Uhambo Lwetyala: Indlela Esebenza Ngayo Inkqubo Yomthetho Ukususela Ekuqaleni Kuse Kuphela

Uhambo Lwetyala: Indlela Esebenza Ngayo Inkqubo Yomthetho Ukususela Ekuqaleni Kuse Kuphela

Inkqubo yomthetho isenokubonakala intsonkothile kwaye isoyikisa. Ukuqonda indlela ityala eliqhubekeka ngayo kwinkqubo esemthethweni kungaphelisa enye yezi ntsogoso. Ukusuka kwixesha impikiswano ikhula ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela ("ukuba uyakwazi ukuhlalisana, ukuvavanya, okanye ukubhena") inyathelo ngalinye lilandela inkqubo eyakhelwe ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Eli nqaku linika inyathelo elinegunya, isikhokelo esikwisikhongozelo sonke setyala loluntu, ukusuka kwingxoxo yokuqala kwisigqibo se-appellette. Ukuba ungumsebenzisi, umfundi, okanye ugqirha ofuna ukucacisa, la macandelo akha amacandelo akhazinzi oqheliselo lwangoku.

1. Iziqhobosho zokuqala zetyala

Olu hambo luqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe nawaphi na amatyala enkundleni. La manyathelo asisiseko amisela indlela aze agqibe enoba loo mbandela uza kuqhubeka kusini na okanye uza kuconjululwa ngaphambi kwexesha.

1.1 Uvavanyo lomxhasi novavanyo lomzekelo

Le nkqubo iqala ngokuthetha phakathi komxhasi negqwetha. Ngethuba lentlanganiso, igqwetha liphulaphula izibakala, lichonga iingxelo zomthetho, lize lihlole iinzuzo zeli tyala. Uhlolisiso olubalulekileyo luquka ummiselo wokusikelwa umda, ukufumaneka kobungqina, kunye nomonakalo okanye amayeza anokufumaneka. Ukuxilonga okucokisekileyo kunceda igqwetha licebisa enoba ukubekwa kweqhinga kuyasebenza okanye ukuba impikiswano engolunye uhlobo (ngokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi okanye ukuthatyathwa kwemiqathango) iya kuba yeyona nto ifanelekileyo. Iinkampani ezininzi zomthetho zinikela unxibelelwano lokuqala kwintlawulo olunciphisweyo okanye ukuhlawula ngesisa, ukuze kufikeleleke ukuze abantu bahlole amalungelo abo.

1.2 Ukuxolisa

Ukuba igqwetha ligqiba ukuba isaziso esisemthethweni sikho, inyathelo elilandelayo kukufaka isikhalazo kwinkundla efanelekileyo. Isikhalazo luxwebhu olusemthethweni oluchaza izityholo zommangaleli, isiseko esisemthethweni sokumangalelwa (ngokufuthi sibizwa “izizathu zenyathelo”), kwaye isindululo sifunwa. Kufuneka sihambisane nemithetho yenkundla ebhaliweyo yendlela yokulungisa, oko kuqulethwe yimali. Isikhalazo sisiqalo esisemthethweni setyala, kwaye simisela iqonga lazo zonke izityholo ezilandelayo. Umzekelo, kwinkundla yorhulumente, isikhalazo kufuneka sinamathele kwi [[FT:] iMithetho yeNtetho kaNombolo yeNteko yoMthetho we-8, kunye nenkqumfatho-o-omrhutho.

Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Xa isikhalazo sithe saqukunjelwa, ummangalelwa kufuneka azise ngokusemthethweni ummangalelwa. Oku kuyaphunyezwa ngokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo", ukunikezelwa kwezicelo kunye nekopi yesikhalazo kummangalelwa. Inkonzo kufuneka yenziwe ngendlela ezalisekisa iimfuno ezifunekayo zenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko, ngokufuthi ngokunikezelwa komququzeleli wobuqu, ngeposi, okanye ngenkqubo yomncedisi. Ummangalelwa ngoko unexesha eliqingqiweyo (ngokuqhelekileyo 21 ukuya iintsuku ezingama-30) ukuphendula. Inkonzo efanelekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa uyayazi ityala kwaye unethuba lokukhusela. Ukungaphumeleli ekuphumeleni kwinkonzo yokugxothwa kwetyala.

