Imboniselo yemiqobo esemthethweni kumatyala omthetho wenkangeleko eSizwe

Amaziko okunyanzelisa umthetho esizwe ajongene nemiqobo eyahlukileyo esemthethweni xa esingatha amatyala abamba ingqalelo yesizwe. Le mibandela iphezulu ayivavanyi nje ubuchule bokuphanda kodwa ikwanobuchule bokusebenzisa ukhuseleko oluntsonkothileyo lomgaqo-siseko, imithetho engokwemigaqo-siseko, kunye namandla okusebenzisana. Kwiingcali zomthetho, abafundisi, nabafundi bomthetho, nabafundi bolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqonda le mingeni kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela inkqubo elungelelanisa ngayo ukugcinwa kobulungisa namalungelo abantu abatyholwayo, kwana nelungelo likawonke-wonke lokwazi. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa eyona mibaluleka yomthetho, ubungqina, amalungelo e-Miranda, kunye nempembelelo yezomthetho, nempembelelo yezixhobo zolawulo-ndaba, zinika ukuqonda ngendlela eluncedo ekuphumeleli zizinto.

Amalungelo abantu ngasese

Amatyala eprofile ephezulu adala imfuneko ekhawulezileyo yolwazi oluvela kumajelo eendaba, amaqela olwaphulo-mthetho, kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Amasebe okunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka afake iintambo zenaliti phakathi kokukhupha iinkcukacha ezaneleyo ukugcina ukubonakala nokugcina imfihlo yobuqu phantsi komthetho worhulumente norhulumente. Uxinezeleko luba luqatha ngakumbi xa umbandela ungumntu oqhelekileyo okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho lubandakanya ugcino-lwazi lomntu ngamnye oluchuku.

Imiqathango yokukhupha ulwazi

Uninzi lwamazwe lunemimiselo elawula ukugcinwa komthetho ngokweentlobo ezithile zolwazi ngexesha lophando olusebenzayo: i-Oficial, iingxelo zolutsha oluye lwaphandwa, iirekhodi zezamayeza, kunye neenkcukacha ezinokuthi zilalanise ekukhuseleni kokhuseleko. Umzekelo, umthetho wequmrhu Privtacy Act ka 1974[[ kwaye umisela imithetho elinganayo echazayo ekwaziyo ngokobuqu ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ukukhulula. Kwizicwangciso eziphezulu ze-profile, amaziko asoloko ejongeneengxelo ezifuna ukufikelela kwiingxelo, ngelixa ngexesha elinye ejongeneentloko ezifuna uxinzelelo kwiintsapho zamaxhoba ukuvimba ocacileyo. "FLD [FLD:2] kunye nokungahlawulwa.

Uluntu oluphambili nolungenayo ingxubakaxaka

Ukugquma ijelo leendaba eligqithisileyo lingonakalisa iqumrhu labachopheli-tyala elinokuba liqumrhu lejaji, elikhokelela ekutshintsheni indawo okanye ukulibaziseka ekuvavanyeni. Amasebe okuqinisekisa umthetho anegalelo ngokungangqalanga kule ngxaki xa efaka iingqungquthela ezichaza ubungqina okanye iinkcukacha zomntu okrokrelekileyo. Iinkundla zikholelwa ukuba iingxelo ezithile ezisetyenziswa ngumthetho ziyalichasa ilungelo lommangalelwa lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni phantsi kwetyala [[[FLT: 0]] i-Bacodet Programme [[[FLT: 1]]. Ukuhlisa oku, amaziko amaninzi amkela imithetho engqongqo [[FLT:] [[2]], abonisa ukukhokelwa kwemithetho efana nalo komiti, echaza indlela yokulawula ukusetyenziswa kolwazi oluqhelekileyo nokungathembeka. [FLT] [FF:]]

Ikhamera yomzimba kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwenyawo

Ukwanda kweekhamera zesiqu kunye nee-slashcam zivelise umda omtsha kwilixa lokuzimela. Kwiziganeko eziphezulu zeprofile, ukukhupha iinyawo kwangethuba kungabangela umsindo kawonke-wonke okanye impembelelo, ngoxa ingakwazi ukukhupha iingcamango zokugquma. Ii-attu kufuneka zivavanye urhulumente [[FLT: 0]] iirekhodi zelizwe ngokuchasene nokungabikho kwemvume yokuphengululwa okuqhubekayo kunye neemfuno zobuqu zabameli. Amanye amazwe aye amisela umthetho olawula ukukhululwa komphathi-omatilo-wern metagege, efuna ukuthatha inte ebomvu yobuso okanye imifanekiso ethile. Imingeni esemthethweni idla ukuvela xa ukukhululwa kubanje, ikhokelela kwinkundla efuna ukutyhilwa kolwazi oluqhubekayo.

