UbuGawulayo, intanda-bulumko yokugweba ukuba amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko kufuneka achazwe ngokwentsingiselo yawo yantlandlolo yoluntu ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango, iye yaba ngumandla alawulayo kwiingcinga zomthetho zaseMelika `ingakumbi kwimibutho engokwesithethe engokwesithethe. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba iyabathintela abagwebi, ihlonela inkqubo yedemokhrasi, kwaye igcina umthetho wezomthetho. Kodwa xa kukho ukhuthazo lwayo olucacileyo, ukusebenzisa intsingiselo yantlalo kwimibandela yantlalo yanamhlanje kutyhila uxanduva olunzulu nolungapheliyo. Le ngxelo ihlola iingxaki ezinkulu ezibangelwa kukuzama ukusebenzisa ubuchule banamhlanje ekuhlaleni, ukuvavanyanisa amalungelo angokweenkqubo entlalo, amalungelo afanayo okuzalana, nokugweba kobuhlanga, nokugweba okungabonwa ngqo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, kwaye nokutshintsha komthetho womthetho omthetho-siseko ngaphandle kokuzinza.

Ukuqonda Ubungqina Bokuqala

Kwisiseko sawo esilula, sokuqala simi ukuba umbhalo womGaqo-siseko ufanele unikwe intsingiselo yawo xa wamkelwa. Le ntsingiselo isisigxina; ayiguquki ngokutshintsha uluvo lukawonke-wonke okanye ukhetho lomthetho. Zimbini izikolo eziphambili kwinkqubano yoqobo: injongo yokuqala[, ejonge kwiinjongo eziphambili zenjongo ze-framers kunye ne-ratifiers, kwaye iintsingiselo zikawonke-wonke-wonke zoluvo [, ezigxininisa indlela umntu onengqondo ngexesha anokuqonda ngayo umbhalo. IJastier Anton Scial nenye, iye yanempembelelo engakumbi kwi-justience. Iinjongo zikawonke ezininzi zikhuselwe kwi-gropoithstion, njengeement encinane yeqela lombuyiselo.

Unyuko lobuGaqaba yayiyintsabelo ngokuyinxenye nxamnye nokugqithisa okucingelwayo kweWarren kunye neBurger Courts, apho abalandeli abaninzi ababambelele kwisithethe bakholelwa ukuba baqalile amalungelo amatsha (njengelungelo lokuqhomfa Roe v. )) ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sembali. Abaququki bomGaqo-siseko baphikisa ukuba uxwebhu olusemthethweni, alungolulolungu eliphilayo, kwaye olo lungaphenduliswayo ``````````''''''''''', lungasombululi mgaqo-mthetho ocacileyo.

Phezu kwayo nje inzima yayo, ubuqaqaba bujongene nocelomngeni olusisiseko: umGaqo-siseko wabhalelwa ibutho labantu elingasakho. Intsingiselo yantlandlolo yebinzana elifana “nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga,” okanye“ ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho” kufuneka lusetyenziswe kubugcisa obungakhe yabonwa ngaphambili kunye nenkqubo yentlalo-ntle (ukusuka kwi-intanethi kunye novavanyo lwemfuza yemfuza kwiintsapho ezizalwa zinye kunye nemitshato ephakathi kweshumi elinesibhozo leshumi elinesibhozo lenkulungwane nento eyinyaniso engamashumi amabini-amashumi mabini aqalayo) ibangela uxinzelelo olungundoqo olumele lujamelane nalo naluphi naluphi uqobo.

Ucelomngeni Lokucombulula Iingxaki Zentlalo Zanamhlanje

Xa isiseko siqwalaselwa kwimibuzo yentlalo yanamhlanje, kuvela iingxaki eziliqela ezahlukileyo. Ezi ngxaki azikho zemfundo nje kuphela; zibumba iziphumo zeziphumo zetyala eliphezulu kwaye ziphembelela ukufaneleka kwejaji emehlweni abantu.

