Ukuqonda Imiyalelo Yokugwetywa Kwabemi

Imiyalelo yesivumelwano yamakhaya yimiyalelo esemthethweni ekhutshwa ziinkundla okanye iinkundla ezisombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo. Iquka iindidi ezininzi zezigqibo zemali, izigwebo, izindululo, imiyalelo yamalungelo, kunye nemiyalelo yokwenza okuthile. Le miyalelo imela incopho yezomthetho kwaye iphathele igunya lokukhupha inkundla. Noko ke, amandla abo ancedisanayo adityaniswe ngokwemvelo kwigunya lengingqi apho banikezelwe khona. Xa iqela liphantsi kolawulo olunokwahlulwa ngokwahlukileyo, okanye xa iimpahla ezinokuthi zanelise umgwebo zibekwe kwelinye ilizwe, ukusebenza komyalelo kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwizicwangciso ezinqamlezi zixhobo.

Imiyalelo yesivumelwano yamakhaya isebenza njengesiseko sesigqibo sorhwebo nengxoxo yobuqu. Inikela uququzelelo, imisela iimbopheleleko ezingokwasemthethweni, kwaye yenza ukuba amalungu aphumelelayo anyanzelise ukuthobela. Ngaphandle kokunyanzelisa okusebenzayo, le miyalelo iba ziimpumelelo, ibangela ukuphelelwa yintembelo kwinkqubo yokugweba. Ucelomngeni lokunyanzelisa imithetho ngaphaya kolawulo lomthetho aluyombambano nje yobuchule; ichaphazela imibuzo esisiseko yolawulo, i-conety, kunye nomthetho kwihlabathi elinxulunyaniswayo.

Ingxaki Yolongamo Olubi

Ingxaki esisiseko kumthetho onyanzelisayo wemida isuka kumgaqo wolawulo lwengingqi. Ulawulo lwelizwe ngalinye lunegunya elipheleleyo lokulawula okusesikweni kwimida yalo. Iinkundla zangaphandle zilawula abantu nempahla ekhoyo kwintsimi yazo, kodwa igunya alinyukeli ngokuzenzekelayo ngaphaya kwemida yesizwe. Xa inkundla ibeka umyalelo ngokuchasene nommangalelwa onezinto okanye umsebenzi welizwe elithile, umyalelo awunawo amandla asemthethweni kulo mmandla wasemzini. Inkqubo yomthetho yangaphandle mayigqibe kwelokuba iqonde yaye inyanzele phantsi kwemilinganiselo yayo ephakamileyo nesezantsi.

Lo mqathango wengingqi ubangela i-aymmetry esisiseko. Ummangalelwa angafumana umgwebo ogqibeleleyo nonesizathu esihle kwilizwe elinye, kodwa afumanise ukuba umgwebo awunyanzelekanga kwigunya apho ummangalelwa anezimpahla. Umthwalo uxhomekeka ngokupheleleyo kumgcini-tyala ukuba aqalise isibini esisemthethweni esiqhubekekayo kulawulo lwasemzini, isoloko ifuna icebiso lasekuhlaleni, uguqulelo lwamaphepha, nokuthobela ngokupheleleyo kwimithetho ebhaliweyo eyahlukeneyo. Oku kusetyenziswa komgudu kubeka iindleko ezineenkcukacha nezilibazisayo, ukukha inyanise ngokuphumelelayo kwiimeko ezininzi apho imali ekubethelelwe kuyo ingakuthetheleli ukusetyenziswa kwemali eninzi.

Umgaqo wolawulo lwendawo ufakwe ngokunzulu kumthetho wehlabathi lonke kwaye awulungiswanga lula. Iingxelo kunye nezivumelwano zebhanile zingadala ukungavumelani, kodwa zifuna uluvo lwezopolitiko kunye nengxoxo ebanzi. Xa kungekho zisivumelwano ezinjalo, ilizwe ngalinye ligcina ubulumko ukugqiba iimeko apho liza kuqonda kwaye linyanzelise imiyalelo yamanye amazwe e-odolo eligqunywe kabini: likhusela ulawulo lwesizwe kwaye livumela iinkundla ukuba zingavumeli ukugcinwa kwemiyalelo echasene nomgaqo kawonke-wonke, kodwa kwakhona libangela ukungaqiniseki nokungaqiniseki kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni.

Utshintsho Olungokweenkonzo Nempembelelo Yazo Ekunyanzelweni

Iinkqubo zomthetho jikelele ehlabathini zinyukela ngokuphawulekayo kwindlela ezifikelela kuzo ukuqaphela nokumisa imiyalelo yemimiselo yamanye amazwe. Ezi ntlobo zidala umsebenzi wesiphatho seemfuno, ukhuselo, kunye nemiqobo engaphakathi ekufuneka iqhutywe ngesiseko setyala. Ukuqonda oku kuchasene kubalulekile nakuyiphi na i-litagnt okanye ugqirha osemthethweni obandakanyekileyo kwisigqibo sempikiswano enqamleze ilayini.

