Uhambo lomthetho ukusuka kwingqiqo ukuya kuqikelelo yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ebandakanya amaqondo amaninzi kunye nentsebenziswano yabasemacaleni abahlukeneyo. Ukuqonda olu hambo kubalulekile kubafundi nakubafundisi, njengoko lunika ukuqonda ngendlela imithetho ebumba ngayo ibutho labantu nempembelelo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Imithetho ayimi ndawonye; iyaguquka isuka kwingxoxo yezopolitiko, igalelo likawonke-wonke, kunye nokuhlola kwequququzelela. Eli nqaku lihamba kwisigaba ngasinye somthetho ̱ i-sclecracle, ukusuka kwingqiqo yokuqala ukuya kwiziphumo zehlabathi zokwenene, ukuzoba nemizekelo eyahlukeneyo yemithetho kunye nokubalaselisa iindima eziphambili ezidlalwa ngabagwebi, abalawuli, abalawuli, nabahlali-zwe.

Ukuqonda Ingcamango Yomthetho

Umthetho yinkqubo yemithetho esungulweyo nenyanzelwa ngamaziko entlalo okanye ngoorhulumente ukulawula indlela yokuziphatha. Imithetho isebenza njengemigaqo yoko kuvumelekileyo noko kungeyo kwibutho labantu. Ingqiqo yomthetho inokuqhawulwa ibe ziinxalenye eziliqela ezingundoqo:

  • Ukwahlulwa komthetho: ngumthetho osesikweni wemithetho elawula uluntu, exhaswa ligunya lorhulumente.
  • Imithetho ye-[FURT:0] ilungiselelwe ukugcina ucwangco, ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, ukucombulula iimpikiswano, nokukhuthaza okusesikweni kwentlalo. Ikwanika ubuchule, inceda abantu namashishini bacebe indlela abaziphatha ngayo.
  • Uhlobo lwemithetho:[ lungabekwa ngokwamaqela entlobo ezahlukeneyo kuquka imithetho esesikweni (edluliselwe yimithetho yowiso-mthetho), imithetho eqhelekileyo (evezwe kwizigqibo zenkundla), imithetho yolawulo (elawulwa ngamaqumrhu karhulumente), kunye nemithetho yesiseko (imigaqo yesiseko elinganisela amandla karhulumente).
  • Imithombo yoMthetho: Kumazwe amaninzi, umthetho usuka kumgaqo-siseko, izivumelwano, imimiselo, imimiselo, nemiqathango. Ukuqonda imigangatho yezi mithombo kungundoqo ekuqondeni indlela omnye umthetho onokuthi uxolele omnye.

Iintsalela Zokwenza Imithetho: Ukusuka KwiIdea Ukusa Kwimithetho

Inkqubo yokuyila umthetho ilandela amaqondo aliqela, ngalinye elinendima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni umthetho wokugqibela. Ngelixesha iinkqubo ezizodwa zihluka ngokwamandla (umz., urhulumente wezwe, iinkqubo zomongameli), imigangatho jikelele ihlala ithe tye.

Ukudrafta kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenqanawa

Ingcamango yokuqala yomthetho ingavela kwimithombo emininzi: ummisi-mthetho ’ usukelo lwenkqubo, isithembiso sephulo, isiganeko sentlekele, okanye ukukhutshelwa kwezakhono ngamaqela abantu kunye nabemi. Ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe, izicelo zisoloko zibhaliswe ziingcali ezingokwasemthethweni, iinkonzo zemithetho, okanye amagqwetha karhulumente. Ezi drafti mazichane, njengoko ulwimi olucacileyo lungakhokelela kwiziphumo ezingacwangciswanga okanye kwimingeni esemthethweni.

Isiqinisekiso Neyokuqala Yokufunda

Umthetho wobubhali ucetyiswa ngokusemthethweni kwiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho, elibizwa ngokuba yimithetho. Kwinkqubo ye-bidamal (njengeKhonklare yase-U.S. okanye iPalamente ye-UK), ityala liveliswa kwigumbi elinye lokuqala. Ukufundwa kokuqala kusebenza njengesibhengezo sikawonke-wonke sephepha-mthetho i’ isihloko nenjongo; akukho ngxoxo ikhoyo kweli qonga. Oku kubonisa ukuqala kwenkqubo yemithetho-mthetho.

