Imfundiso yeNgqungquthela ime njengenye yezona ziphuhliso ziphambili zomthetho-siseko waseMelika. Ngokusetyenziswa kwayo, inkululeko esisiseko efakwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo , ngokubopha kuphela urhulumente wezwe(*) yanda ukunqanda urhulumente kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Olu tshintsho alwenzekanga ngesiquphe; lwavela kungcelele lwemfazwe enzima engokwasemthethweni ephakathi kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ukuya kule ngoku. Lunganye ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo luvavanyanisa ukufikelela kwe-IdProcrandmentmentation of the Intelligement Claus, ulwalamano lwale phakathi korhulumente norhulumente, kwaye lungamalungelo azimisele ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kulo lonke uhlanga. Ukuqonda ucelomngeni lwembali olubandakanya umgangatho wolawulo lwangoku kunye nengxoxo yolawulo lomntu ngamnye oluqhubekayo.

Imvelaphi Yemfundiso Engokwahlukileyo

Isizukulwana esisekiweyo asizange silindele ukuba iBhili yamaLungelo iza kusebenza kumazwana. IBhunga lokuqala lacebisa ukuba iSiphendu sokuqala seshumi silungiswe njengezithintelo kurhulumente wezwe osandul' ukudalwa, iplani eqinisekiswe ngokucacileyo yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Barron v. Baltimore (1833). Kulo mbono uPhondo wavumelanayo, iSigqeba esinguJohn Marshall wayekholelwa ukuba iSinyusi seFind-Pramende sokuthatha u-Claus asibopha isixeko sase-Baltimore ngenxa yokuba iBrill yamaLungelo isebenza ngokuchasene norhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Kwiminyaka esixhenxe elandelayo, amatyala ayekhululekile ukuba amkele ukhuseleko lwawo ngokwawo.

Ilizwe latshintsha emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya. IReconstructon Amendments, ingakumbi iSinyuso seshumi elinesine esagunyaziswa ngo1868, sazisa imida emitsha kumandla karhulumente. Icandelo Lokuqala loMgaqo-nkqubo livakalisa oku: “Akukho rhulumente oya kwenza okanye aqhube nawuphi na umthetho oya kuvala okanye ukukhusela abemi baseUnited States; okanye naliphi na iLizwe aliyi kumhlupha na umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho; okanye alikhanyele nabani na onegunya elilinganayo lokhuseleko lwemithetho.” La mazwi aya kuba yisiseko sombhalo we-Incorpoigation Doctries, kodwa injongo yawo yayikhuphikiswa ngokukrala kwasekuqaleni.

Ityala leNdlu yeNdlu eHlalisayo (1873), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalunciphisa kakhulu ufikelelo lwamalungelo okanye u-Immunion Clause, ibambe ukuba ikhusele kuphela iseti enciphileyo yamalungelo obumi besizwe kwaye ayisoziqinisekiso ezibanzi ezifunyenwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo. Esi sigqibo savala yindlela enye enokwenzeka ekukhuseleni amalungelo esizwe. Endaweni yoko iNkuNkundla yajika yayama i-"ichaza ukuquka iinkululeko ezithile ze-"akanakuba anokungaveli komgxube--mntlukwano. Oku kumele ukuba kuchazwe i-Incoration Doctrine ngenkulungwane ezalandelayo.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwabonwa ukukhutshelwa kokuqala kwempumelelo kwale ngcamango. Ukujija v. New Jersey (08), iNkundla yavuma ukuba ezinye iiBhili zokhuseleko lwamalungelo zinokuba “zingumdla” kwaye ngaloo ndlela zifakwe kwinkqubo efanelekileyo, nangona zazingakusebenzisi ukusebenzisa ilungelo nxamnye nomahluko nxamnye nowesiqu senqanawa kulo mbandela. Imbewu ibityalwe, kodwa idityalwe ngokupheleleyo ifuna uthotho lwemingeni.