Umthetho oqhelekileyo ochaseneyo nomthetho wasekuhlaleni uyasondela

Umahluko phakathi komthetho oqhelekileyo nezithethe zasekuhlaleni ubaluleke kakhulu kule meko. Kumthetho oqhelekileyo onjenge-United States, i-United Kingdom, neKhanada, ukunyanzeliswa kwemigwebo yamanye amazwe kuqhubekeka ngokusetyenziswa kwenyathelo lomgwebo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umgwebi kufuneka azise ityala elitsha kwinkundla enyanzelisayo, esebenzisa umgwebo wamanye amazwe njengobungqina betyala okanye imbopheleleko. Inkundla iya kuluqonda ugwebo ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa angamisela omnye wemiqathango elinganiselweyo yezokhuselo, njengokungabi nagunyaziswa kwenkundla yantla, ukukhomba ekuchotshelweni kwemimiselo yomthetho, okanye ukwaphulwa komthetho karhulumente. Umthetho we-Ongezomthetho wase-OversiFrentshi, uMgwebo ogunyaziso wemali, owamkelwa nguMgaqo-ongo-otho, owamkeli-otho, onika olu hlomelo olusamsinga-mthetho, olusahlulwayokuthethwayo kodwa olusayo olusayo.

Ulawulo lomthetho wamakhaya, ngokwahlukileyo, ludla ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokuzimela imvelaphi. Le yinkqubo esesikweni apho umqeqeshi wenkundla ehlola umgwebo wamanye amazwe ukugqiba ukuba ihlangabezana nemigaqo echaziweyo yokuqwalaselwa. Imigaqo eyahlukeneyo ngokwelizwe kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo iquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkundla yantlandlolo inolawulo olufanelekileyo, ukuba umgwebo ugqibele kwaye unyanzelekile kwilizwe lawo lemvelaphi, kwaye umgwebo awungqubanisi inkqubo kawonke wonke karhulumente wokunyanzelisa. Inkqubo ye-equatur inokuba semthethweni ongakumbi kwaye isenokubandakanya ukuhlolisiswa kwetyala kwezinye iindawo, nangona umlinganiselo wale mihla ufanele ukuqinisekisa umgwebo ukuba awuchasana nenkqubo kawonke wonke.

Olu mahluko wendlela yokwahlula uneziphumo ezisebenzisekayo. Kwinkqubo zomthetho eqhelekileyo, isenzo somgwebo sivumela ubhedu oluninzi kodwa sisenokukhokelela kwintsebenziswano ende ukuba ummangalelwa unyusa ukhuseleko. Kwinkqubo yomthetho wamakhaya, inkqubo ye-equatur isenokuba icace ngakumbi kodwa isenokubeka iimfuno ezongezelelekileyo ezifana nemfuneko yokunyanzeleka kwesiqinisekiso kwinkundla yokuqala okanye uguqulelo lwayo lonke uxwebhu. Ixesha nexabiso elibandakanyekileyo kwezi nkqubo zomthetho zinokuhluka kakhulu, kwaye kwezinye iindawo, inkqubo isenokuthatha iminyaka.

Ukwamkelwa (Exquatur) Inkqubo kwinkcukacha

Inkqubo yolwaluko yeyokusebenza. Ngaphandle kokuqonda, umthetho wangaphandle awunayo impembelelo esemthethweni kulawulo lokugunyazisa. Iimfuno zokwazisa ziquka iziqalelo eziliqela. Okokuqala, inkundla yantlandlolo kufuneka ibe negunya elifanelekileyo kummangalelwa ngokwemigangatho yegunya lokugunyazisa. Oku kusoloko kubandakanya uhlolo olulawulayo olungaphaya kovavanyo olulula lokuba inkundla yokuqala ibinolawulo phantsi komthetho wayo. Okwesibini, umgwebo kufuneka ube nguwo yokugqibela nogqibelo kwilizwe layo lemvelaphi, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ayimele ibekwe phantsi kwesambheno okanye ilungiswe. Okwesithathu, umgwebo akufunekangaphumi kumgaqo kawonke wemeko yomthetho. Ngaphandle komthetho uphangaphangaleleyo, ukonakala, ukuchasana kwenkqubo ephakathi, ukulawulwa kwemithetho engokwasemthethweni, ukuchasana kwemithetho engundoqo, okanye ukugqibelela kwemigaqo engokwasemthethweni.