2. Iinkqubo zangaphambili

Emva kokuba ityala liqalisiwe kwaye ummangalelwa efake impendulo (okanye intshukumo yokugxotha), isigaba sangaphambi kwetyala siyaqala. Eli lixesha elininzi eliye liqwalaselwe, kodwa kulapho imibandela eyinyaniso neyomthetho icaciswa khona.

2.1 Ukufunyaniswa

Ukufumanisa kuyindlela eqhelekileyo yokunikana inkcazelo nobungqina. Injongo kukuphepha izinto ezingalindelekanga xa kuvavanywa, nokukhuthaza ukwenziwa komsebenzi ngokubonisa amandla nobuthathaka bamacala onke. Izixhobo zokuhlola ziquka:

• Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
• [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ii-imeyili, iifoto, okanye ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo.
• Ukwakhiwa: Umbuzo wamaqela okanye amaqela aphantsi kwesifungo, kunye nomntu ocholacholi-ndaba wenkundla okhoyo.
• [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemvume: iingxelo omnye acela omnye ukuba avume okanye akhanye, acuthe imiba yokuvavanya.

Ubhaqo lulawulwa yimithetho enjenge Umthetho weFoderal 26 (umboniso nemida) kunye nemithetho yenkundla yasekuhlaleni. I-Attorney kufuneka ilawule ukufunyanwa kwe-elektroniki (e-enzationy), equka ii-imeyili, i-menu yentlalo-ntle, kunye neengxelo zamanani. Uhlolo lungathatha iinyanga eziliqela, kwaye lusoloko luqhuba iindleko zokhuthulo.

2.2 Intshukumo yangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, amagqwetha asenokubhala iintlawulo ezahlukeneyo ukucombulula imiba engokwasemthethweni okanye ukulahla ityala kwangoko:

• Intshukumo yokukhupha ityala. Ithetha ukuba isikhalazo asiyi kuchaza ityala okanye inkundla ayinagunya.
• [[UMTL:0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo: ufuna ugwebo kuthanda omnye umntu kuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene ngezibakala zezinto eziphathekayo; inkundla igqiba ngokusekelwe kumthetho kuphela.
• [[UMTL: 0] i-Motion kwi Limine: izicelo zokuba ubungqina obuthile bukhutshwe ekuvavanyweni.

Ezi ntshukumo zixambuliswa phambi kwejaji, ngokufuthi zibhalwe nje kancinane kwaye maxa wambi zithethe ngempikiswano. Ukuba ukwenziwa kwesigwebo esifutshane, ityala liphela ngaphandle kokuvavanywa. Kungenjalo, ityala liqhubekela ekucinyweni.

2.3 Iinkomfa neMithetho yangaphambili

Inkundla isoloko iphethe iingqungquthela eziphambili okanye ezininzi ukuqukumbela ityala. Ngexesha lezi nkomfa, ijaji ixubusha ngocwangciso, iimpikiswano zokufumanisa, kunye nokuhlaliswa kwemiba esenokubakho. Inkundla ingakhupha umyalelo wangaphambi kwe-trication odwelisa imicimbi eza kuvavanywa, amangqina kwaye abonise icala ngalinye lifuna ukusebenzisa, kwaye iingcamango ezingokwasemthethweni. Lo myalelo uba yimaphu yendlela yokuvavanya, kwaye amaqela adla ngokubotshwa yiyo.

3. Inkqubo Yokuvavanya

Ityala liyindawo yoluntu apho kuthethwa khona ubungqina kunye nesigwebo. Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, ukubekwa kwetyala “kukuqwalaselwa kobungqina” (okunokwenzeka ukuba abunakwenzeka), kwaye ityala linokuba phambi kwejaji (ukuvavanywa) okanye inkundla yabachopheli-tyala.

3.1 Ukhetho lwe Jury (Umthunzi wesandi)

Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, inyathelo lokuqala kukukhethwa kwabachopheli-tyala. Abaququzeleli bejaji bayabizwa, yaye abagwebi namagqwetha babuza imibuzo yokutyhila ucalucalulo okanye ikhethe. Icala ngalinye lingasebenzisa “iingxaki zokucinezela” (umgwebi ngaphandle kokunika isizathu) kunye“ nokugweba ngesizathu” (ukuba ijaji ayinakukhetha). Injongo kukuba i-panel i-panel elungileyo nengakhethi khetho. Inani lemingeni yokuziphendulela iyahluka ngokomthetho, kwimicimbi yorhulumente, icala ngalinye lifumana ezintathu.