Ubungqina Bokuqokelelwa Nokukhuselwa Kwasemthethweni

Kwisibane setyala eliphezulu, inyathelo ngalinye lokuhlanganisa ubungqina liyahlolisiswa. Iziphene ezincinci ezinokungabonwa kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zinokuba ziziqalelo zokucinezelwa nokubhena. Ukugcinwa koMthetho kufuneka kunamathele kwimiqathango engqongqo yomgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi uthintelo loMphetho-jikelezo wesine ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzumeni okungaqiqi.

Funa Izinto Ezinokusibangela Sifune

Ukufumana isiqinisekiso kucwangciso oluphezulu lweprofile kusoloko kubandakanya uxinzelelo olunzulu lokuhamba ngokukhawuleza. Noko ke, ukukhawuleza okanye ukuthembela kubanikeli abanokungathenjwa kungakhokelela kwisiqinisekiso sokuphelelwa mandla. Iinkundla zihlola umlinganiselo weemeko[ ukufumanisa unobangela olindelekileyo, kunye nayiphi na ingqwalaselo yento ekhoyo, "neziphumo ezikhoyo", kwaye neziphumo zokucinezela iziphumo zokucinezela ubungqina. Umzekelo obalulekileyo ngu Frankss v. I-eviorw [7]], evumela abamangalelwayo ukucela ungeniseko olungenayo olububuxoki. Addiffiactivesss.

Ubutyala Bokugcina Ityala Nengqibelelo Yokuziphatha

Ukugcina iqhina lokugcina umntwana lingaphulwanga kubaluleke kakhulu kubungqina obuphathekayo, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya iDNA, imipu, okanye imithombo yamajelo eendaba. Iimeko eziphezulu ze-profile zisoloko zibandakanya amagosa amaninzi, amagcisa obungqina, kunye nee-labhulabhu zangaphandle, ezinyusa ubungozi bezithuba. Amagqwetha asoloko ecela ingcaciso emithi kwaye angakhupha wonke umntu ozahlulele ubungqina. Ukuba uqhawulo lwetsheyina lufunyenwe, ubungqina bunokubonwa njengobungenabunyani okanye bunganikwa ubunzima obunciphileyo. Uhlaselo olu ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zekhompyutha ezizinzileyo ezixhobisayo, lusebenzisa ubungqina obunikezelweyo, kunye nokwenza uvavanyo oluthe rhoqo. Uvavanyo lweendlela zokuziqhelanisa iinwe, lukwaluvavanywa ngendlela elula, luye luye luvavanywa ngayo, ukuchananisa iiprojekthi ze-o-ocecto.

Ubungqina Bamanani Nemibandela Yohlaziyo Yesine

Namhlanje, phantse ityala ngalinye eliphezulu libandakanya ubungqina bemiboniso-manani: iirekhodi zeselfowuni, umsebenzi wentlalo-ntle, ii-imeyili, kunye nendawo yokugcina amafu. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Riley v. California [2014] (ifuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla isiganeko seselfowuni seselfowuni ukubanjwa, kunye [[FLT]]]] i-Cargenter v. United States[FLT] [[FLT]] [2017]) imfuno yezizathu zembali ye-data-ekhompyutha. Amagosa omthetho amele ahambele isakhiwo semithetho enika ukhuseleko olungaphezulu kuneenolawulo lwendawo yombuso. Ngaphezu koko, ukufumana ulwazi ukusuka kwicandelo lesithathu lwemigangatho efana nomgangatho we-Cecceacean.[FFt] [FFF]

Impikiswano Engokwahlukileyo Neyokuphazanyiswa

Amatyala epropati ephezulu anqabile ukuwela kakuhle kulawulo olunye. Asenokubandakanya amazwe amaninzi, amazwe esizwe, okanye igunya likarhulumente elingenayo. Ukulawula ezi ngxenge-ngxenge kufuna ukulungelelanisa okucokisekileyo nokuqonda imida esemthethweni.