Kumagunya amaninzi, inkqubo yokwazisa ifuna ukwenziwa kwakhona. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkundla enyamekelayo iza kuqaphela kuphela umgwebo wamanye amazwe ukuba ilizwe lemvelaphi ngokufanayo liya kuvuma izahlulelo ezivela kwinkundla enika imvume. Iimfuno zobundlobongela ziqhelekile kumazwe omthetho wasekuhlaleni kwaye zinokuba ngumqobo obalulekileyo xa ziqhubana nolawulo olungamiselanga ingxelo yolwazi olubhaliweyo lomntu omnye. Imfuneko yokusebenza kweqonga idala impembelelo yomdlalo onamandla: amazwe angala ukukhuthaza ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa oku kunokukhokelela ekuphunyeni ekuqhubekekeni komthetho wemidabalwa.

Ukhuselo oluqhelekileyo ekuthinteleni unyanzelo

Abameli abalwayo ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wangaphandle banendlela ezininzi zokuzikhusela. Ezi ndlela zokuzikhusela ziyahluka-hluka ngokolawulo kodwa zidla ngokuquka ukunqongophala okufanelekileyo kommangalelwa, ukuqhatha ekufumaneni umgwebo, ukwaphulwa kobulungisa bendalo okanye inkqubo efanelekileyo, kwaye zingqubana nomthetho karhulumente ogunyazisayo. Umthetho kawonke-wonke unamandla ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yokuba uvumela inkundla elawulayo ukuba ingaluvumeli umthetho wenkundla ukuba inyanzele ukugcinwa komthetho kwiindawo ezibanzi. Umzekelo, umgwebo wangaphandle onokuthi iziphumo zokohlwayo zemali zingangagunyaziswanga kwimithetho efuna ukugcinwa kwelahleko. Ngokufanayo, umgwebo ofunyenweyo ngenkqubo esemthethweni enganiki zikhuselwanga zikhuselwanga. Umthetho wokuzikhusela ukhuseleko unokwenza umgaqo ophantsi kokhuseleko olusemthethweni, ukudala ukungaqiniseki komthetho othengiselwayo nowo wokhuseleko.

Ukuxilongwa Nokuchazwa Kwamacala

Kwanasemva kokuba umyalelo wokuthungatha uqatshelwe kwelinye ilizwe, ukunyanzelisa kufuneka ukwenziwa kolwazi nendawo yempahla enokusetyenziswa ukwanelisa umgwebo. Ukusetyenziswa kokunqumla imida yenye yezona nkalo zinzima zokunyanzelisa amazwe ngamazwe. AbaKhuseli abangazimiseleyo ukuthobela umyalelo wenkundla badla ngokuthabatha amanyathelo okufihla okanye ukudlulisela izinto, ukuhambisa imali ngemiqathango emininzi, ukusebenzisa iinkampani zamaqokobhe, okanye ukuguqula izinto zibe ziintlobo ezinzima ukulandelela, ezifana ne-ocripper option okanye izinto eziphathisiweyo ezithenjiweyo.

Izixhobo ezisemthethweni ezikhoyo zomqathango weefashoni zobuchule zahluka kakhulu ngokomthetho oqhelekileyo. Kwinkqubo zomgwebo oqhelekileyo, abatyalayo bangasebenzisa iinkqubo zokufumana izinto, ii-athons, kunye nemiyalelo eshinyeneyo exhobisayo ukunyanzela abamangalelwa ukuba batyhile izinto zabo. Noko ke, ezi zixhobo zisoloko zilinganiselwe kwimpahla ezikhoyo kwigunya lenkundla. Iimpahla zokulandela umnqamlezo zifuna intsebenziswano phakathi kweenkundla kumazwe ahlukeneyo, ngokufuthi ngezivumelwano okanye ngoonobumba abasemthethweni. Ezi nkqubo ziyacotha, ziyacineka, kwaye zingaphantsi kwengqiqo yemeko ezininzi, ngexesha inkqubo yokulandela iprojective ifuna ukuphinda isetyenziswe okanye ilahleko isetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo.

Imithetho yangasese kwezinye iindawo idibanisa olunye umaleko wentsonkotha. Amazwe anemithetho engqongqo yebhanki efihlakeleyo, enjengeSwitzerland, iSingapore, kunye namanye amaziko emali angekho elunxwemeni, angala ukuchaza ulwazi malunga nee-akhawunti zebhanki okanye ezinye izinto zemali ngaphandle kokuba imiqobo ethile ihlanganisiwe. Umboleki-mthetho kufuneka ahambe ngezokhuseleko lobuqu ngeli lixa ezama ukufumana izinto zobuqu, ngokufuthi ezifuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo bomthetho kunye noovimba abazizo. Ukufika kobunikazi obuluncedo kunye nezivumelwano zolwazi eziluncedo zezizwe ngezizwe, ezifana nengxelo yeCommomment eyavelce eyaveliswa yi-OECD, iphucule ukusetyenziswa kwempahla esetyenziswa kwezinye iimeko, kodwa imiqobo ephawulekayo isekho.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Sasemthethweni Sehlabathi Lonke Nemilinganiselo Yayo