Ulwazelelelo lweKomiti

Inkoliso yamatyala ibhekiswa kwiikomiti ezikhethekileyo ezibamba ukuva, eziqokelela ubungqina obungoochwepheshe, kunye nengxoxo. Iikomiti yi- ̴ ii-hospors ̵ zezindlu zowiso-mthetho; zicoca iingcamango ezibuthathaka okanye ezingacaciswanga kakuhle kwaye zicombulula ezithembisayo. Umzekelo, Iindlela zendlu yase-U.S. kunye neKomiti ehlola irhafu kunye nomthetho wengeniso. Imithetho yemithetho yemithetho isenokulungiswa kakhulu okanye ibekwe endaweni yayo ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lesigaba.

Ingxoxo Nomsebenzi Oseluphahleni

Emva kokuvunywa yikomiti, ityala liqhubekela kumgangatho wegumbi ukwenzela ingxoxo evulekileyo. Abameli baphikisana okanye baphikisana nemali, bacebisa ukubuyiselwa, kunye nokuzama ukwakha inkxaso. Imithetho yengxoxo iyahluka: ezinye iinkqubo zivumela ingxoxo engenasiphelo (i-filibuster kwiBhunga le-U.S.), ngoxa ezinye zimisela imida engqongqo yexesha. Ukuba irekhonti idlula, iyahamba iye kwenye igumbi (ukuba i-bidamaral), apho inkqubo iphinda iphinda khona. Zombini amagumbi kufuneka avumelane kuguqulelo olufanayo lomthetho.

Iikomiti Zenkomfa Nezixolelwano

Ukuba la magumbi mabini agqitha intlobo ezahlukeneyo zemali, ikomiti yenkomfa (eququzelelwe ngamalungu avela kuzo zombini izindlu) idibana ukuze ixolelanise umahluko. Ukuyekelela ityala kumele kuphinde kuvunywe ngamagumbi omabini. Eli qonga linokuba nengxabano kwaye lisoloko lisiba apho uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluphambili lubethwa khona.

Igunya lesigqeba okanye iVeto

Xa la magumbi omabini egqitha imali efanayo, ithunyelwa kumphathi-mikhosi (umongameli, umphathi-mikhosi, okanye irhuluneli). Umphathi-mikhosi angayisayina kumthetho, ayivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino (i-pocket vento kwezinye iinkqubo), okanye idlulise ityala elicacileyo. I-veto idla ngokungangakhutshwa yivoti enkulu kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, inika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu. Umzekelo, umongameli wase-U.S. uneentsuku ezilishumi zokutyikityo okanye ukurlayitha; ukuba iveto, iBhunga-macamskotho linokusetyenziswa ngobuninzi ababini abakwiziikhiwo zombini.

Ubuchule nokhupho

Emva kwemvume yomphathi onegunya (okanye ukukhutshwa kweveto), umthetho umiselwe ngokusemthethweni kwaye wabelwe inani lommiselo. Upapashwa kwiirekhodi zomthetho ezifana ne-U.S. iMithetho eKhulu okanye i-UḴ umthetho.gov.uk. Umhla osebenzayo uchazwe ngokucacileyo, uvumela ixesha lokuqonda uwonke-wonke kunye nokulungiselela. Eminye imithetho isebenza ngoko nangoko; eminye inolibazisa ukumiswa kokuvumela ulawulo kwakhona.

Indima Yabaxhasi Bemithetho

Abangenisi abaninzi babandakanyeka kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho, ngamnye unegalelo kwiimbono nobuchule obukhethekileyo. Unxulumano lwabo lungamisela umthetho i’ impumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli.