Ulawulo lwesizwe

Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu olukwipropati-nkume-nkulo `ubugrogrisi, ukurhwebelana kweziyobisi, ukubulala okulandelelanayo, ukubekwa ityala kwinkundla yephondo okanye yesizwe. Ngelixesha ulawulo lwesizwe lusoloko luphezulu, amaqumrhu karhulumente angaxhathisa ukuyeka ukulawula ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwezobupolitika okanye ikratshi lequmrhu. Iimpikiswano ngenxa yobungqina obabelanayo, ubuchule bobugqeba, kunye nemigaqo yokugweba isenokususa amatyala. Umzekelo, uphando lwesizwe lungancitshiswa ukuba ulawulo lwequmrhu lungamela igunya phantsi kwe- Clausce Claus [ okanye ummiselo othile okhethekileyo ofana Crime Control kunye noMthetho we-Legionts transmentmentmentment ment [FLT]].

Ukulungelelaniswa kwesizwe esineemeko ezininzi

Xa unqamlezo lweminqamlezo ye-Istate erhanelekayo okanye isenza ulwaphulo-mthetho kwiindawo ezininzi, abameli kufuneka babambene nemithetho eyahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo zokubanjwa, ukuqhubekeka kolwando, kunye nobungqina obudibeneyo. Isivumelwano se-Interstate on Detainers kunye u-Uniformal Crimination Act [[FLT:]] uhlalutyo olunekiso lwezicwangciso, kodwa lungabalula, kodwa lungaqikelelwa. Ngaphezu koko, isiqinisekiso esisebenzayo kwilizwe elinye sisenokunganyanzeliswa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso esitsha okanye i-[FLT:] uhlolo lwe-e. Lane[FLTLD [FF:5] lokwenza imisebenzi elungileyo ephakathi kwemithetho ethenjiweyo. A'ienze ii-enzame ezithenjiweyo, kodwa zivumelane neenza imigudu ezithene.

Iintsomi Ezintsonkothileyo Zesizwe

Amatyala aphezulu okanye abandakanya amatyala amaNative Merika adibanisa omnye umaleko. Phantsi Umthetho okhohlakeleyo 280 kunye nomthetho olandelayo, ukugcinwa komthetho karhulumente kusenokuba nolawulo olulinganiselweyo kumazwe esizwe. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olubandakanya amaxhoba amaMelika Omthonyama okanye abamangalelwa lusoloko luwela phantsi kolawulo lwesizwe okanye lufuna ukubandakanyeka kwenkundla yesizwe. Amagosa karhulumente kufuneka aqonde ii-intrications zolonga-zwe kunye nomthetho [ Major Crimes Act. Amanyathelo anokukhokelela ekugxothweni izityholo okanye kwamalungelo abantu. Ukuqhuba imicimbi yamapolisa kunye namagunya esizwe kufuneka angoorhulumente esizwe kodwa kunganqandwe kakhulu.

Amalungelo EMiranda Nocelomngeni Lokudibana

Uthetho olunzulu lwezixhobo zonxibelelwano kunye nomdla kawonke-wonke kwi-profile erhanelekayo ungenza uxinzelelo olukhulu kubancinwa ukuze bavume izono. Noko ke, ukwaphula amalungelo oMgqino-ziNhlanu wokuGcinezelwa kusenokubulala kwimeko. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho karhulumente kufuneka kunamathele ngenyameko ku imanda v. Arizona imiqathango, iqinisekisa ukuba abakrokrelekileyo bayawazi yaye bayawalahla amalungelo abo ngokuzithandela.

Amatyala Okuzithandela Nokuzibophelela

Kwanaxa kunikwa izilumkiso, iinkundla ziza kuhlolisisa ubunjani beemeko ukufumanisa ukuba ukuvuma izono kwakuyinto yokuzithandela. Iimeko ziquka iminyaka yokukrokrela, ubukrelekrele, ubude bengqondo, ubude bobuphicotho, kunye namaqhinga asetyenziswayo. Kwimeko ze-profile ephezulu, apho abacuphi basenokuba phantsi kwengcinezelo yokuvala ityala ngokukhawuleza, kukho ubungozi obukhulu bokusebenzisa ubuchule obufana [[FLT: 0] ubungqina bobuxoki okanye ubude. Inkundla ephakamileyo ilawula njenge Colado v. [FLT] (1986]) ifuna ukuba ubungcangcazelo obungekho mngeni.

