyo noluNxibelelwano

Iinkqubo zokuvelisa kufuneka zifumane uhlolo olucokisekileyo phambi kokunikezelwa kwamaxesha athile nasemva koko. Abavavanyi abazimeleyo bovavanyo lwe-software bangaphanda malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-software, uphazamiso lwe-hardware, kunye neempazamo zokumiselwa kwenkqubo. Iziphumo kufuneka zabelwe abarhwebi namagosa onyulo ukuze aqhube ulungiso. Kumazwe amaninzi, uvavanyo olunjalo ngoku luyimfuneko esemthethweni yokulungisa.

Uqinisekiso olunamandla kunye nezilawuli zokufikelela

Wonke umsebenzisi osebenzisana nenkqubo yonyulo — ii-officials, abasebenzi bonyulo, amagcisa — kufuneka angqine ukuba aneziqinisekiso ezinamandla ezi-actal. Ulawulo olusekelwe kwindima yonikezelo kufuneka lumisele oko umsebenzisi ngamnye angakubonayo kwaye akwenze. Izigalelo zophicotho-zincwadi mazingaguquguquki kwaye zijongwe ukwenzela umsebenzi okrokrelekayo ngexesha lokwenene. Umgaqo welungelo elincinane ubalulekile: akukho mntu umele akwazi ukutshintsha iziphumo zonyulo.

Imfundo kawonke-wonke

Amagosa okhetho kufuneka afundise abavoti ngendlela yokuchaza iindawo zokuvota ezisemthethweni kunye neendlela zokuvota, indlela yokubona iimpazamo, nendlela yokunikela ingxelo yomsebenzi okrokrelekayo. Abalathisi bezovote, izibhengezo zenkonzo kawonke-wonke, namaphulo onxibelelwano olunobuzwe anokubanceda ukwakha unyulo olunamandla. Xa abavoti beqonda amanyathelo okhuseleko endaweni, abachatshazelwa kakhulu kukuxoka ngonyulo olugunyazisiweyo.

Ukhuseleko lwekhamandela lokunikezela kunye nolawulo lomthengisi

Izixhobo zokhetho kufuneka zilandelelwe ukusuka kwimveliso ukuya kulwandiso. Izijungqu kufuneka zifune abathengisi ukutyhila bonke oomatshini abancinane namalungu, kwaye kufuneka ziqhube uvavanyo lwesiqalo kubasebenzi abangundoqo. Isiseko solawulo lweKhomishoni yeNkxaso yezenkcitho [[FLT: 1]] inika ukhokelo ekunikezeleni ulawulo lwetsheyina lomngcipheko. Ngaphezu koko, izithuba kufuneka zigcine ingqokelela yezixhobo zokhuselo kunye neebhola zomgunyathi xa iinkqubo zekhompyutha zingaphumeleli.

Uqeqesho lokuzikhusela lwamagosa okhetho

Imposiso yomntu isoloko inguqhagamshelwano olubuthathaka. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho oluncinci kufuneka zigqume ulwazi oluphakanyisiweyo, ukhuseleko lwegama eligqithisiweyo, ukhuseleko oluphathekayo lwezixhobo, kunye nemithetho elandelwayo yeziphumo. ICISA inikeza imithambo yoqeqesho yamahhala kunye neemfaniso eziphezulu zetafile ezixolelene namagosa onyulo.

Ikamva: Ubugcisa Obuneenkqubo Ezidityanisiweyo Nezisongelo Ezingapheliyo

Indaleko eqhubekayo yobugcisa inika zombini izixhobo ezintsha zokukhusela unyulo kunye neevekta ezintsha zohlaselo. Ukuqonda idinga kunye nengozi yezi nkqubela-phambili kubaluleke kakhulu.

