Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla siyimfuneko esisiseko sokuthatha umongameli eUnited States kunye nezinye ii-riphabliki ezininzi zomGaqo-siseko. Kude kusingise kumthetho nje, isifungo simela isifungo esinzulu sokuphakamisa umGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho. Kodwa, intsingiselo engqalileyo yesifungo, onokuthi asithabathe, kwaye iziphumo zokusilela ukusithabatha zaba zizinto zeengxaki zexesha elithile kodwa ezingokomthetho. Ezi mpikiswano ziye zavavanya imida yokutolikwa komgaqo-siseko, imigaqo yokungafezeki, kunye nokwahlulwa kwamagunya. Ukuqonda imicimbi kunye neziganeko eziye zaguqula isifungo esingomongameli sibucala ziyimfuneko kumntu ofunda umthetho worhulumente, ulawulo lorhulumente, okanye ukufuduselwa koxolo lwegunya.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa eyona mingeni ibalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni kunye nemizekelo ephawulekayo enxulumene nesifungo sobumongameli, ukususela kwimbali yangaphambili ye-U.S. ikwahlola ukudibana kwemfuneko yezifungo kunye namanye amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, kuquka iindinyana ezingeyomfuneko, uhlobo lokungathobeli, kunye nemfundiso yezopolitiko yemibuzo.

Isiseko sembali nesomGaqo-siseko soMongameli

Isifungo somongameli simiselwe kwiGatya II, iCandelo 1, u-Claus 8 loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S.: "Ngaphambi kokuba angene ekuphunyezweni kwe-Ofisi yakhe, uya kuthabatha esi sifungo silandelayo okanye isiqinisekiso:/(okanye) ndifunga ngokunzulu) ukuba ngokuthembeka ndiza kuphumeza iOfisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa igunya leofisi, ndigcine, ndikhusele, ndikhusele, ndikhusele kwaye ndikhusele uMgaqo-siseko we-United States. Olu lwimi alungomthetho ongombandela wokuthatha amagunya nemisebenzi ye-presentente. Ngaphandle kokusenza isifungo, umntu akanakusebenzisa ngokusemthethweni igunya le ofisi, umgaqo oqiniswa ngokuqhubekayo, ngokuqheliswa kwembali nokuqiqashelwa kwezomthetho.

Izifungo zaquka imfuneko yokubopha umongameli ngokobuqu kubukhulu bomGaqo-siseko. Isifungo sigxininisa ukuba umongameli akangomlawuli kodwa ngumkhonzi womyalelo womGaqo-siseko. Njengo umGaqo-siseko Ocacisiweyo [ amaphetshana, isifungo sisebenza njengovumo lukawonke-wonke lomsebenzi kamongameli wokulondoloza isiseko somgaqo-siseko, kwanaxa singqubana nemfuno ethandwa kakhulu okanye isiqinisekiso sobuqu.

Izixhobo ezinokuba lucelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni kwisithembiso zinokuvela ngamanqanaba amaninzi: ebudeni bephulo lomongameli (njengeembambano zokungalawuleki), ngexesha lokunikezelwa (ukuba isifungo siyala okanye sitshintshiwe), okanye kamva eofisini (ukuba umongameli umangalelwe ngokophula isifungo, okunokwenzeka ukuxhokonxa ukungathobeli). Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo bezilumkile ngokungenelela kwiimbambano ezinjalo, ngokufuthi zicaphula imfundiso yezopolitiko, kodwa zikwakhele nemizekelo engundoqo echaza intsingiselo engokwasemthethweni yesifungo.

Iziqalelo: Isithuku esinjengeSimo somGaqo-siseko

ERe Neagle (1890)

Ngeli xesha [ kwi-neagle, 135 U.S. 1 (1890), ibandakanya ngqo isifungo sobumongameli, yaseka imigaqo ebalulekileyo ngokuphathelele ulawulo lomongameli phantsi koMgaqo-siseko. Ityala lavela xa umlawuli weNkundla ePhakamileyo emiselwe ukukhusela uSongamela umlawuli oPhakamileyo, yaye imo yeKhavinia ayizange ifune ukumchaphaza. INkuNkundla Ephakamileyo yakholelwa ukuba uMongameli unegunya elisisiseko lokuthatha izenzo eziyimfuneko zokulondoloza uxolo nomthetho worhulumente, ngokwenxalenye ukusuka kwisifungo sikaMongameli sokukhusela, ukukhusela nokukhusela umGawulayo. Ngoko ke, ityala limele limisele umzekelo ukuba isifungo esinokusebenza njengomthombo ofanelekileyo wegunya elikhulu, isithembiso esisemthethweni. [Foctive] [5]