Iimpahla ezininzi zelizwe jikelele zijolise ekusebenzeni komsebenzi wokwenziwa kwemiyalelo yemimiselo yamazwe angaphandle. Ezi zicwangciso zinika iinkqubo ezisesikweni kwaye zinciphisa ukungaqiniseki kwee-ligi, kodwa zilinganiselwe kubungakanani nakugqumo. Ukuqonda umhlaba wezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kubalulekile nakuluphi na ugqirha obandakanyekileyo ekunyanzelweni kogcino-mthetho olunqamlezileyo.

Intlanganiso Yesigulo Engomthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Ingqungquthela yeHague on Private International Law ibiphambili kwimigudu yokuvumelanisa ukunyanzeliswa komda onqamlezileyo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo iphunyezwe kutshanje yiNgqungquthela yeNgqungquthela yeSizwe yoMgaqo-siseko ye-2 kaJulayi 2019 kwiNkqutyana yokwamkelwa noKwamkelwa koMgwebo waMazwe angaphandle kwiMigaqo-nkqubo yaMasimi okanye ye-Chwebintu [Ingqungquthela yowiso-mthetho yowe-mthetho wama-2019]. Le ndibano imisela inkqubo efanayo yokwazisa nokugcinwa kwemigwebo neyo phakathi kwamazwe akhoyo. Ifuna ukuba ukuvuma nokunyanzelela imigwebo kwezinye iimeko ngaphandle kokuba enye yezi ndawo ezisikelweyo zisebenza. Indibano sentlanganiso yolawulo, iqinisekisa ukuba imigwebo eqhutywa ziinkundla kunye nokunxibelelana kwimeko ezifanelekileyo.

INdibano yoMgwebo yowama-2019 yaqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla woku-1 kweyokuSeptemba 2023, ilandela ukwenziwa kwemiqathango ngamaphondo amaninzi kuquka iEuropean Union, iUkraine, kunye neCosta Rica. Nangona oku kumela inyathelo elibalulekileyo eliphambili, indibano ilinganiselwe ngenani elincinane lamazwe afumanayo. Iimeko ezinkulu eziquka iUnited States, iJapan, kunye ne-Indiya azikayigunyazi indibano. Ngaphandle kokuba nenxaxheba ebanzi, indibano ayinako ukunikeza isicombululo esiyinyaniso kwingxaki yokunyanzelisa. Nangona kunjalo, indibano isebenza njengemodeli ebalulekileyo kwizivumelwano zexesha elizayo ze-bodystate ne-eternamenti.

Izixhobo zoMmandla neMithendeleko

Kumgangatho wengingqi, izixhobo ezininzi ziphumele impumelelo ephawulekayo ekunyanzeleni ukunyanzeliswa komthetho onqamlezayo. Owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo ngulo Brussels I Recast Regast (Ummiselo (Umthetho (EU) noNyaka 1215/2012), olawula ukuqatshelwa nokugcinwa kwamanani phakathi kwamazwe e-European Union. Ngaphantsi kwalo mthetho, izahlulelo ezivela kwelinye ilungu ziqashelwe ngokuzenzekelayo kwamanye amazwe ngaphandle kwanoma yiyiphi inkqubo ethile ekhethekileyo. Ummiselo ususa imfuneko yokukhupha i-equatuur yemimiselo, uvumela abaxhasi abaxhasi ukuba banyanze imiyalelo ngqo ngaphaya kwe-EUS. Le nkqubo idityaniswe ngokuphawulekayo kwaye incitshiswe ngendlela esetyenziswa yi-e - EUSCOR, isebenza njengemodeli ye-emodenti.

ISivumelwano seNtlanganiso yeMigwebo yaMazwe esifanayo sikho nakwamanye amazwe ehlabathi. i-Lugano yeLugano inyusa ulawulo lweBrussels kumazwe athile angengawo aseYurophu. [ IConvention yeMelika ekwi-Extratalial Tritial of Province of Foreignmental Actial and Arbitrans Awards[ inikezela ngesakhiwo sokunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungu e-OAS. [[FLT:] iProctocol kuMqulution of Justices [Flct:5] yemist Commentations zoluntu lwaseAfrika lwaseAfrika ukuba lusebenze phakathi kommandla. Ezizixhobo ezibonisa ukudityaniswa kweminye i-omatika.