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Abameli:[ Amagosa angenamdla acebisa, aphikisanayo, kunye nevoti kwimithetho. Kufuneka balinganisele iinkolelo zobuqu, amaqonga, kunye nezilangazelelo ze-active.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Iingcali zomthetho kunye namaGqirha: OoGcisa abanika icebiso lobuchule nokuqinisekisa ingcaciso yengxelo ye ̱ ulwimi luvakala ngokusemthethweni. Ubuchule babo bunceda ekuphepheni ukubhaxeka kunye nenkxwaleko yemithetho-siseko.
  • Amaqela e-Advocation kunye nama-Lobbysist: Intlangano ezimela izilangazelelo ezithile [“ishishini, ukusebenza, ukusingqongileyo, okanye amalungelo asekuhlaleni,(ukuzama ukuphembelela abenzi bemithetho ngokuphembelela, uphando, kunye nenkxaso yephulo. I-Lobbing ikhuselwe ekunene kwidemokhrasi ezininzi kodwa ikwanyusa inkxalabo ngempembelelo engafanelekanga.
  • [[NTL:0] Abahlali basekuhlaleni banokuvakalisa iimbono zabo ngokuchotshelwa kwetyala likawonke-wonke, ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo, ngamaphulo onxibelelwano, kunye nokuvota. Abandululi abaphezulu badla ngokunyanzela abalawuli ukuba benze okuthile (okanye bangakukhuphi).
  • Imedia: imbonakalo yoluvo lukawonke-wonke lwemithetho ecetyiweyo, ebalaselisa iinzuzo okanye iingozi. Ugcino-lwazi longeniso lungatyhila iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga okanye iintshukumisa ezifihliweyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] AmaNgqina angoochwepheshe: Ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kweekomiti, izifundiswa, oogqirha, kunye nabantu abachaphazelekayo banika ubungqina obunika ukwazisa iziphumo zobugcisa kunye nentlalo yemali.

Ukuthobela Nokunyanzelisa Imithetho

Xa umthetho uthe wamiswa, kufuneka uphunyezwe kwaye unyanzeliswe ukuba usebenze. Oku kubandakanya amanyathelo aliqela abalulekileyo aguqulela injongo yomthetho kwimpembelelo yehlabathi lokwenene.

Isalathisi solawulo kunye nomthetho

Imithetho emininzi inika abameli borhulumente igunya lokumisela imimiselo enenkcukacha ezichaza indlela umthetho oza kusebenza ngayo. Umzekelo, i-Agency yoKhuselo lweNzalo-bumelo yase-U.Imithetho emininzi ilawula phantsi koMthetho we-Cease Air Act. Le nkqubo yokumiselwa kwayo idla ngokuquka amaxesha okuphendula esidlangalaleni kwaye isenokuthabatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka. Le mithetho iphethe umthetho kwaye iphantsi kohlalutyo olugwetyiweyo.

Ukunyanzelwa Ziimvo Nonyanzelo Lomthetho

Amapolisa, abahloli bolawulo, kunye namaqumrhu akhethekileyo (umz., iKhomishini yezezimali ne-Exchange, i-Food and Drug Administration) asebenza ngokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa. I-Ercessings ibandakanya ukujongwa, ukuphengululwa, ukuhlawulwa, ukupheliswa kwephepha-mvume, okanye ukumangalelwa ngezaphuli-mthetho. Ukusebenza komthetho kuxhomekeke kwinkxaso eyaneleyo, ukuqeqeshwa, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwamaqumrhu phakathi kwamaqumrhu agunya.

Ulawulo Nenkcazelo Yejaji

Iinkundla zitolika zize zisebenzise umthetho, zicombulula iimpikiswano kunye nokunika ingqwalaselo esesikweni. Zikwaqhuba uhlolo lokuchonga ukumisela ukuba umthetho uyavisisana nomgaqo-siseko okanye nemimiselo ephezulu. Iimeko zophawu lwelizwe, njenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ (1954]) kwiU.S., ibumba intsingiselo yemithetho emva kokuba beyimisele. Izigqibo zeJaji zingabetha imithetho okanye zinyanzelele izicawa ukuba ziyilungise.