Powell v. McCormack (11969)

Imeko enzima enxulumene nokungafezeki kunye nezifungo ezifunekayo kwisikhundla sikarhulumente yi- Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486 (1969). Nangona eli tyala laliqhubana neNdlu yabameli ukuba lingalifaki gunya elinyuliweyo (Adam Colaton Powell Jr]), ingqiqo yayo isebenza jikelele kumgaqo othi imfuneko yesiseko somsebenzi (iimfuno yesiseko (ii-(16) iquka imfuno yeSifungo esikhethekileyo kwaye ayinakongezwa yiMbutho. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibanjwe yiRhulumentation I, iSiphakathi 5 segunya lokugweba lokugweba "Izimo zamalungu ayo") lilinganiselwe ekubonakaliseni iimfaneleko ezichaziweyo. Ngokufuzisela i-Prodentine, iSifungo se-R.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Lokuzimela Ngobuso Nesinyithi

Iintloni Zendalo Nendima Engangqalanga Ye-oath

ICandelo 1, 5 liquka iimpikiswano eziphambili ezingobungangameli. Umzekelo, phakathi konyulo lomongameli luka-2009 no-2012, ityala labekwa kwimiqathango enxulumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa neemfaneleko zomGaqo-siseko, iimpikiswano zokuba lowo ubhaptizi "uMmi ozalelwe ngokwemvelo" phantsi kweGatya II, iCandelo 1, u-Celauslaus 5 usoloko ubandakanya iimpikiswano ezingesifungo. Umzekelo, ebudeni bonyulo lomongameli wama-2009 kunye no-2012, ityala labekwa lisithi ityala alifanelekanga ukuba ngumongameli. Ngexesha elo tyala aliphumelelanga kakhulu ngenxa yokungami okanye ukufaneleka, ezinye ii-pointstyfitiff zithetha ukuba ukuba i-pactial enziwe ngonyuko lomntu ozibolileyo, nasiphi isifungo esithenjiweyo esiphelisiweyo. Inkundla setyala esithe qhamkhanyiso.

Imeko ye Holister v. Soetoro nezigqibo ezifanayo ezisezantsi zenkundla zibonisa umgaqo wokuba isifungo asikokuzibophelela ngokwaso ngokusemthethweni wabucala; ukunyanzelisa kulala ngokuyintloko kwiBhunga, inkqubo yokukhetha, kunye nenkqubo yokungagqibeki. Noko ke, ezi mpikiswano zigxininisa ukuba isifungo asiyonkala-labha [“indlela yomgaqo-siseko," kwaye ngummiselo obonisa ukuba umntu uyakwazi ukubhabhabha.

Ucelomngeni lwemiphanda yomgangatho kaRhulumente kunye noPhuhliso loNkqo

Emva konyulo lomongameli wama-2020, iinkundla ezininzi ezizama ukucel ’ umngeni ukufezekisa iziqinisekiso zonyulo ezisekelwe ngokwenxalenye kwizityholo zokuba uMongameli-wonga (nasemva koMongameli) akazange anelise imfuneko yesifungo kwingqiqo ethile (umz., ngokusilela "uMgaqo-siseko" kwiinkqubo ezithile zonyulo). La matyala, anjenge- TExas v., agxothwa yiNkungaphazamisi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ngenxa yokunga phantsi kweSiphakamiso III. Inkundla yaphinda yaphinda yathiwa ukuba "Umgaqo-siseko wonyulo wonyulo" ngumsebenzi wobuqu, kodwa ayiyilanga nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho ukukhuphisana okanye ukuphumelela koburhulumente emva koburhulumente. Umthetho wezomthetho wezopolitiko.

I-oath kunye nobuchule: Umatshini onyanzelisayo

Ucelomngeni oluthe ngqo olungokwasemthethweni lokubambelela kumongameli ekunamatheleni kwesifungo kukungafezeki. UMgaqo-siseko unikela ukuba umongameli asuswe kwisikhundla ngokunyanzeliswa, nokuqinisekiswa, "Umthetho, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye ii-Crimes eziphezulu kunye neMisdeators". Ngokuqhelekileyo, isifungo besisemgangathweni kwizinto ezininzi zokungathobeli. Umzekelo, ekungaquququzeli kwe-Andrew Johnson (1868), elinye inqaku limbekele ityala ngokusilela ngemposiso isifungo ngokusilela ngabom eso kuphumeza iSigqibo somthetho seOfisi. Imibandela enxamnye noBhili-CMALI echasene negunyazakhe lomthetho wobulungisa, ingazange ithethe isifungo esithe ngqo, kodwa phantsi kwemimiselo esithenjiweyo, njengoko ingulowo umele umthetho ovunyiweyo.