3.2 Ingxelo yokuvula

Xa ijaji ithe yafunga, iqela ngalinye linikela ingxelo yokuvula. Lo mmangalelwa uqala ngokuchaza ubungqina aceba ukubunikela nebali letyala. Ummangalelwa ulandela, enikela inguqulelo yawo yezibakala. Iingxelo zokuvula aziyompikiswano; zizinto ezijoliswe ngaphambili ubungqina. Ingxelo ephumelelayo yokuvula ibamba ingqalelo yejaji ize ifake isalathisi ngendlela enyanzelisayo.

3.3 Ubungqina

Umba ophambili wetyala kukunikelwa kobungqina. Ummeli uyakwazi ukubiza amangqina kunye nokuzisa umboniso kuqala (i-“cast‘inłap”), elandelwa yimeko yommangalelwa. Ingqina ngalinye lincinwa ngqo kwicala elibizwa ngawo, emva koko linqumla kayikexeminyaniswe liqela eliphikisanayo. Imithetho yobungqina kunye nokunye okungalandela. Imithetho yobungqina ``````````````'''''''''''iyimithetho engaphambili' engqinelayo yobungqina [iiiiityala]] i-govern' ekwazi ukuchana okukhoyo. I-onkcawadiss. I-mvoluementss iphakanyiswa ngemist, iyakhokela, i-ognone, i-ognonest, kunye neminye imithetho egwesa kubagwebi.

Iimpikiswano zokuvala

Emva kokuba bonke ubungqina bunikeziwe, icala ngalinye linika impikiswano yokuqukumbela. Apha, amagqwetha ashwankathela ubungqina, agxininisa iingongoma ezingundoqo, kwaye aphikisane ngesizathu sokuba abachopheli-tyala bafumane uncedo lwabo. Ummangalelwa udla ngokuhamba kuqala, kwangoko ummangalelwa, kwaye ummangalelwa usenokuba nengxoxo emfutshane. Iimpikiswano ezinqamlezayo zithuba lokugqibela lokuqinisekisa ukuba ngqa i jfner, ngoko ke zisoloko zikho ngenkqeza phambili kwaye zicetyiswe ngobuchule.

3.5 Imiyalelo yeJury kunye noLawulo

Phambi kokuba abachopheli-mgwebi barhoxe, ijaji ifunda imiyalelo yetyala elisemthethweni elimele igqitywe yinkundla yamatyala. Le miyalelo igquma ityala lobungqina, ingcaciso yemithetho, kunye neemeko zetyala ngalinye okanye ikhusi ngalinye. Abachopheli-tyala bayakwazi ukwenza amaqhinga ngasese, rhoqo kangangeeyure okanye iintsuku, de bafikelele kwisigqibo esidibeneyo okanye esininzi (abaxhomekeke kulawulo). Ukuba abasebenzi banokungavumelani, ijaji ingathetha ityala.

4. Izigwebo neNkqutyana yePhondo

Isigqibo sibhengezwa kwinkundla evulekileyo, kungenelwe isigwebo esisekelwe kwisigqibo, kodwa inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ayipheleli apho.

4.1 Ukungena koMgwebo

Emva kwesigqibo, inkundla ingena kwisigwebo esichaza isiphumo: ummangalelwa (ngokufumana umvuzo womonakalo okanye omnye ummangalelwa) okanye kwimiqathango ebandakanya imiqathango okanye isiphumlisi, umgwebo ungaquka imiyalelo ekhethekileyo. Iqela eliphumeleleyo kufuneka liqinisekise ukuba umgwebo ubhalwe kakuhle, njengoko kuyimfuneko ukunyanzelisa ukuqokelelwa.

4.2 Intshukumo yasemva

Iqela elilahlekileyo lingafaka ifayile yentshukumo zasemva kwesakhelo ukuvavanya isigqibo. Intshukumo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

• I-Agues ezingekho semthethweni ezixhasa isigqibo.
• [[UMTL:0] Ukungaququzeli kwetyala elitsha: izityholo ezithi iimpazamo ngexesha lokuvavanywa (njengobungqina obungafanelekanga okanye ihambo engafanelekanga yabachopheli-tyala) zalihlutha iqela eliphulukana netyala elilungileyo.
• [[UMTL:0] Imotion ukugqiba umgwebo:[[Umthetho:1] ifuna ukulungisa umlinganiselo womonakalo okanye amanye amagama.

Ukuba akavunywanga, umgwebo uba ngowokugqibela, yaye ixesha lokubhena liqalisa ukuphuma.