Ukujongana Nabantu Abanengxaki

Amatyala eprofile ephezulu maxa wambi abandakanya ukukrokra kolutsha okanye abantu abadala abaneziphene. Inkundla ePhakamileyo inike imigaqo eyongezelelekileyo yokukhusela abantu ababuthathaka, kuquka nemfuneko yokuba abagcini-mthetho babekho ngexesha lokuncinwa kolutsha (J.B. v. umNtla Carolina, 2011). Amagosa omthetho ogunyazisa umthetho kufuneka abe nemithetho elawulayo yokufanisa abantu ababuthathaka nokuqinisekisa ukuba nawuphi na umkhuphi na umkhuphi na wamalungelo ongo ngokwazi nokukrelekrelekrele. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza njalo kungaphumela ekucinezelweni nasekuhlakeni kwabantu.

Impembelelo yamajelo eendaba kwiqhinga lomthetho noluvo loluntu

Ngaphandle kwemibandela yokuzimela, amajelo eendaba alolonga lonke ugcino-lwazi lwetyala eliphezulu elikwindawo ephakamileyo($) ukusuka ekuphandeni ukuya kwisigqibo. Amasebe okunyanzelisa ukugcinwa komthetho kufuneka alawule imbonakalo yawo yasekuhlaleni ngoxa ewahlonela amalungelo abamangalelwa yaye ephepha iingxelo zekhethe.

Uluntu oluphambili notshintsho lweVenue

Ingxelo enkulu ye-media inokwenza kube nzima ukwenza i-panel engakhethi komiti yabachopheli-tyala kwindawo apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenzeke khona. Amagqwetha okhuselo asoloko eshukuma ukuze atshintshe indawo, nto leyo elibazisa ukuququzelela iindleko zemali kurhulumente. Nokuba ukuhamba kukhatyiwe, abagwebi banganyanzela [ imiyalelo kumaqela omabini, kuquka nokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Amaziko kufuneka alungelelanise ukusebenza phantsi kwemiqathango enjalo, anxibelelane kuphela ngemijelo yenkundla eyamkelekileyo. [[FLT]] v. [2010]]) ityala elimisiweyo lokuba ukusasazwa okusasaze oko akufunekiyo ukuba iqonga ngokuzenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo i-athonga, kodwa umthwalo onzima umele ulwe kwi-stelemo lwawo.

Iingozi Zokuthuthwa Kweenkqubo Zonxibelelwano NezamaNgqina

Amatyala aphezulu eprofile atsala iingxoxo ze-intanethi ezinokukhokelela ekuboneni ukukhathazwa okanye ukuziphatha okubi kwejaji. Iindawo zoluntu zezonxibelelwano zingaba ziindawo zokusasaza imbali, kwaye ukugcinwa komthetho kufuneka kujonge ukukhutshelwa kwemithetho enokuba negalelo. Ii-arhente kufuneka zinikezele izilumkiso, zicele ukususwa komxholo, okanye zide zifune imiyalelo yenkundla yokukhusela amangqina. Ngaphezu koko, abaphathi-mikhosi ngokwabo kufuneka baqeqeshelwe ukuyeka ukubeka iinkcukacha kwiingxelo zabo zobuqu, njengokuba nayiphi na loo nkcazelo ingangqubana nemithetho yangasese okanye iphonononga.

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Nokuvavanywa Ngokufanelekileyo

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho karhulumente asebenza phantsi kwesiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko sokwenza okufanelekileyo. Amatyala aphezulu asoloko ebangela ukuba kubekwe ityala elithe ityala okanye amapolisa abandakanyeke kwihambo engafanelekanga ephula amalungelo ommangalelwa.

Ukuphulwa Kwezinto Ezingcwele Neembopheleleko Zokufunyanwa Kwazo

Phantsi [[NTL:0] Brady v. Maryland (1963), abatshutshisi kufuneka batyhile ubungqina bokuzikhusela. Kwimeko ze-profile ephezulu, ubungqina bukhulu, kwaye ukungaphumeleli ukuguqula izinto ezikhoyo kungatshabalalisa. Abaphathi bomthetho bayazigxeka le nkqubo ngenxa yokuba bavelisa iingxelo, iingxelo, kunye neengxelo zamangqina ezinokuthi ziqulathe iziqulatho zokhuseleko. Ukuba igosa lizigosa okanye litshabalalise ubungqina, ngokungazinzanga, kwaye ngokunjalo, umba othetho lungagxothwa okanye unokuba neziphumo zayo zinokuphuma . Amagosa omthetho asebenza kwikhopus[FLT][FLT] [FLD]] ayazi.