Ngeli xesha iNdlu yeeNgwevu ingenatyala kwityala ngalinye, inkqubo yokungaqiniseki ibonisa ukuba isifungo asingomsitho nje wokunqwenela (ukunganqweneli) imisela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha enokusetyenziswa ukuba nomongameli aphendule. Ukungagqibeli kwetyala [ kusebenza njengenkcazo yemithetho-siseko echaza ukuba izenzo zikamongameli ziyasaphula isifungo. Okubalulekileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwimingeni-yo yonke imingeni enxulumene nezopolitiko, njengaku [[FLT:] NT]. United States[FLT] v [93] (ithetha amandla e-State) (iigunya elipheleleyo le-Scoat).

Imigaqo Esisiseko Neemfundiso Ezilawula Ucelomngeni

Imfundiso Yombuzo Wezobupolitika

Imingeni emininzi engokwasemthethweni kwizifungo zomongameli iye yapheliswa phantsi kwemfundiso yezopolitiko, ethi imiba ethile yomgaqo-siseko ibekwe kumasebe ezobupolitika (iKholeji okanye uLawulo oluPhezulu) kwaye ngoko ke ayibukeliswa ziinkundla. Ngoko ke, kumongo wesifungo, impikiswano yokuba umongameli-owayengumongameli ufungile ngokufanelekileyo, okanye enoba ukungazimiseli kukamongameli ozayo kufanelekile, isoloko ijongwa njengemicimbi yezobupolitika eza kuconjululwa yikholeji evolishini, iKhonkqu, okanye ngenkqubo yokungaququzeli. Ityala lomqondiso we- u-Baker v. [1962]) limisele inkqubo yokumisa xa kubuzwa ngezopolitiko, kwaye iqhube izifungo.

Imile

Kwanaxa ucelomngeni olusemthethweni lunokungqinelana nobulungisa, amatyala kufuneka abonise ukuma: ukonakala kwekonkrithi, ukuhlaziywa, nokubuyiselwa. Inkoliso yezifungo ezinxulumene netyala lengingqi zabemi babucala, abatshabhisi, okanye amagosa karhulumente. Iinkundla zisoloko zifumana ukuba umdla othe jikelele wokubona umGaqo-siseko uxhaswa akwanelanga. Umzekelo, Lujan v. Abameli beNkumelelifalfe [1992], izimfuneko eziPhakathiweyo zeNkuhlala. Ngokomphumo, zonke ii-"umsebenzi wobunyani wobucala awuphumelelanga kungenxa yokuba abathathiweyo besothuthiwe isibo sobuqu.

Ukungagunyaziswanga kunye noMmandla aLawulayo

Omnye umgaqo obalulekileyo ngowokuba isifungo ngokwaso sinika amandla angaphantsi. Ngelixesha [[FLT:] kwi-enagle sicebisa ukuba isifungo sibonise igunya elilinganiselweyo lemfumba, iimeko ezithi ezincinci zikhankanyeke i & Tube Co. v. Sayner [195] [ii-i-i-i-i-i-intshi] yaqinisekisa ukuba amandla kaMongameli makaphume emGaqo-siseko okanye kwisenzo seBhunga, hayi kwiSifungo sodwa. [[FLTLT:]] Ezincinane ze-ondrown [[FLTLT]], iNkubethe ukuphamba kwentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe, ukugatya ukuchasa ingxulu-orho ekwaywe yi-Genesigqeba" i-Genesho yexesha longxakelelwano-the "ixoqo, i-onqana." ayiwumeleli, ayiwulobeki, ayingulo.