Ucelomngeni Lokuqala Nokuqalisa Kokhetho

Gitlow v. New York (1925): Ukuvuleka kweCracking yeFederal Wall

Impumelelo ecacileyo yafunyanwa Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (25). Benjamin Gitlow, umxhasi wentlalo, wagwetywa phantsi komthetho wezolwaphulo-mthetho waseNew York wokukhupha incwadana ekhuthaza ukubhukuqwa kukarhulumente. Ngokubhexeza, amagqwetha akhe aphikisa ukuba uMphengululo wokuqala wathetha ngenkululeko ekhululekileyo ukhuselekile kwityala. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yavuma ukuva ityala, yaye ngoxa ekugqibeleni yaxhasa ukuthembeka kweGitsow kwiimfanelo (ukufumana ukuba intetho ayikhuselwanga ngenxa yokuba iveliswe “ingozi ekhoyo”), iNkukhundla lweziko lomthetho isenza isibhengezo esisemthethweni: “ngenxa yeenjongo ezikhoyo kwaye isenza inkululeko yokuthetha.

Le ntetho-yading--asethi ingeyomfuneko kumthetho wokuphatha, ityikitya ukuba iNkundla yayikulungele ukusebenzisa ukhuseleko lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kumazwana. IGitlow yaba lityala lokuqala apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaquka ngokucacileyo ilungiselelo leBhili yamaLungelo ukutyhubela i-14th Rescreate Procession Clause. Isigqibo savula ucango ukuze kungenelwe ukhuselo lwamatyala alandelayo, kwaye ixesha lokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango ekhethekileyo liqalisiweyo.

Ityala Elincinci Lesiphelo Senqanawa

Kwiminyaka elandela iGitlow, iNkundla yaquka amanye amalungelo amaninzi okuHlaziya kokuqala. Stomberg v. California (1931) yawisa umthetho wesizwe othintela ukuboniswa kweflegi ebomvu, ibandakanya ilungelo lenkululeko yendibano kunye nentetho yomfuziselo. [[FLT:] ne-Nennesorfe [61] [[FLT] [12] wasebenzisa isivakalisi sokucofa esikhululekileyo kumazwe, emisela ukuba izithintelo zangaphambili zazingamkelekanga zimele imilinganiselo yomthetho yomthetho elungele ukuhlanganisa intlalo yombini nemigangatho yesizwe. [[FLT] [FLD] Jonge] v. [FLT] [FFFFF] [3] [3]

Kodwa iNkundla yanduluka ngobulumko nezinye izilungiso. Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319 [1937], ummangalelwa waphikisa ukuba umthetho kaConnecticut uvumela umthetho ukuba uvumele urhulumente ukuba uvume isigebekele ityala leSiphendu sesihlanu soMphetho-mda ophindwe kabini, awayethi ufanele adityaniswe. IJaji Benjamin Cardozo, ebhalela inkundla, wala ityala. Wakhankanya ukwahlukana okubalulekileyo: kuphela lawo malungelo “awayengawavumelanga umgaqo wenkululeko esemthethweni yenkululeko” kwaye“ awenziwe ngeqhinga kwicebo lokulawula isigwebo saseMelika-20. Ngokunjalo, imbono epheleleyo, ayizange idityaniswe ngenxa yendlela ebanzi yeNkovosasasasayo.

“Inkululeko elungelelanisiweyo” ulungiselelo lukaPalko luza kulawula ukubandakanya amashumi eminyaka. Phantsi kwaloo mlinganiselo, iNkundla ngokuthe ngcembe yongeza amalungelo ukusuka kwiNkundla yesine, yeSihlanu, yeSithandathu, neyesibhozo, kodwa emva kokuba ivavanye ngamnye ngokuchasene nomlinganiselo osisiseko wobulungisa. Le nkqubo yolwandiso ithetha ukuba amalungiselelo amaninzi eBill of Rights ahlala engaqukwanga de kwasemva kwexesha elide(naye) abanye, njengasekunene kwityala elikhulu, akakasetyenziswanga kumazwe.

Adamson Kalifornia (1947): Impikiswano Epheleleyo Yokuhlahlela

Eyona ndlela yokuhlasela engqalileyo yokudibanisa inkundla yeKhalifoniya yavela kuAdamson v. California, 332 U.S. 46 [1947]. . UMlawuli uDewey Adamson wagwetywa ngokubulala kwinkundla yelizwe laseKhalifoniya. Ekumangalelweni, umtshutshisi wathetha ngokusilela kuka-Adamson ukungqina, kwaye ijaji yayalela abachopheli-mthetho ukuba banokufumana isifungo esichasene nokuthula kwakhe. UAdamson waphikisa ukuba oku kuphule ilungelo leFindber Amend Rempliced , awayethi makafakwe ngokupheleleyo nxamnye namatyala. Inkundla ephakamileyo, nge-5-4, ayikhankamela yakhe.