Ukuya Kwityala Elikhawulezileyo

IsiHlamlisi seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuvavanywa okukhawulezileyo, kodwa amatyala aphezulu asoloko ebandakanya ukuthatha imiqathango enzima kunye nolibaziseko. Ngelixesha ezinye izinga elibekiweyo libangelwa yinkuselo, izenzo zomthetho zokunyanzelisa ukwenziwa kobungqina obucothayo okanye ukutyhilwa kwasemva kwengxelo. Amasebe karhulumente kufuneka abeke ityala elifanelekileyo lohlalutyo lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nolawulo lwefayile olufanelekileyo ukuze kuphetshwe ukusetyenziswa kwemimiselo ekhawulezayo, enokuthi ibe yengqongqo kunemilinganiselo karhulumente.

Ukuqwalasela Ubuchule Nokuthenjwa

Ngaphandle kokuthotyelwa ngokusemthethweni, amatyala aphezulu avavanya imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yamaziko okugcinwa komthetho. Ukuthembana kwabantu akufezeki, kwaye nayiphi na imbono yokuba kukho ikhethe, ukuziphatha okubi, okanye impembelelo yezobupolitika isenokuphelisa intembelo kwinkqubo yokusesikweni.

Inkxalabo Yebhanya neyokhuseleko olulinganayo

Amatyala aphezulu ngamanye amaxesha abandakanya ukuqhatha kobuhlanga okanye kwezentlalo-ntle kuqheliselo lokugcinwa komthetho. Ii-atmission kufuneka zibe zezona zicacileyo ngeendlela zazo zophando kwaye ziphephe nayiphi na imbonakalo yokukhutshwa. Eziququal Ukukhusela u-Clauseaste uthintela ucalucalulo ngeqhinga, kunye namaqumrhu angakwaziyo ukwenza ugwebo oluphakathi loluhlu, ukuphendla, okanye ukubanjwa angajongana namalungelo abantu. Iliso elizimeleyo okanye uphengululo lwangaphandle lusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa ukulunga.

Ukufikelela ngokugqithisileyo koMthetho nokunyanzelisa umgudu

Kwi-drowa yokukhusela ukunyanzeliswa, kukho ubungozi bokuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunwebeze imida esemthethweni. Ukwenziwa kobungqina, ubungqina bobuxoki, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamangqina kungqinwa kumatyala athile aphezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela kutshintsho. Ii-APPPPP zilwa oku ngokuzalisekisa iinkqubo zekhamera yecamera , zifuna ukuvunywa komgangatho omninzi ngemiqathango ethile, kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhuselwa kwemiliselo yemilo yonke yendlela yokugweba. Ingqibelelo yendlela yokulawula ixhomekeke ekuvumeni komthetho ukuzilungisa.

Iinqobo ezizizo zobuGcisa zoMgaqo-nkqubo

Amatyala aphezulu asebenzisa oovimba abaninzi: isandfodfors kubaphathi, amangqina, ukuvavanya ityala, kunye nerhafu esemthethweni yokukhusela izenzo zokhuselo. Uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente lusoloko ludinwa, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kobuncwane kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo kungakhokelela ekugxekweni. Ngaphezu koko, amasebe asenokujamelana neendleko zokugxekwa kwamalungelo abantu ngenxa yokumangalelwa kwamagosa amangalelwa ngokuphosakeleyo. Amanye amazwe aye avelisa imali ekhethekileyo yokuphanda ngokuphanda okuphezulu, kodwa amaninzi axhomekeke ekufumaneni izinto zokwenene ezichaphazela amapolisa oluntu.

Isiphelo

Imingeni esemthethweni ejongene novavanyo lokunyanzelisa ukugcinwa komthetho kwiimeko eziphezulu ze-profile ijikelele kwaye isekelwe ngokunzulu kumthetho womgaqo-siseko, umthetho womthetho, kunye neziphumo zokoqobo zokuqwalaselwa nguwonke-wonke. Ukukhusela imfihlo ngexesha lokonelisa iimfuno zokubonisana zolwazi ngemiqathango yoluvo yoluvo kunye nokusebenzisana kwemigaqo-nkqubo yomthetho, amaqumrhu kufuneka asebenze ngomlinganiselo osemthethweni olingana nezigxobo. Iziphumo eziphumelelayo zenzeka xa amaziko efaka uqeqesho, isiluleko somthetho, kunye nokufumana iziphumo ezithe ngqo zobuchule zolwazi phambi kokuba ityala lifikelele. Ngokuqonda ezi zinto, izifundiswa zomthetho kunye noluntu, iziphakaliso-mthetho kunye nobuchule boluntu, zinokuxabisa ukulungelena ukufikelela ulungelelwano olufunekayoyo olufunekayoyo phantsi komthetho phantsi komthetho.