Isinyithi Esiluqilima Ngokuchasene Nemeko

Abaphengululi abasemthethweni baye baphikisana ukuba isifungo singumgaqo-siseko osisigxina omiselweyo (njengeminyaka okanye ubumi) okanye imo emiselweyo (njengokuthabatha inyathelo elifunekayo ngaphambi kokuthatha iofisi). Amagama eCandelo II, Icandelo 1, Claus 8($"""" Ngaphambi kokuba angene ekuphumezeni kwe-Ofisi yakhe, uza kuthabatha esi sifungo esilandelayo. Kungenxa yokuba simo. Le mibandela ingokokuba isifungo siyimeko nje, ngoko umongameli owathabatha isikhundla ngaphandle kokusifungisa (umz. umz., ngenxa yexesha likaxakeka) usenokunga--ngafezeki, kodwa kamva angenza isifungo. Kulenze umongameli uCalvin Coodge umele azame ukusenza isifungo kuAgamente, emva kokufa kukaMongameli wakhe, emva kokuba engazange athathe isifungo esinguno, aze athathe isifungo esingumthetho esingumthetho esingumthetho emva koko, kodwa anyuswe emva koko, avunyelwa ukuba afungwe ngokufungela umongameli waseburhulumenteni.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Iingxaki Ezizezinye Izigwebo

Ngoxa eli nqaku ligxininisa kumthetho wase-United States, kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuba amanye amazwe amaninzi aye ajamelana neengxaki zomthetho eziphathelele ukulawulwa okanye izifungo eziphezulu. Umzekelo, ngo-2017, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya yaqwalasela ukuba umntu onyuliweyo unokuba akakufanelekeli na ukuthabatha isifungo esibandakanya ukungakhathaleli ulawulo lwehlabathi. Kumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika, iinkundla ezininzi ziye zazenza buthathaka izenzo zomongameli kwizikhundla zokuba igosa elisemthethweni alithanga kakuhle isifungo sesikhundla. La matyala amazwe ngamazwe abonisa ukuba imigaqo esemthethweni yesifungo somongameli asingooqobo kuphela eUnited States; abonakalisa umgaqo-siseko wehlabathi lonke ukuba isifungo singumgaqo wokugcina amasango osemthethweni wegunya elisemthethweni.

Iingxaki Ezimandundu: Iingxaki Zethu Kwiminyaka Yamanani

Kukho imingeni yale mihla engokwasemthethweni equkunjelwe ngokuphathelele uhlobo lwesifungo. Ingaba umongameli angasithatha isifungo kude okanye ngenkomfa yevidiyo? Ngo-2021, iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokunikezelwa kwemali eziphakanyiswe yimiba enxulumene nezifo ezimandundu, kodwa akukho lucelomngeni olusemthethweni olukhoyo. Noko ke, njengokuba inxaxheba ekude kurhulumente ixhaphakile, ukuphikisana nokuba ngaba kuyimfuneko ngokomzimba kusini na ukuba isifungo sicelwe ukuba sibe yimbambano yokwenene. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa komthetho kuyaqhubeka: amanye amaqela aye azama ukuphakamisa amatyala athi amazwi angaphambili omntu ochaphazamisi okanye achasene nomthetho) abangela ukwaphulwa kwemfuneko yokuqulukwa "Inde umGaqo-siseko," ngaloo ndlela.

Isiphelo

Imingeni engokwasemthethweni enxulumene nesifungo somongameli ikwindawo encinci kodwa ebalulekileyo kumthetho-siseko. Isifungo siyimfuneko ```````Iinkundla''''. Okunye sisiqinisekiso sobungangamsha'', singumzekelo wemo-mfaneleko kunye nemo yemeko yokuthatha i-desidenti. Noko ke, ukunyanzelisa kwayo kusondele kumasebe ezobupolitika: iKhomishini ekuqinisekiseni amavoti, iNdlukhwe ekhoyo, iNdlukhwe egangeniswe kwiimvavanyo zokuvota, kunye nokuvota. Ityala liyekile ukungenelela ekuvoti-kungamelani impikiswano, ukucaphula imfundiso yezobupolitika, ukuma, nokuhlonela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Noko ke, imizekelo ekwakhelwe kwimiqatha, i-Neagle. [FLT] i-egromes, kwaye ikhomba esemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni, i-ogqwesi, i-ogracreyinwe, i-ograc.[5]

Ukuqonda la matyala nemigaqo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda umthetho womgaqo-siseko, ulawulo, okanye ukutshintsha koxolo kwegunya. Isifungo somongameli sihlala singaphezulu kunesithethe; yimbopheleleko esemthethweni edibanisa ihambo yentloko yesigqeba solawulo kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga inqaku le-LII leQumrhu II [ kunye nesiseko sesiseko senkundla ephezulu.