IJaji Felix Frankfurder, ebhalela inkoliso, waqinisekisa iPalko “inkululeko elungelelanisiweyo”. Wakholelwa ukuba iGqibelo loMphetho weNtengo wesihlanu alisetyenziswanga kumazwe nge-Centre Proces Clause kuba ukumangalelwa kwetyala kwakungajongwa ukwenza uBill weSivumelwano samalungelo asemthethweni, hayi umthetho okhethekileyo karhulumente, ube ngumgaqo-siseko. Ukungavumelani nomthetho wemithetho-mthetho. Okungavumelani nomthetho, kwakukhokelwa nguHugosho-Bhala Black Black, kwafaka umbango onamandla wokuziphikisa. Umngxube we-ongqungqungqungquthela waphikisa ukuba intsingiselo yokuqala ye-145th Amend Reconsole okanye i-Haumeter Caserners (igcon), u-Oultrain, u-Gracce Dougn, u-Grence (upt) u-Genen, u-Grectory (upt) wadiyo dibanisa namalungelo, ngokubhekelwayokunyelela phambili,

Adamson akazange awutshintshe umthetho; iNkundla yaqhubeka isebenzisa igalelo elikhethiweyo. Kodwa ukungavumelani okunamandla kwaphakamisa ingxoxo equkelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu lentetho yomGaqo-siseko. Nangona imbono yabamnyama ingazange ilawule abaninzi, yaphembelela izigqibo kamva yaza yanyanzela iNkundla ukuba icacise ngokucacileyo isizathu sokuba amanye amalungelo abe angundoqo, amanye angabi njalo. Ityala lihlala liyi-scread yengxoxo emalunga nemvelaphi yokuqala, ne-textism, kunye nendima efanelekileyo ye-judiciary.

Ucelomngeni Lwamva Nokwanda KobuGqwerha

Isenzo Sezaphuli - mthetho NeNkundla YaseWarren

Owona mlinganiselo uphawulekayo wokwanda kweNgqungquthela yeSikolo seNtutho kwenzeka phantsi kweJaji ePhakamileyo u-Earl Warren kwi-1960. INkundla yaseWarren yalwamkela umgangatho ovaliweyo kaFrankfurter “wokusesikweni ngokwezimfanekiso” exhasa umthetho lowo naliphi na ilungiselelo lawugqala“ njengosekelwe kwizithethe nakwisazela zabantu bethu kangangokuba ugqalwe njengonokubaluleka” uzakufakwa ngokupheleleyo, kunye nazo zonke iziko zayo ezisemthethweni. Oku kwakhokelela ekuphembeleni kwesizwe amalungelo eenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iimeko ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961): waquka umthetho wesine woMphengululo owenziwe ngokwesiHlazo, ukuvala amaphondo ekusebenziseni ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Waquka uHlaziyo lweSithandathu lweSithandathu nelungelo lokunika isiluleko, eqinisekisa igqwetha kubamangalelwa abangengomalungisa kwiimeko zetyala.
  • Malloy v. Hogan (1964): Ngaphezu kolawulo luka-Adamson ngokwenxenye, ukuquka ilungelo lokuLandlwa-hlulwa kweSihlanu nxamnye nokuzirhwebela.
  • Pointer v. Texas (65): waquka uHlaziyo lweSithandathu lweSithandathu lungelo lokujamelana namangqina.
  • Klopefer v. umNtla Carolina (1967): Wadibanisa uHlaziyo lweSithandathu kuvavanyo olukhawulezileyo.
  • Duncan v. Louisiana (1968): Waquka uHlaziyo lweSithandathu kunelungelo lokugweba kwityala labagwebi elinzulu.

Ekupheleni kwexesha leWarren, phantse zonke iindibaniselwano ezifunyenwe kumaphondo okuqala asibhozo. Okunye okuphambili okuchaseneyo yayikukukuhlalo lwesithathu loMthambeko (olungazange luchazwe kumongo wokwenziwa) iSindululo seNkqutyana sokuchophela amatyala, ityala leSigwebo soMgwebo seSizwe, ityala leJaji yeJaji elungileyo, kunye neSixhungu soMphengululo lwebhedulo lwebheth-bhedu (nakuba iSidloboso esineyo neSigwebo esingaqhelekanga uClausle wafakwa kwi [[FLT: 0]Robson v. (1862). ). I-Incoration Reconstrison [[Activementment]).