Ukungaqiniseki Kwemeko Engokwembali

UmGaqo-siseko wabhaliswa ngowe-1787, yaye iBhili yawo yamaLungelo yavunywa ngo-1791. Ihlabathi labaseki laliyi-grarian, ubukhulu becala, elisemaphandleni, kwaye liyi-arhente enzulu. Ubukhoboka babusemthethweni, amabhinqa ayengenawo amalungelo ezobupolitika, kwaye ingcamango yokuzifunela izinto zobuqu njengoko sicinga ukuba ayikho. Ukutolikwa kwamanani angqongqo kuthetha ukuba abagwebi kufuneka bazibeke kwintlalo, ngokwezoqoqosho, kunye neemeko ezingokwasemthethweni zomsebenzi onzima nowenyanisile wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo

Qwalasela ulwalelo lwesiHlazo seNkqutyana yeMimiselo esibhozo, okanye intsingiselo yokuqala ibhekisele kwisohlwayo esigwetywa ngokubanzi ngelo xesha, njengokuzoba nokufaka isiqingatha, okanye isohlwayo esingafaniyo nolwaphulo-mthetho. Kodwa ngaba esona sisokuqala isithintelo sokubulawa komntwana okwishumi elivisayo, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwesohlwayo sokufa esibeka intlungu enzima? Ababhinqisi baye bathetha ukuba intsingiselo yantlandlolo ibanzi ngokwaneleyo ukudibanisa imilinganiselo ebonakalisa isidima esekelwe phantsi komgaqo omnye, ngoxa abanye begxininisa ukuba intsingiselo iboleyiswe ukuya ku1791. Oku kumele ukuba kuvela kwimbali yokufuna ukwazi okubhaliweyo.

Ukupheliswa kweMidlalo

Enye yezona zizathu zingapheliyo zobuGqaba bobuGqaba kukuba ayinakuchaza ukutshintsha okungundoqo kokuqonda imilinganiselo yokuziphatha nokusesikweni. Xa uLawulo lweMpatho-mbo lweshumi elinesine lwavunywa ngo1868, abaququzeleli phantse babengazimisele ukukhusela umtshato ofanayo, i-svolution, okanye ukulingana kwendoda nenye kwimimandla yonke. Kodwa ibutho labantu lanamhlanje lithetha ngentsingiselo yantlalo yokukhusela abantu kunye nobumi obulinganayo. Ijaji yantlalo yanyanzeleka ukuba igqibe ityala elinjengo [[FLT: 0] berge bvulk- v. Hodges [20]] [20]

[Obergefell, uMahluleli Scalia waphikisa kwizizathu zantlandlolo, ephikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko awuthethi ngomtshato ongokwakwabelana kwaye isigqibo kufuneka sishiywe kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. IJaji enkulu uRoberts yagxininisa ukuba uninzi “alunaso isiseko sombhalo” sokulawula. Ukanti, uninzi, olukhokelwa nguJaji Kennedy, luphikisa ngelithi“ i-liberborty” ekhuselwe yi-145th Amend Amend Remendhection idlulisela ukhetho lobuqu kwisidima somntu ngamnye.Ntlll, isithi isekelwe ekuqondeni ngokubanzi kwemigaqo ecacileyo yembali kunokusetyenziswa kwayo. Oku kungqubana okuphakathi kwendlela yokuqala nokuphila komgaqo-siseko sobugqeqeba. Njengobugqeba oluqhelekileyo, lubonakala lusetyenziswa namaqela amaqela abonakalisa ubukhohlane, xa esetyenziswa ngobupolitiki, amaqela, amanani amanani amanani amanani amanani amanani angobubububunyani.

Ubugcisa notshintsho lwenzululwazi

Abasebenzi benqanawa abakwazi ukucinga ukuba bayakwazi ukuphosa ingcinga, ukuqwalaselwa ngobuso, okanye ukugcina ubuninzi bolwazi lwabo. ISiminqi sesine sikhusela “ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungenangqiqo,” kodwa ukusebenzisa elo qondo lokuhlola kwamanani kufuneka uhlobo loguqulelo olunyathelayo nxamnye nemida yokuqala. Ukujija kweKhalifoni [2014] (2014, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba amapolisa afune isiqinisekiso sokukhangela icell phone ebanjwayo ngexesha lokubanjwa. Ngoxa iJaji ifikelele kwisivumelwano, ukuhlenga. Ukungena kwengcaciso kubuza indlela abaqululeki abanokuphatha ngayo amaphepha azimeleyo kunye nobungqina obuphathekayo, kodwa ukulinganisa. Umthetho owenziweyo, usoloko ukhusela ufanele athethele uluvo lwakuqala, ulufanele akhuphise umgaqo oluchaneyo olugqwethekileyo oluchaneyo olungolulwayo oluchaneyo oluthe ngokuchaneyo, kodwa lunga umthetho oluchane