Izivumelwano zebhanile ezingokwahlulelwa nokugcinwa komthetho zifeza indima ebalulekileyo. Amazwe amaninzi aye angena kwizivumelwano ezilandelelanayo ezinika ulwamkeleko lwemigwebo ngokweemeko ezichaziweyo. Umzekelo, iUnited States, inezivumelwano ezilandelelanayo ezikukunyanzelo lomgwebo namazwe amaninzi, nangona umlinganiselo wezi zivumelwano ungafani. Izivumelwano zomthetho zinika uncedo lokulungisa iimfuno zolwamkelo kwiinkqubo ezingokwasemthethweni ezithi zidibane, kodwa kwakhona yenza umhlaba owahlukeneyo apho isiphumo somthetho sixhomekeke kwisivumelwano esisebenzayo kwityala.

Ingxaki Yamazwe Angenamigwebo

Owona mqathango ubalulekileyo wokwenziwa kwemimiselo yezizwe ngezizwe kukungabi nanxaxheba ngemibutho emininzi engundoqo. Amazwe angenanxaxheba kuso nasiphi na isivumelwano okanye indibano ahlala engekho kwinkqubo yokwazisana. Kula magunya, ukugcinwa komthetho wasekhaya, onokuthi ube nokwahlula, okanye ube ngumthwalo onzima. Oku kwenza inkqubo elawulayo emibini: ilula ngokwentelekiso kwiinkqubo zesivumelwano, kodwa inzima kakhulu kumazwe angenayo. Isiphumo sisithi umgwebo umele uqwalasele ngenyameko ukunyanzeleka komgwebo phambi kokuba uqalise uluvo, uthathe ityala lempahla yomncomi wezo zomthetho kunye norhulumente osemthethweni osebenzayo.

Ucelomngeni Olusebenzisekayo Ekubhaleni Iindidi Zomyalelo Okhethekileyo

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zemiyalelo yokunyanzelisa abantu zinika iingxaki ezicacileyo. Uhlobo loncedo oluyalelweyo lulawula iqhinga lonyanzelo kunye nemiqobo emele yoyiswe.

Imigwebo ye-Monetary

Umgwebo ongowona mgaqo uqhelekileyo wolu xwebhu lwezigqibo zamakhaya kwaye zilula kakhulu ukunyanzelisa ukunqumla imida, ubuncinane ngomgaqo. Umgcini-tyala ufuna ukufumana kwakhona isixa semali, enokuneliswa yimpahla yommangalelwa. Inkqubo yokunyanzelisa ibandakanya ukufumana izinto zobulungisa, nokufumana ulwamkelo lomthetho, kwaye ngoko ukusebenzisa ugcino-mthetho lwezibonelelo lwengingqi lwengingqi olufana nokunyanzeleka, ukuxwa, okanye ukubulawa. Noko ke, iingxaki ezisebenzayo zininzi. Abameli basenokudlulisela izinto kwimithetho apho kunzima khona, okanye banokuthi ngokunyuswa kwemali ukuze baphephe ukuhlawulwa. Indleko yokunyanzeleka komthetho ekufuneka kubandakanya ixesha elincinci, ingakumbi, ixesha elifunekayo lokunyanzeleka, kwaye bangaphepha ukuhlawulwa kwazo.

Imisebenzi kunye nomyalelo womsebenzi okhethekileyo

Ukudibana nemiyalelo yesenzo esithile kunzima kakhulu ukunyanzelisa ukuqeshwa kwenkundla yasemzini. Ukuba ummangalelwa uyawuphula umyalelo kwimithetho apho umyalelo ungabhaliswanga, amandla enkundla yokuqala okudelela aqhubekeka kakhulu. Umgwebi kwilizwe elinye akamele afune gunya elithe ngqo kwinkundla yangaphandle, elisenokufuna intsebenziswano entsha kwaye elinokuvela kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Kwezinye iimeko, iinkundla azifuni kuwiswa umthetho apho umyalelo ungabhaliswanga khona, amandla enkundla yokuqala yokudelela angasebenzi kakhulu. Umgwebi kufuneka afune umyalelo oyalelweyo kwinkundla yasemzini, osenokufuna ukuqhubekeka okutsha kwaye angabi namdla wokwenza ingcebisiswano ekufuneka ukuba aqhube ihambo enqamle imida, ngokukodwa xa ihambo yenkosi ibandakanya enye.

Imiyalelo echasene nezobulungisa, ekwalela iqela ukuba lingaqali okanye lingaqhubeki kwimicimbi yelinye icala, iyaphikisana. Amazwe amaninzi omthetho wasekuhlaleni ajonga imiqathango echasene nolawulo lwawo njengesophula umthetho kwaye angafuni ukuwamkela okanye ukuwanyanzela. INkundla yezobulungisa yaseYurophu ibambe ukuba imimiselo echasene nomthetho ochasene nomthetho owenziwe ngooBrussel I, njengoko ephazamisana nolawulo lweenkundla kwamanye amazwe angamalungu. Oku kudala umqobo obalulekileyo wamaqela afuna ukunyanzelisa ukukhethwa kokhetho lwe-alum okanye izindululo zokuvala izivumelwano ezinxulumene nomthetho owenziwe ngemvume yokukhulula abantu.