Ucelomngeni Lwesibini Lokulungiswa Komhlaba: Heller NoMcDreald

Eyona ntsinda-nzima yasemva kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini neyesibini- yokuqala yocelomngeni kuHlaziyo lwamaGama aquka ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo. Kwiminyaka engamashumi eminyaka, uLwazi lwesibini lokuLandlwa kwaqondwa ukukhusela ilungelo elidityanisiweyo elibotshelelwe kwinkonzo yamaqela, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasoloko ingafuni ukuva ucelomngeni. Olu tshintsho lutshintshwa [nge nge-Grioontalty of Columbia v. Heller (2008), apho iNkuko, ngevoti evulekileyo, ingu 5-4, ikholelwa ukuba ukuHlunyuselwa kweSibi soMbetho kukhusela umntu ekunene ukuba abe nesixhobo sokuzidubula ngaphakathi ekhaya. Noko ke, iHellrey wathetha kuphela kwingingqi yephondo leFilime-59, kunye ne-edioth.

Loo mbuzo waphendulwa kwiminyaka emibini kamva uMcDonald v. IsiXeko seChicago, 561 U.S.742 (2010). . Otis McDonald, ummi waseChicago, wacel ’ umngenisi wesixeko, waphikisa ukuba uGqibeko lwesibini lwafakwa phakathi koMphetho-Mdambini weSine. Inkundla yavumelana, kodwa ityala lahlulahlula ingqiqo efanelekileyo. Uluvo olubhalwe nguSamuel Alito, luxhomekeke kwiMsebenzi weSicwangciso somnyaka, ucaphula umqathango ngoku ozikhethileyo. UClance, uCrencel, ngoku ungenisa umgaqo owenzileyo kumgwebo, wanikela indlela eyahlukileyo: wavumelana nokokuba i-Immagnous kufuneka ikhuselwe kwakhona.

McDonald waba sisisongelo esiphawulekayo sabaxhasi beSibini soMphetho-Mdaliso kwaye wabonakalisa ukuba iNkundla yoLawulo ihlala ingummandla onamandla nokhuphisanayo. Kwakhona yavuselela umdla wobuchule nowokugweba kuMalungelo okanye iNkundla ka-Claus njengenye indlela yokusebenzisa inqwelo-mafutha, nangona iNkundla ingakayamkeli loo ndlela kuyo nayiphi na imeko elandelayo.

Iingxoxo Eziqhubekayo Namalungiselelo AngeyoNtsebenziswano

Nangona kufutshane ukuqukunjelwa kweBhili yamaLungelo, amalungiselelo aliqela ahlala engekho kufikelelo loMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine. Owona ubalulekileyo ngowokuba:

  • FINT [Indawo Yolwandiso yeGrand Jury Indictivement Claus: Kwi Hurtado v. California (1884], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayivumanga ukufuna ukuba kubekho amazwe asebenzisa iijaji ezinkulu; esi sigqibo asizange sipheliswe. Malunga nesiqingatha samazwe asasebenzisa izigwebo ezinkulu zejaji, kodwa umGaqo-siseko awubanyanzeli ukwenza njalo.
  • ISichibiyelo seSihlalo se-ovile se- Jury tyala Ekunene: Inkundla ePhakamileyo ebanjelwe iMinneapolis & St. Louis Railroup Co. v. Bombolis (16) ukuba uhlaziyo lweSendetic aluququki. Ngoko ke anokuthi abeke umda iimvavanyo zejaji yamakhaya, ukuba nje banikezela enye inkqubo.
  • Ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-mthetho okuphindwe ka-3,1] kwamajoni: Ngelixesha ingachazwa ngqo kumongo wemeko-bume, umbhalo nembali icebisa ukuba ingafakwa njengelungelo elingundoqo lokukhusela iindawo zasekhaya zobuqu, kodwa akukho tyala liphakamileyo eliye lathetha ngayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] ISiminselo soMphetho-mda we-Ounce Bail Claus: Nangona izigwebo ezinobundlobongela nezingaqhelekanga zafakwa eRobinson, ilungiselelo lebheyile eligqithisileyo alisetyenziswanga ngokusemthethweni kumazwe, nangona iinkundla ezisezantsi ngokuqhelekileyo zicinga ukuba zikho.