Ubungqina boluntu kunye noqhagamshelwano

Ukufundisa uluntu ngomthetho omtsha kunye nentsingiselo yawo kubalulekile ekuthobeleni ngokuzithandela. Ushicilelo loorhulumente lukhupha, luhlaziya iiwebhsayithi ezisemthethweni, luqhube amaphulo okufundisa. Umzekelo, xa kwaqaliswa imithetho yesihlalo, amaphulo okulumkisa abantu achaza iinzuzo nezigwebo zokungathobeli. Ukungazi umthetho kunqabile ukukhusela, ngoko ke unxibelelwano olucacileyo luyimfuneko.

Ukujongwa nokulungiswa

Nasemva kokuzalisekisa, imithetho ayimi ndawonye. Iimithetho zongamela zibamba iindlebe zokujonga umthetho i’ ukuphumelela. Ingxelo yezezimali ezikhoyo malunga nobalo-manani, kunye nabafaki-mathiriyeli bacebisa ukubuyiselwa. Umthetho odala iingxaki ezingakhange zicwangciswe okanye zilungiswe. Amandla okuhlola nokuqulunqwa kwemithetho ethile ngexesha elithile.

Ucelomngeni Lokwenza Imithetho

Uhambo lomthetho lunemingeni. Iimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zingayitshintsha inkqubo yokwenza umthetho, ukulibaziseka, okanye ukululaza ukuphunyezwa.

  • Ukwenziwa kwemithetho ibe yiProtalical: kwezobupolitika ezidityanisiweyo zingathintela ukuvumelana nokulibazisa ukudlula kwemithetho. Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho eziphangaleleyo, kwanotshintsho oluxhaswe ngokubanzi lungadityaniswa ngokuqhuba kwe-athom kunye nee-filibbuster.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uluvo lobuProfeksi kunye noTshikelelo lwe Media: Ukutshintsha iimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke kungaphembelela abaququzeleli bomthetho kwaye kuguqule icebo lemithetho ecetywayo. Noko ke, ugxininiso olunzulu logcino-lwazi lungakhokelela kwimithetho ecwangcisiweyo engqineke iphothekile kamva.
  • Izixhobo ezithintelweyo zemali kunye nabasebenzi zinokuthintela ukuphunyezwa nokugcinwa komthetho osebenzayo. Umthetho ofuna uhlolo olutsha lomgaqo-nkqubo ungangaphumeleli ukuba abameli abanabasebenzi okanye abacwangcisi.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Imingeni ePhakamileyo kunye neNkqutyana yezeeJaji: imithetho okanye imimiselo emitsha ingajamelana neengxaki zenkundla ezikhawulezileyo, ukulibazisela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho nokubangela ukungaqiniseki okusemthethweni. Imiqathango yezomGaqo-siseko ingabetha iinxalenye ezibalulekileyo zomthetho, njengoko zibonwa kwicandelo loMthetho wenkathalo ofanelekileyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ubhaqo kunye neMdla okhethekileyo: amaqela anamandla anomdla angashenxisa umthetho kude kumdla kawonke-wonke, afake izikhalazo okanye amavale utshintsho. Imithetho yezemali yenkamkelo izama ukulawula le mpembelelo, kodwa amaqhina ayaqhubeka.
  • Ukulandelana kunye noManyano: Kwinkqubo zorhulumente ezinjenge-U.S., iJamani, okanye i-Indiya, imithetho kufuneka iqhube imithetho egqithisileyo phakathi koorhulumente besizwe kunye nabezizwe. Ukufakelwa kwenkqubo kungahluka-hluka ngokwemimandla, kudala ukungalungelelani nokudideka.

Imizekelo Yokwenene Yasehlabathini: Uhambo Lwemithetho Engenakukhanyelwa

Ukuzekelisa uhambo lomthetho, qwalasela imizekelo emibini eyaziwayo yamazwe awahlukeneyo namaxesha.