Umthetho Wentsapho Nolungelelwano Lobuqu

Imiyalelo kumatyala omthetho wentsapho, kuquka inkxaso yomtshato, inkxaso yabantwana, inkxaso, imvume yokuhlala nabantwana, kunye nokutyelela, iphakamisa iingxaki ezikhethekileyo. Le miyalelo isoloko ibandakanya iimfuno ezithe rhoqo ezifuna ukuthotyelwa rhoqo ngexesha elide. Xa umzali okanye iqabane lomtshato lihambela kwelinye igunya, ukunyanzeleka komthetho wantlandlolo kuxhomekeke ekuqashelweni okusemthethweni kwemimiselo yomthetho weentsapho. [[FLT: 0] Ingqungqungquthela yeNtla] emalunga neNkqutyana yeNtlanganiso yoMbutho yabantwana neMinye Ifomu Yogcino - Mbumba Yosaphotho-Mfuyo [[FLT]] inika isiseko sokwazisa nokugcinwa kwemithetho yenkxaso yoluntu phakathi kwabantwana [[FLT] kunye neMinye Imibutho engekho mthethweni yabantwana, kwaye ayiqhubeki kwiintlanganiso zamazwe ayizi, kwaye ayiqhubeki.

Iimeko zenkcubeko nezentlalo nazo zinendima ephambili ekunyanzelweni komthetho wentsapho. Iinkundla kumazwe awahlukeneyo zisenokuba nemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yentlalo-ntle yabantwana, inkxaso yomtshato, kunye namalungelo obuzali. Umyalelo wokufumana ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana kwelinye ilizwe usenokungaqashelwa kwelinye ukuba inkundla enyanzelisayo ijonge umyalelo ochaseneyo nenkqubo kawonke-wonke okanye inkxalabo entle yomntwana. La matyala abekwa ityala ngokweemvakalelo kwaye asoloko ebandakanya amaqela angenabungozi, okongeza ungxamiselo kunye nokuntsontako. Ukungabi nabuchule bokunyanzeleka komthetho wokunyanzelisa abantwana kusenokukhokelela kwiimeko apho umzali ongaba ngumzali onomntwana nomntwana ongengomalungu alungelelani, eshiya umzali osekhohlo ongoyena mntu ungenayo i-hinnicine.

Iindlela zokoyisa ulungelelwano lokunyanzelisa ukunyanzelisa

Naphezu kocelomngeni olubalulekileyo, abasebenzi kunye noogqirha abasemthethweni bangasebenzisa iindlela eziliqela zokuphucula amathemba okumisa imiyalelo yokungavumelani kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni ngaphaya kwemithetho. Ezi ndlela zifuna ucwangciso olucokisekileyo, ngokufuthi luqala ngaphambi kokuba ityala liqululwe.

Imali egciniweyo ephambili

Enye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo kukukhusela izinto phambi kokuba umgwebo unikezelwe. Xa imiyalelo efunyanwa ngaphambi kokuba kugwetywe i-ayisi ye-ayising, eyaziwa njenge imareva imiyalelo yemithetho esemthethweni eqhelekileyo, ingakhusela ummangalelwa ekususeni okanye ekudluliseni izinto ezifunekayo ezijikezayo ezilindele isiphumo sokukhutshwa kwetyala. Xa imiyalelo enjalo ifunyanwa kwindawo ephakamileyo apho ummangalelwa agcina iimpahla, angalondoloza iimpahla zomthetho onyanzeliswa ekugqibeleni. Noko ke, imiyalelo kaMareva ifuna unyango olungaqhelekanga olufuna ummangalelwa-mthetho othe ngqo ukubonisa imeko entle, ubungozi bokwenene bezinto ezifunekayo ekupheliseni intembeko, kunye nomlinganiselo wokulunga koncedo lwentengo yoncedo. Iinkundla jikelele ziyaziphaka ezi zibonelela ezi miyalelo, ngokukodwa xa zikhonkwane.

Kwezinye iindawo, iinkundla ziye zakhupha imiyalelo ebandayo ehlabathini lonke ebonakala igquma izinto zexabiso kumazwe amaninzi. Ukusebenza kwemiyalelo enjalo kuxhomekeke ekuqapheleni nasekusebenzeni kwazo kwimimandla apho izinto zikhoyo. Ngoxa imiyalelo yengqesho ebandayo ehlabathini lonke ingathumela umqondiso onamandla kwaye ingakhuthaza ukuthobela, ayikokuzibulala kwaye ayifuni ukunyanzeliswa kwamapolisa asekuhlaleni. Utyekelo kumazwe amaninzi lukukufuna iqondo lonxulumano phakathi kokuziphatha okuxhomisayo nokuphakama kwemithetho apho kufunwa khona umyalelo wokubanda, kuthintela umgangatho woncedo lwazweni lonke.