Imodeli ekhethayo ishiya ngolu hlobo ithetha ngobhetyebhetye kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho neyoluntu, isibakala esiqhubeka sivelisa ingxengxezo kunye nengcaciso yophando. Abanye abahlalutyi bathi amalungelo angengabo afanele asetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo; abanye bayavuma ukuba imilinganiselo yorhulumente ithethelela ukuvavanya amazwe.

Imiphumo Yocelomngeni Lwembali

Uloyiso Lokukhetha Isiqinisekiso

Owona mphumo uhlala uhleliyo wembali yocelomngeni kwiNkqutyana yeNtloko yoBukho beNtlalo yeNkqutyana kukusekwa okuqinileyo kokubandakanya okuzizizizo njengenkqubo yolawulo. INkundla ayizange yamkele ingcamango epheleleyo yokuququzelela ikhuselwa nguMnyama okanye imfundiso yokuququzelela okupheleleyo kunye nokukhuthazwa nguMphathi uMurphy. Endaweni yoko, iye yasebenzisa iBhili nganye yamaLungelo iqinisekisa kwiimeko emva kokuzimisela okucacileyo ukuba ilungelo lisisiseko kwinkululeko nokusesikweni. Le ndlela ivelise isiqu somthetho esingulwandiliseko noluvo lolwandoqo, ivumela iNkulungisa imigaqo etshintshayo ngaphandle kokutshintsha imigaqo yezo ezimeleyo ngaphambi kokuba ilandele imizekelo.

Ukusebenzisa okukhethiweyo ukudibanisa kukwagcinelwe indima yovavanyo lwephondo kwiindawo apho ukulingana kwakungafunwa ngokomGaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, ngenxa yokuba uLawulo lweNyengo lwesixhenxe lungafakwanga, amazwe akhululekile ukuseka imiqobo eyahlukeneyo yokuvavanya abachopheli-mthetho kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni. Ngokufanayo, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho elawulayo engolulo luvumela ukusebenzisa ezinye iindlela ezisetyenziswayo ezibuphicociweyo ezifana nokuva kokuqala. Oku kubhexeka kubonisa indlela yomgaqo-siseko sorhulumente ngexesha uqinisekisa ukuba eyona nkululeko ibalulekileyo ikhuselwe kwilizwe lonke.

Impembelelo KumaPhondo NakuMandla Okugweba

Imfundiso eHlanganyekileyo iguqule ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi korhulumente worhulumente wesizwe namazwe. Ngaphambi kweGitlow, amazwe aye aphantse azimele ngokupheleleyo ekuchazeni inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho nenkululeko yabemi. Emva kokuqulunqwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yaba ngumgwebi opheleleyo wezobulungisa besizwe, ihlolisisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni kunye neenkolelo phantsi kwemilinganiselo efuna ingqwalaselo yamaLungelo. Olu tshintsho lunconywa njengoluyimfuneko ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ekuxhatshazweni okungundoqo, kodwa lukwagxekwa nangegunya elingundoqo lejaji elilawulayo neliquququzelelwayo likarhulumente.

Indima yeNkundla iye yanwela ngaphaya kokuchazwa nje kombhalo ukuze iquke uhlolo oluphangaleleyo lwamalungelo “asekelwe kwisiseko". Uphando olungaphephekiyo lubandakanya izigwebo zokuziphatha nezembali, kwaye luye lwakhokelela kwiimpikiswano ezibukhali ngokuthintelwa kwekomiti ngokuchasene ne-as komiti. Iimpikiswano kwiimeko ezifana noPalko noAdamson zilumkisa ukuba iNkundla iyakuba “yindawo ephezulu ephezulu” ukuba ide ifakelwe ngokukhululekileyo amalungelo. Abaxhasi be-Contitiontion, noko ke, baphikisa ukuba i-145th Amend Reformation yenzelwe ukumisela imidanti yomthetho elawula igunya, kwaye iNkuNkundla imele iyenze loo midale ngamandla.