UMthetho waMalungelo oLuntu wase-U.S. ka-1964

Lo mthetho ubalulekileyo walwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Uhambo lwayo lwaqala noMongameli John F. Kennedy ̱ izicelo zonyaka ka-1969 zamalungelo amakhaya. Ityala lamelana nenkcaso ekrakra ekwakheniswe ngayo iBhosa. Imithetho yasebenzisa ubuchule bakhe bezobupolitika kunye novelwano lukawonke wonke ukunyanzela phambili. Yadlula iNdlu nendlu ngenkxaso yeBhartisanton kwaye yaphumelela kwi-SGenevaltriast. Emva kokutyoliswa kwayo kwatyikitywa umthetho (EO) kwafuneka ukuba abameli abatsha (E-E) basebenze kunye neengxaki zezomthetho, kodwa iNkulawula umgaqo-mthetho olawulayo.

Utshintsho Lomthetho Wemozulu WeUK 2008

Lo mthetho wamisela ixhoba elibotshelelwe ngokusemthethweni ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu ngo-80% ngo-2050 (kuthelekiswa nomlinganiselo ka-1990). Olu hambo lwaqala ngokujongana necandelo elinqamlezileyo, ingxelo evela kwi Stern Review yotshintsho lwemozulu, kunye nokungagunyaziswa kwemithetho yezopolitiko. Isivumelwano sedrafti senziwa ngurhulumente weLabource kwaye savavanywa kakhulu ePalamente, kuquka nee-menti zokomeleza amalungiselelo ayo. Safumana i-Royal Asssion forced trandmentments ngoNovember 2008. I-Act yadala iKomiti yeClimate Changes ukucebisa amaxhoba nenkqubela. Igalelo olubandakanya imimiselo emininzi nemithetho, kwaye uMgaqo-mthetho uhlazi-mthetho uhlaziswe (umz. ne-050).

Ukuyityeshela Imithetho Ephumelelayo

Emva kokuba umthetho usebenze kangangexesha elithile, abamisi-mthetho, izifundiswa, kunye noluntu bavavanya ukusebenza kwawo.

  • Iphulo loMsebenzi: Umthetho wafeza iinjongo zawo ezichaziweyo? Umzekelo, umthetho wesihlalo wanciphisa ukufa kweenqwelo-moya?
  • Impumelelo: zaye ziluncedo ngaphezu kwamaxabiso okuzalisekisa nokuthobela? Uhlolo lwemithetho lusoloko lufuneka.
  • Iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga: Ingaba umthetho wavelisa iziphumo ezingezizo ezingezizo, ezifana neemarike ezimnyama okanye ulwandiso lwemithetho yolawulo?
  • [[UMTL:0] Ulwamkelo lwePublic: Ingaba umthetho uhlonelwa kwaye ulandelwe, okanye ngaba ubangela ukuxhathisa okusasazekileyo?
  • [[UMTL:0] Umlinganiselo: Ingaba umthetho uchaphazela wonke amaqela ngokusesikweni, okanye ngaba ufaka umthwalo ongenakulinganiswa kubemi abangakhuselekanga?

Uvavanyo lusoloko lukhokelela ekulungiseni okanye kwezinye iimeko, ukurhoxa. Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho ixhomekeke kumthetho kunokuba ibe yilayini.

Isiphelo

Uhambo lomthetho ukusuka kwingqiqo ukuya kunyanzelo luyinxalenye engundoqo yolawulo olubumba ibala lebutho labantu. Ngokuqonda amaqondo okwenza umthetho, iindima zabagcini-mthetho, ucelomngeni, nemizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene, abafundi nabafundisi bangayiqonda intsingiselo yemithetho kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla nakwimeko-bume. Imithetho zizixhobo eziphilayo, ezisoloko zixutyushwa, zivavanywa, kwaye zicocekile. Ukusebenzisa le nkqubo ngumsebenzi wesi sithethe nendlela eya kwibutho labantu elinobulungisa nelilungeleleneyo.

Ukuqhubeka ufundo, hlolisisa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwi.Gov, i webhsayithi yePalamente UK], kunye neStanford’s [[FLT:] izibonelelo zesikolo [. Ukuqonda uhambo lomthetho onika abemi amandla okuthatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.