Iingxelo zokwakha ukwenzela ukunyanzeliswa

Abaxhasi bangawahlula amanyathelo abo okuqinisekisa ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho. Oku kuquka ukukhetha iforamenti emisele ulwalamano lwenkundla okanye udumo lwezobulungisa kunye nezikhanyiso ezicacileyo. Xa kuxoxwa, amaqela kufuneka aquke amabinzana okukhetha kunye neendidi ezichaza igunya elifanelekileyo lokunyanzelisa. Izivumelwano zidla ngokuba lula ukunyanzelisa ukuqeshwa kwemida yenkundla kunaleyo isungulwe yimimiselo yenkundla, ngenxa yesivumelwano i-New York kwisivumelwano sokwahlulelwano nokrulaniso lwe-Artical Arbitral Awards [[ [1988]), enconywa ngokusesikweni ngamazwe angaphezu kwe-170. Intlanganiso yaseNew York ilungiselela i-yunifomu kunye ne-unicessionactives (iiiiiii-ecertsmentine) ngenxa yokungalamkelwa kwetyala okuncitshisweyo, ngenxa yokugwetywa kwemithetho yayo yezizwe ezininzi.

Kwiimeko apho ukumangalelwa kwiinkundla zesizwe kungaphepheki, abamangali kufuneka baqwalasele ukwenziwa komthetho xa bekhetha i-fomini. Ukusebenza ngegunya elinobuchule obuphinda-phindeneyo bokugcina izivumelwano kunye nemithetho apho ummangalelwa anokuthi agcine izinto zingena kwinkqubo yokunyanzelisa. Ngokuchasene noko, ukubekwa kwemithetho engekho zivumelwano ezinjalo kungenza imiqobo yokugcinwa komthetho. Oku kukhetha okuqulethwe ngumthetho kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeqhinga langaphambi kokubekwa phambili kwemiqathango kwaye kufuneka kwaziswe ngokucokisekileyo ngeendawo eziluncedo zommangalelwa kunye nemithetho esebenzayo yokulawula.

Ukuhlahlela Ihlabathi

Ukunyanzelisa izivumelwano ezithe ngqo zezizwe ngezizwe zinika iingenelo ezibalulekileyo kwisivumelwano sokwahlula impikiswano enqamlezayo. INdibano yaseNew York inika ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo lokunyanzelisa inkqubo yokunyanzelisa i-arbitral izabelo, ifuna iinkundla zokufumana iimeko zokufumana nokunyanzelisa iimpendumiso ngaphandle kokuba enye yezikhuselo ezilinganiselweyo iyasebenza. Izizathu zokungaluvumeli unyanzelo phantsi kweNgqungquthela yeNew York zimxinene kwaye ziquka ukungafezeki kwesivumelwano sokudibanisa, ukuphulwa kwenkqubo efunekayo, kunye nokungquzulana nemigaqo kawonke. Iinkundla ezininzi ezifumana imigaqo ziyakwazi ukuqinisekisa oku ngokungqongqo, zenza kube nzima ukuchasa kumaqela ukugcinwa. Njengesiphumo, ukunyanzeleka kwemithetho ebanzi kuneenkundla, kwaye inkqubo yokugcinwa kwemithetho eninzi kakhulu kwaye isetyenziswa ngokuxabisa kaninzi.

Isitshixo sokufumana ulwahlulo ngokunempumelelo kukuqinisekisa ukuba isivumelwano sokudibanisa simiselwe kakuhle nokuba igalelo linikezelwa ngokufanelekileyo kwigunya elikwindawo yeNgqungquthela yaseNew York. Igalelo lolwahlulo-mthetho lokukhupha kufuneka lichaze isihlalo solwahlulo, umthetho olawulayo, nemithetho yeqela le-arbitraral. Kufuneka icace, icace, kwaye ithotyelwe ngokweemfuno ezisesikweni zeNgqungquthela yaseNew York. I-asterbarbitral admistratementmentment amaziko aziwayo afana neC, iNkundla ye-London ye-Arbit (C), kunye nemithetho ye-SMbali yezizwe. I-ACIPGenethike, i-Abit, okanye i-Singapore Arbitration Center (IC) iyaziwa ngokubanziswano kwaye isetyenziswa ngaphandle kobunzima.