Izixhobo zokuthintela kunye nobugcisa obukhokelayo obusasazweyo

Iblockchain icetyiwe njengendlela yokwenza uphazamiso-lubonakala kwingxelo yokuvota. Inkqubo esekelwe kwi blokochain inokubavumela ukuba baqinisekise ukuba ivoti yabo ibhalwe kakuhle ngexesha logcino lwamagama. Noko ke, inkxalabo ebalulekileyo isala: ukhuseleko lwesixhobo sovoti, ubuchule bokwenza uphakamiso lokuhlasela, nokunqongophala kwephepha lokugcina iphepha. Iinkqubo zesikhokelo sesikhokelo eNtshona Virginia, Utah, neColoradolado kurdo lwamazwe aphesheya ziye zabonisa iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo. Iingcali ezininzi zokhuseleko ezithintela i-chain azisombululi iingxaki ezingundoqo zabaxhasi-pali kunye ne-vhoti. Uhlaluko olunekileyo lweziko lwento ye-[[FLTFFF:0]

Ubuntlola Obenziweyo Ukuze Bufumaneke Ngokungabonakaliyo

Imfundo ye-AI kunye nomatshini inganceda amaqela okhuseleko lonyulo afumane iipateni ezingaqhelekanga kwizicelo zobhaliso lomvoti, amaqondo okubuyisa ibhola ekhasi, okanye itrafiki yomnatha. Umzekelo, i-algorithm ingalawula isikhonkwane sezicelo ezikhawulezayo ezingekhoyo kwingingqi ethile, ezinokubonakalisa ukuzama ukurhoxisa okulungelelanisiweyo. I-Al i-Al inokuba namandla asebenzayo ekufumaneni iinkqubo zokufumana uncedo lonyulo. Noko ke, i-IIII i-a izixhobo zokwandisa ukwanelisa i-rconformation okanye iinkqubo zokuhlola ii-vneractates.

Indlela yokusebenza yokuphela- ukuya- kwisiphelo se-VE-E2E-V

Iinkqubo ze-E2E-Vhoography zivumela abavoti ukuba bavotele kwaye kamva baqinisekise ukuba baqukiwe kubude bokugqibela ngaphandle kokutyhila indlela abavota ngayo. Ezi nkqubo, ezifana ne Helios neScantegrity, zinika iziqinisekiso zezibalo zobunyani. Ngoxa zithembisa, zifuna ubuchule obuntsonkothileyo bokuvota kwaye azisasasazekanga. E2E-V inokuba luncedo ngakumbi njengoko i-crosechnicle brandzible ikhula kwaye imidibaniso yemidibaniso zomsebenzisi ziphucula.

Ulwazi lweqanda luzingqina kunye nokukhowuda kwe Homomorphic

Ezi ndlela ziphambili zobuchule bokufihla intloko zingenza iivoti ezifihliweyo zingakhutshelwanga ngekhowudi, zigcina iindawo zobuqu ngexesha uphando luqhubeka, kodwa uzalisekiso olusebenzayo luhlala kude iminyaka ukwenzela unyulo lwesantya esikhulu.

Isiphelo: Ukwakha iEcocosystem Elungele Ukubuyiselwa

Ucelomngeni kukhuseleko lwenkqubo yokuvota kunye nokuthembeka azimi ndawonye; ziyaguquka ngobugcisa, amandla otshaba, kunye nokuthenjwa kwabantu. Akukho mbumbulu enye yomlingo. Endaweni yoko, ukhuseleko lonyulo lufuna uvavanyo oluqhubekayo, olulayishwe ngeendlela ezininzi: uvavanyo olungqongqo, uphicotho-zincwadi olucace gca, abasebenzi abafundileyo, ukukhusela amatyathanga okunikezela, kunye nabavoti abanolwazi. Iingxelo zephepha kunye nophicotho-zincwadi lweposi olunoludwe lwemiboniso zihlala zikhuselekile. Ukwamkeli wobugcisa obuvelayo kufuneka uqhubeke ngobulumko, ngovavanyo kunye nolawulo olunzulu.

Ekugqibeleni, injongo asikokwenza unyulo olunee-100% olungenakuphenjelelwa — olungolunokwenzeka — kodwa lukwenza kunqabiseke ngokwaneleyo ukuba nawuphi na umngeni ozanywayo ubonwe phambi kokuba utshintshe isiphumo, kwaye uluntu luzithemba ngokubona gca nangokokuba luphendulela. Ngokuqonda izisongelo nokuzigcina kukhuselo oluqinisekisiweyo, ulawulo-melo lungakhusela ingqibelelo yonyulo lwalo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.