Iingcali zoqobo ziye zacebisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zoku- “guqula” imigaqo yantlandlolo kwintsingiselo yangoku . oko uMahluleli Scalia akubiza ngokuthi yingcamango ephilayo "yomntu ophilayo”. Ingcamango kukuchonga ixabiso eliphantsi (umz., ukhuseleko nxamnye nokungena kolawulo olungekho ngqiqweni) kwaye emva koko isebenzise kwiimeko ezintsha ngendlela ehambelana nokuqonda kwasekuqaleni. Kodwa abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba uguqulelo olunjalo lungachasana notoliko olungelololo qobo kuba lukhuthaza abagwebi ukuba bakhethe phakathi kweendlela eziphikisanayo zokuchaza umgaqo wokuqala. Ukuba intsingiselo yokuqala “ukuphengulula okungenangqiqo” isekelwe kwimfundiso ephathekayo yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo elinesibhozo, ngoko besebenzisa umlinganiselo wokuhlola umgangatho ngaphandle kokungena kolwazi lwakudala lokwemvelo izakuguqula umthetho wokuqala.

Ukuthula Nemingxuma Kumbhalo

UMgaqo-siseko awuthethi nto ngomGaqo-siseko odumileyo ngemibandela emininzi elawula ubomi bale mihla bezobupolitika kunye nebutho labantu. Awuthethi nto ngamaqela ezobupolitika, abameli, ilungelo lokuzimela, okanye isiseko sobugxwayiba bale mihla. Xa umgaqo-siseko uthe waphela, abalandeli bawo badla ngokuyeka ukulawula umgaqo wokuba uMgaqo-siseko awuwulawuli umbango (*) uwiswa ziinkqubo zowiso-mthetho. Oko kusenokungamkeleki kwiingcamango, kodwa kungenza iziphumo ezichasene noko kulindelwe yimeko yanamhlanje. Umzekelo, ukungathethi ngomGaqo-siseko ngelungelo lokungamela ilungelo lokunyamekela impilo kubangele ukuba abaphengululi bokuqala baphi nabanga nelungelo lokuxhasa ulawulo lwezikongongoma. Intsingiselo yokuqala ye-OClaspouss isenokuba ayiquki kwiimbopheleleko ezininzi zikarhulumente zanamhlanje. Kodwa abemi baluthelela iimfanelo ezithile abahlali bemi borhulumente banamhlanje bafumana iimfuno zezo ezilula.

Ngaphezu koko, ukungathethi kungasetyenziswa kakubi. Ukuba umGaqo-siseko awulawuli ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yezorhwebo, inkxaso-mali yephulo, okanye ilungelo eliphezulu ngokucacileyo, abalandeli bembali kufuneka baxhomekeke kwimiqathango ethe ngqo . njengokuqinisekiswa “kobuRhulumente beLungu” okanye ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Ubuxoki bokungaqiniseki buyazidimanisa xa intsingiselo yokuqala ngokwayo idityaniswa okanye xa imithombo yembali ephikisanayo iphikisana. Njengoko unjingalwazi uRandy Barnett ebhaliweyo ebhaliweyo ibonelela, ulawulo loqobo lungavelisa iintsingiselo ezininzi ezamkelekileyo; ukhetho lwawo lusoloko lutshintsha kwimimiselo engokwembali engaphandle kwembali.

Izicelo zokwenziwa kwesigqibo sogwebo

Xa abagwebi bezama ukusebenzisa ubuGqirha kwimiba yanamhlanje yentlalo, le ndlela ingavelisa iziphumo ezinokuthatha iziphumo ezinzulu (ukuzibanga amalungelo amatsha) okanye, ngamanye amaxesha, ngokumangalisayo (ukugalela ukhuseleko olubanzi lwamalungelo emipu, njengaku idiquzelo lobuGcibongela lweColumbia. ). [[FLT]] [Iiintengo] [[FLT]]] [iiindlela ebanzi yokukhusela umpuku], ihla umva wesingenomphetho osekelwe kuvavanyo olubanzi lwemithombo yokuseka, ukufumana ukuba isiHlaziselo sesibini sikhusele i-engile ukuze sigcine izixhobo zokuzilawula. Kodwa abagxeki ababhini babhiyo babala intsingiselo yentsingiselo yokuqala yolawulo lwe-prefti"" ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lwemeko oluthe lukhulu lwemeko oluthe ukusetyenziswa ngemeko.