5. Inkqubo yezibheno

Nasemva komgwebo wokugqibela, ityala lisenokuqhubeka ukuba omnye umntu usebenzisa ilungelo lokubhena. Izibheno azinatyala kwakhona; zigxininisa kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezenziwa yinkundla yamatyala.

5.1 Ukubhatala isaziso sesibheno

Iqela elifuna uhlolo (ummangali) kufuneka lifake isaziso sesibheno kwinkundla yetyala ngexesha elingqongqo elililo (ngokunjalo iintsuku ezingama-30 ukusuka ekungeneni komgwebo. Ukungaphumeleli ukufaka ifayili ngexesha kuphumele ulahleko lwamalungelo okubhena. Isaziso sichaza umgwebo obhenelayo kunye nenkundla yesicelo esiza kuva ityala.

5.2 Ingxelo ekwisibheno neMifutshane

Ummangali kufuneka ahlanganise irekhodi kwisibheno, equka ikhowudi yokuvavanya, izibongozo, imiboniso, kunye nemiyalelo. Omabini la maqela abeka iingxelo ezibhaliweyo ezifutshane. Impikiswano emfutshane yenkundla yamatyala yenze impazamo engenakuguquka, ngelixesha inkundla yetyala ichaza ukuba umgwebo umele uqinisekiswe. Ezi mfutshane zingobuchule obuphezulu kwaye kufuneka zicaphula umthetho onxulumeneyo kunye neenxenye zerekhodi. Iinkundla ezininzi ze-appellate zivala umgama wephepha/_umzekelo, iNkundla yezibheno yeZibheno isoloko ilinganisela imiba emifutshane kumagama angamashumi amane anesine okanye amaphepha 30.

5.3 Impikiswano equlethwe ngamagama

Ezinye izibheno zigqitywe ngokufutshane, kodwa iinkundla ezininzi zivumela impikiswano yomlomo. Ngexesha lempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, igqwetha ngalinye lecala linexesha elifutshane (ngokuqhelekileyo eliyi 157630 imizuzu) lokuphendula imibuzo evela kwiqela labagwebi. Abagwebi bahlolisisa ukuqiqa okusemthethweni, bavavanye imida yeli nyathelo, yaye maxa wambi babonisa indlela abanokulawula ngayo. Impikiswano yezonothotho zingumsebenzi ophezulu onokuthi uthathe isigqibo.

5.4 Isigqibo

Inkundla enetyala inika uluvo olubhaliweyo, olutyikitywe ngumgwebi omnye okanye abangaphezulu. Isigqibo sisenokuba:

• Isiqinisekiso inkundla egwebayo, ithetha ukuba imile.
• [[UMTL:0] jika umva wesigwebo, ithetha ukuba isigqibo senkundla egwetyiweyo sibekelwe bucala.
• [[UMTL:0] Ityala libuyele kwinkundla evavanyiweyo ukwenzela imicimbi eqhubekayo ehambelana noluvo.
• [[UMTL: 0] Lungisa umgwebo (umz., nciphisa umonakalo).

Kwezinye iindawo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kubhenelwe inkundla ephakamileyo, njengeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., kodwa izibheno ezinjalo zifumaneka ngesigqibo (i-certiori) kwaye azifane zinikwe. Kwizibheno ezininzi, isigqibo se-appellate sisesona sokugqibela.

6.

Ukuqonda uhambo lwetyala ngenkqubo esemthethweni kunika abantu amandla okulawula imiba yabo esemthethweni ngokunempumelelo. Ukusuka ekuhloleni kokuqala nasekufakeni isikhalazo, ngokufumana nokuvavanya, ukuya kutsho emva kokuhamba kwetyala kunye nokubhena, iqonga ngalinye lisebenza injongo eyahlukileyo ekuphunyezweni kobulungisa. Nangona kungekho zimeko zifanayo, iprocessical commental commentation inika isakhiwo esicacileyo nesifanelekileyo sokucombulula iimpikiswano. Ngokuqhelanisa nalana nezi nqanaba , kwaye ufuna isiluleko esisemthethweni esifanelekileyo jiko ngalinye, ungasondela kwinkqubo ngentembelo nangokucacileyo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya, isikhokelo seMelika Bar Association sokusebenza kwenkundla sinika ujongo olunzulu kwinkqubo yokugweba, kunye neCornell Information Institute yenkcazo yendlela yamakhaya [ luzibonelelo oluhle lwemithetho kunye namagama.