Ukusebenzisana Kwezigwebo Nokuncedana Ngomthetho

Intsebenziswano yezomthetho neyomthetho ingakulungela ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa kwenkundla. Amazwe amaninzi anezivumelwano zoncedo olusemthethweni ezivumela iinkundla ukuba zicele uncedo kwiinkundla zamanye amazwe ekufumaneni ubungqina, ukufumana iimpahla, okanye ukumisa imiyalelo. Iileta zekhompyutha zenye indlela, nangona zisoloko zicotha kwaye ziphantsi kwengqiqo yenkundla eceliweyo. Amanye amagunya asungule iinkqubo zabagwebi ezisebenzisa ubuchule bokusebenza okunqamleza umda, ukuphembelela unxibelelwano olungacwangciswanga, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yezonyango kunye nokusebenzisana. Imanyano yeInternational Commote of Abrentirty of Babrent kunye nenkqubo yokwabelana imisebenzi elungileyo. Nangona intsebenziswano yezomthetho inokuba ngumqobo kwiimeko ezithile, ngokukodwa xa amalungu ekulungele ukufikelela kunye nokusebenza kunye.

Ulwalathiso Notshintsho Oluzayo

Imingeni yokunyanzela imiyalelo yokunyanzela imimiselo yokuthunyelelwa kwemimiselo yamakhaya ngaphaya kwamagunya ezwe alikho ncam, kodwa inkqubela-phambili emininzi inika ithemba lokuphuculwa. Ulwandiso oluqhubekayo lweNdibano yeMigwebo ye-Hague lungazisa ulawulo oluthe vetshe kwisakhiwo esimanyeneyo, ukunciphisa ukwahlukana nokungaqiniseki. Imigudu yokuvumelanisa imilinganiselo kunye nokugcinwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yomthetho ngemigaqo-nkqubo ye-Xhosa, kuquka i-elektroni, kunye nesigqibo sokusebenza kwe-intanethi, kwakhona zinganciphisa iindleko kunye nokuntsonkotha komthetho onqamlezo zincwadi.

Kumgangatho wesizwe, iinguqu zokusetyenziswa kweminye imiqathango yesigqibo, ukuphelisa iimfuno ezingeyomfuneko, kunye nokuphucula intsebenziswano neenkundla zamanye amazwe kungaphucula iziphumo zokunyanzelisa. Ukuphuhliswa kobhaliso oluluncedo lobumnini kunye nolwandiso lwezivumelwano zolwazi lunganceda ekufumaneni inkxaso-mali. Kwaye ukusetyenziswa okukhulayo kweminye imiqathango yesigqibo sempikiswano, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokusebenza nokuhlaziywa, kunganciphisa imfuneko yokunyanzelisa ngokupheleleyo ngokuthobelana ngokuzithandela. Ekugqibeleni, usukelo lukwenza imekobume esemthethweni apho abaxhasi be-mali banokufumana uncedo olusebenzayo kungakhathaliseki apho abamangalelwayo okanye izinto zabo zikhoyo. Oku kufuna ummiselo onyanzekileyo kuvela kubenzi benkqubo, abagwebi, nabaqeqeshi, nabaqeshi-mthetho, ngokuthanda ukuququququzelelana nokwamkela.

Imiyalelo yowiso-mthetho yamakhaya ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yale mihla engokwasemthethweni. Inika ubuchule bokuthethelelwa kwamalungelo, iimpikiswano ziconjululwe, nezibophelelo zinyanzeliswa. Ithemba lokuba le miyalelo inganyanzeliswa ukunqumla imida asiyonto nje yobuchule; ngumbandela wokungagwebi okusisiseko nomthetho. Njengoko udityaniso lwezoqoqosho kunye nowemida enqamlezekileyo yomthetho iqhubeka ikhula, imfuneko yobuchule bolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe iyakuba noxinzelelo oluphezulu. Iinkqubo zomthetho ezisilela ukusingatha umngcipheko zinokudinisa ukuthembeka kwinkqubo yokusesikweni nokushiya izikhanyiselwa ngaphandle koncedo kwihlabathi elineyo.

Kubo basebenzi namaqela ababandakanyeke ekudityanisweni komda, ukuphaphela kwemeko-ntle kubalulekile. Ukucwangcisa, ukhetho olucwangcisiweyo, ukusetyenziswa kolwahlulo, kunye nokusebenzisana nesiluleko sasekuhlaleni konke kungaphucula amathemba onyanzelo olunempumelelo. Nangona ucelomngeni lubalulekile, abanako ukungoyiswa, kwaye indaleko yemimiselo yezizwe ngezizwe inika iziqinisekiso zokuba nethemba. Ngokuqonda imiqobo nokusebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo, ii-ligigns zingasebenzisa i-ligitssssss zomthetho obekelwe umqobo onqamlezo kwaye zikhusele ukhuseleko lwemiqathango abanelungelo lokuzifumana.