Ukuqhubeka Uphakamisa: Amalungelo Amatsha Neengxoxo Zakudala

Imingeni yembali kwiNkqutyana yemfundo ayiyomfundo nje; iyaqhubeka ibumba iimpikiswano zangoku. Umzekelo, ingxoxo mayelana namalungelo okanye ii-Immunities Clause iphinde yavela kwiimeko eziphathelele amalungelo emipu, ukuqhomfa, kunye nenkululeko yezoqoqosho. Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [2022] [Fomen's Organization] [Fold Organization] [12222], iNkuyilo lweNkuvolo-" oluthiwe. Wade neCanteved Parenty v. Casey, ibambe ukuba ukuHluliswa kweMiqathango ye-14 akukhuseli lungelo lokuqhola isisulo. Esombululweni sembali nokuba ngaba ukuqhomfa kusekelwe “kwe ngokunzulu kwimbali kwimbali yembali nesithethe sesizwe.[Foctivelvey] "ixod Resorn brances's of the trations of the travotions of the travotions, ithetha ithection, erle

Ngokufanayo, uHlaziyo lwesibini lusaqhubeka luyinto ephilayo. Emva kokuba uMcDonald, iinkundla ezisezantsi ziye zazama ukusebenzisa “uvavanyo olubalulekileyo” lokwenza ulawulo kunye nemithetho yemipu yasekuhlaleni. Isigqibo sakutshanje seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- iNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bren (2022) [FLT:] icacisa ukuba uLawulo lwesibini lukhusela ilungelo lokuphatha izibham, kwaye ithi isenokuthethelela kuphela imiqathango yemiqathango yemipu ngokubonisa “isithethe esibubuxoki” somthetho. Olo vavanyo luphinda ugxininiso ngqo kwimbali nesithethe sesithethe sokuxhasa i-jurisprrudender kunye nesithethe njengesiseko sokuphatha amalungelo angundoqo.

I-Incorporation Doctrine ikwadibanisa iingxoxo zale mihla malunga nokuhlaziywa komthetho, ukuphicothwa komthetho, ukuphenduliswa kwamapolisa, kunye nokuziphendulela ngamanani. Umzekelo, ukukhusela kweSine soMphetho-mvandedwa ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni, njengokuba kuqukiwe ku-' Mapp v. Ohio, ngoku isebenza kurhulumente nakumthetho wasekuhlaleni. Inkundla ifanele ilungelelanise ukhuseleko kubugcisa obutsha obufana neecell, iGPPPPG, kunye nee-drones. Ityala ngalinye elitsha lixhomekeke kwisiseko sokuba ukuQokelela kweSiHlazi soHlanu sokuHlaziselwa komthetho kubandakanya amareyinti-Prosolitive.

Isiphelo

Inkcaso engokwembali kwiNguquko yeNguquko yoMgaqo-siseko oNgqongqo-siseko, ingxoxo ekrakra, kunye nenkululeko ekhulayo. Ukusuka kwidictum eGitlow eyavula ucango olukhokelela ekuhlaziyweni kwamalungelo esizwe, ngokulinganisa ngenyameko iPalko, ukungavumelani ngokupheleleyo noAdamson, utshintsho olupheleleyo lweNkundla yesibini equkunjelwe kwiNkundla yeSibini eGenerald, kunye nokukhuselwa kweMiphetho yesibini equlukileyo eMcc, le mfundiso iye yajika yaba ngumqulu oyintloko womthetho weSizwe saseMerika. Iqinisekise ukuba inkululeko edweliswe kwiBhili lamaLungelo ayithetho-Rhonson, kodwa ayithenjiswa nje kuphela kurhulumente worhulumente kodwa inyanzekile, ikhuselwa ngokunjalo, ikhuselwa ngokuchasene norhulumente oqhangenwayo.

Kodwa imfundiso ihlala ingaphelelanga kwaye iphikiswa. Amalungiselelo angadityaniswanga, ingqalelo entsha kuMalungelo okanye kuma-Immunities Claus, kunye nokusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo kohlalutyo lwamalungelo asisiseko kwimiba emitsha konke kubonisa ukuba iNguquko ayiyoprojekthi egqityiweyo. Yinkqubo ephilayo apho iinkundla ziqhubeka zikhupha ingxubusho phakathi kwamaxabiso aphikisanayo olawulo, inkululeko, kunye nemithetho esesikweni. Ukuqonda imingeni eyakha imfundiso − kunye neziphumo ezizivezileyo zibonisa ukuba imfuneko yokuba nabani na ofuna ukuqonda intsingiselo yale mihla le Bhili yamaLungelo namandla ahlala elishumi elinesine.