Enye intsingiselo esebenzisekayo bubungozi bokuthatha inyathelo lokugweba ngokuzimela. Abagwebi boqobo badla ngokuthi abakwenzi umgaqo kodwa baqinisekisa nje intsingiselo esisigxina yombhalo. Kodwa uphando lwembali lucacisa ngokuzenzekelayo. Uphando olungokwembali lugunyazisa ngeyona ndlela imithombo ekhuselweyo, lulinganisa imbali ekhutshwayo, kwaye lumisela umlinganiselo wokulawula okuqhelekileyo okuthi kuqukelwe kuwo umgaqo wokuqala. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0] [McDonald v.[FLT] [=0], iNkukhundla idibanise ingcaze iSixeko ngokuchasene namaphondo. Abafundi be-Orristrist sy (20) baphikisa imbono ebanzi yokuba unelungelo okanye i-Immusclaus okanye i-Clausscle, nokuba ngaba kuqondwa kokuqala kwe-GeneGeneMessalk) ngokuxhomekeke kwingqiqo epheleleyo yeMithe yomgaqo olungileyo.

Ngaphezu koko, ubuGqirha bobuNqanamshe bungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezingqubanayo nemigaqo yokuziphatha yanamhlanje, ngaloo ndlela buthoba intembelo yoluntu kwijaji. Ukuba iNkundla ibinokuvakalisa ukuba isenzo sokuvuma uhlanga asihambelani nomthetho kuba abaququzeleli beSindululo se-14th Amend Amend Reformation babengazimisele ukuvumela unyango olungenaziqungu, okanye imithetho karhulumente elwaphula umthetho ngehambo yobufana nobufana buvumelekile phantsi kwentsingiselo yantlandlolo yelithi,” ukuchasana okungalawulekiyo. Amasebe ezobupolitika angaphendula ngokutyeshela umthetho weNkuhlalo, okanye ukuvala imigaqo e-mthetho-siseko. Ababhishobhisholi bomthetho-odrist kufuneka baphikisane nolungelelo lwendlela evelisa iziphumo ezibonakala zingekho bulungisa.

Ukulungelelanisa Imvelaphi Yakho Nemilinganiselo Yanamhlanje

Xa bephendula ezi ngxaki, abaphengululi abaninzi baye bacebisa iingcamango ezidibeneyo ezifuna ugcino lwengqiqo engundoqo yobuQala ngeli lixa bevumela ukuba i-odolo likwazi ukutshintsha indlela ethile. Enye indlela ephambili yokusebenzisa i- ithetha ukuba abagwebi bafanele bacinge ngeenjongo zomgaqo-siseko kunye neziphumo eziluncedo. Abanye oonjingalwazi bokuqala, njengoProfestola uJohn McGnins, baye baphikisa ukuba “inkqubo yantlandlolo,” exhasa ukutolika okuqhelekileyo, okuthe kwangokokuba ubungqina bembali bungaqondanga kakuhle. UJaji Stephen Breyer, nangona engengomntu wakuqala, udibanise ukuba bacinge ngeenjongo zomthetho wendalo kunye neengqiqo zomthetho jikelele.

Olunye uguquko lulu olulungileyo oluqhelekileyo lomgaqo-siseko , oluboleka kwisibopho soqobo sokubhala kodwa lugxininisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko kufuneka utolikwe ngokubhekiselele kwimigaqo yezobupolitika (njengokusesikweni nokulunga okuqhelekileyo) olunganciphiyo kumathemba angaphambili. Ngoxa le ngcamango iye yagxekwa njengokuvula ucango kwimibandela echongiweyo, imela ukuqwalal' into yokuba uqobo lungakwanelela ubuninzi, ibutho labantu lanamhlanje.

Mhlawumbi eyona mizamo ichazwe ngokubanzi yokunxibelelana kobuGcisa bokuqala notshintsho yingcamango ye “[FLT:] (ukwahlula okubhaliweyo okusemthethweni." Oontanga bahlula phakathi ukutolika (ukuqonda intsingiselo yolwimi lombhalo) kunye ulwakhiwo [ (ukunika umbhalo osemthethweni xa iintsingiselo ziphela). Ngokutsho kwabaphengululi abafana noKeithton noRynett, intsingiselo yantland icwangcisa imida kodwa ishiya ummandla we-internagractive omele ugcwaliswe ngokuqiqalisela phambili, umzekelo, kunye nowezopolitiko. Le mbono yantlabalo ayisombululi yonke ingxaki yale; ingceng iziphumo nje kwiziphumo ezivumelanisa abantu, kunye nemidala esemthethweni.

Le ndlela ineziphumo zokwenene. Kwimeko ezibandakanya amanani, umzekelo, isazi sembali sisenokugqiba kwelokuba umgaqo ongundoqo woMgaqo-nkqubo wesi-5 uyasebenza kodwa umbuzo othi “ukungabi nangqiqo” kuthetha ntoni ngexesha lamanani ushiyelwa ekwakheni-------ukuvumela iinkundla ukuba zifumane ulindelo lwangoku lwemfihlo, izenzo zomthetho, kunye nemithetho egqwethekileyo. Umphumo asikokungaguquguquki kwemvelaphi kodwa ngulowo wembali ovumayo ukuba kuyimfuneko ukusingatha ityala lenkundla.

Kwanangoku, ukulungelelanisa ugcino lwesiseko kunye nemilinganiselo yanamhlanje kuhlala kunzima ngenxa yokuba ezi zinto zimbini zingangena kwimpikiswano engqalileyo. Xa intsingiselo yokuqala ikhomba ngokucacileyo kwisiphumo esiphikisana nemilinganiselo yamandulo yokuziphatha yale mihla, ngokomzekelo, ucalulo lwezizwe ngezizwe lwalungathathwa njengokwaphulwa kokhuseleko olulinganayo (bona [] Prevention v. ingcinga yengcinga, eyayingqinelana ngokucacileyo nolulwazi lwantlalo lwantlabambo) Brown.[FFFFFF].[5] Imbali yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho ibonakalisa ukuba ekugqibeleni iphendukile egcence ingcesssss eggs procencesting ispecial egne profsting ispecif iss.[FFFFFFoven inguect.[fFoct.ist trans.isty]

Isiphelo

Ucelomngeni lokusebenzisa ubuQala kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni lunzulu kodwa alunakuzibhubhisa. Inkcazo yantlalo inika ingqeqesho exabisekileyo: inyanzela abagwebi ukuba babandakanyeke kumbhalo wezomGaqo-siseko nembali, kwaye ibathintela ekubekeni imilinganiselo yabo yobuqu. Kwangaxeshanye, indlela ayinakukwazi ukuphepha imiqobo etyhiliweyo evulwe ngexesha, ubugcisa, kunye nendaleko yentlalo. Abagwebi abazinikeleyo kwinkqubo yobukhothulo kufuneka basebenzise ezi zimiqobo ngokunyanisekileyo, bavume xa intsingiselo yantlandlolo ingaqinisekwanga okanye ithule, kwaye baqonde ukuba ukhetho lwabo lokwazi oko baza kuchaphazela iziphumo.

Ukuze ubuGawulayo buhlale buyintanda-bulumko ethembekileyo, abaxhasi bayo kufuneka baqhubeke beyicombulula ingcamango, ingakumbi kwimimandla yolwakhiwo noguqulelo lomgaqo-siseko. Kufuneka bachaze ngokuphandle indlela ethintelwe ngayo. Ukwamkela ukuba ezinye iingxaki zanamhlanje azinakuconjululwa ngokuqwalasela imbali kuphela. Ubuchule obulungeleleneyo, obuthi intsingiselo yantlalo ifanele isetyenziswe njengenyanzelo ebalulekileyo ngoxa ikwayamkela imfuneko yokuqiqaza ngokuziphatha nokungeyolawulo lwedemokhrasi, kunganika eyona ndlela ilungileyo phambili. Ekugqibeleni, impumelelo yenkqubo yoqobo iya kuxhomekeka kubuchule bayo bokunikela iimpendulo ezizenzekelayo kodwa kubuchule bayo bokwenza i-gqweqwele yomthetho ethembekileyo kwixa elidluleyo neyamkeleyo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kobukho bendalo kunye nocelomngeni lwayo, bona: SANTford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Original; [FLT]Obergefell v. Hodges[[FLT:] [25]] [2011]- uninzi lwezimvo ; i-[FLT] i-Originityism's New Dominality" – Harvard Impindatho yoMthetho[[FLT:]; [[FLT:]], ne[FLT] Rynet, “Intsingiselo yokuqala yoMgaqo womthetho-Gwase-Genestrust [F]