Impendulo Ekhawulezileyo: Ukwakha Ukwakhiwa Kokhuseleko Olutsha

Ukuhlasela ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, kwaguqula ngokusisiseko ukujongwa konxulumano lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nolawulo lwasekhaya. Kwiiveki ezimbalwa, iKhomishini yaseUnited States yadlulisela iSigunyaziso sokusebenzisa Umkhosi waBakhosi (AMF), inika igunya elisemthethweni elibanzi kwiphulo elichasene no-Al-Qaeda kunye neentlanganiso zayo. Oku kukhangelwa okungenanto kwangqinelana nokuqulunqwa kotshintsho lwasekhaya. Ukudlula kweUSA PATRIOTTT kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo umthetho onyanzelisayo kunye namaziko akrelekrele, ukukhulula imiqathango ekufumaneni i-data, ukuqokelelwa kwemali.

Ukulungelelaniswa kwakhona okukhulu korhulumente wase-U.S. ukususela kwiSigqeba soKhuselo lweSizwe soMgaqo-nkqubo weNtlango we-1947, kwahlanganisa amasebe ahlukeneyo angama-22 kwisebe elinye lomgangatho wekhabhinethi elijolise ekuthinteleni uhlaselo, ekunciphiseni ukuchanabeka, nasekuncedeni ekuchacheni. Ngezizwe ngezizwe, iSigqeba se-NATO sibhen 5 okwesihlandlo sokuqala kwimbali yaso, sichaza ukuba ukuhlasela kwe-U.S. kwakunguhlaselo kuwo onke amalungu, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekuhlaseleni kweAfghanistan kunye nokurhoxiswa kokuqala kweenkampu zokuqeqesha iAl-Qaeda. Olu kwakhiwa kwesiseko, kwakhiwa ngesantya kunye nombindi, kwamiselwa iprojelo phakathi nokungaphumeleli kwamashumi amabini eminyaka alandelayo.

Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olungqongqo lwezinyathelo eziphambili zobuphekula eziye zaqalwa ukususela ngo-9/11, zivavanya iziphumo zobuchule bazo nxamnye neziphumo zazo ezinde zexesha lobuchule. Injongo kukukhupha izifundo ezingenakususwa ngexesha apho ubunjalo bemeko yeso sisongelo buye bavela kwiinkqubo zabanqolobi ezikwizigqeba zobugrogrisi ukusasaza iingcamango, abadlali abanomntu omnye, kunye neendawo ezihlala abantu abadlala imithambo-mthetho.

Ubuchule bokoyisa: Ubuninzi bobuntlola nesenzo esingqalileyo

Kumgangatho osebenzayo, emva ko-9/11 wonyaka ovelise uthotho lweengqwele zobuchule obungenakuphikwa. Ukwanda okukhulu kwimiqondiso yobukrelekrele (SIGNT), ubukrelekrele bomntu (HIMINT), kunye nolwalamano lonxibelelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe lwafumana iingenelo ezikhawulezileyo ekuphazamiseni uhlaselo olusondeleyo kunye nokuqhelanisa iinkqubo zentlangano.

Ukungahoywa Kweephulo Ezikhulu Zezizwe Ngezizwe

I-Transatlantic Airporant Plot ingaphandle njengempumelelo ephawulekayo yentsebenziswano yobuntlola bomhlaba wonke. IBritane nePakistan, esebenza ngokusondelene neFBI ne-CIA, yaveza icebo lokukhupha iziqhushumbisi ezininzi zenqwelo-moya ukusuka eLondon ukuya eMntla Merika. Iqhinga lathintelwa ngaphambi kokuba liphumele ekupheliseni utshintsho kwimithetho yesikhululo senqwelo-moya yelizwe. Ngokufanayo, isicwangciso sonyaka wama-2009 sikaNajibullah Zazi ukuqhushumbisa inkqubo yenqanawa ehamba ngaphantsi komhlaba eNew York saphazamiseka ngomxube we-mxube we-mphicongo ye-SIGINT, elungelelaniswe yimikhosi yobuGOceli be-FGBPG. Le meko ivumela urhwebo kumaziko eninzi kunye nonxulumano oluvumele ukuba "iquququze kungqubano lwe-ongqungquthela".

Ukupheliswa kokhokelo Nokunyuka kwemisebenzi ejoliswe kuyo

Mhlawumbi owona mqondiso ubonakalayo wempumelelo yobuchule yayikukubulawa kwe-Osama bin Laden ngu-U.S. umkhosi wamanzi ngoMeyi 2, 2011. INkundla iNeptune Spearre yaba yincopho yomsebenzi wobuntlola, emela ukuqinisekiswa ngokupheleleyo "ukufumana, ukulungisa" ubuchule. Ukulahlwa kwe-Bitchen Laden kwanikela isivuthuzelo esikhulu sengqondo ku-Al-Qaeda kwaye kwaqinisekisa ukuxhomekeka okungakumbi kwimikhosi ethile yemisebenzi kunye nemfazwe ye-drone. Oku kwalandelwa kukujoliswa kwexhoba eliqhubekayo le-Al-Qaeda kwimimandla yesizwe sePakistan neYemen, ngokubalulekileyo okuthobhyignobugrabha ukuceba nokuhlasela okuntluntlukwano, ukuhlasela kwentlalo-nga.

Iqhinga lokhokelo laqhubeka ngempumelelo nxamnye norhulumente wamaSilamsi (ISIS). Ukubulawa kwenkokeli yeISIS uAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi kuhlaselo olukhethekileyo lwemisebenzi e-U.S. ngo-2019 kwabonisa ukufikelela okuzingisileyo kwe-U.S. ubulumko kunye namandla emikhosi. Ukulahleka kwe-al-Baghdadi, idi edityaniswe noloyiso lwe-ISSIS calistaate e-Iraq ne-Syria, yakhubaza isakhiwo esisemthethweni sombutho. Kwixesha elingekhulu, oku kuxhobisa impumelelo ecacileyo yempumelelo enokuthi ichazwe yinkqubo yabenzi benkqubo kunye neenkokeli zobuchule njengesiqinisekiso sobuchule bokusebenza kwe-ktic coucissicial e-orchist proving.

Ukwakha Imali Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Emva kwexesha elidlulileyo kwabonwa ukuba linenqanaba elingenakuthelekiswa nanto lentsebenziswano yehlabathi lonke. Ukwenziwa kweBhunga Lemali Lehlabathi Lonke lokuLahla I-SIS, elinamalungu angaphezu kwama-80, kwabonisa ubuchule bonxibelelwano lokudibanisa amazwe ahlukeneyo kusisongelo sokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo. Ngaphezu komsebenzi wemikhosi, ukulandelelwa kwemali yabanqolobi kwaba sisixhobo esiyingozi. ISebe lezezimali lase-U.S., ukusetyenziswa kwamagosa agunyaziswe phantsi kwe-PATRIOT Act kunye nemiyalelo yegunya elilandelayo, kwakhokelela kwimigudu yomhlaba wonke ukutyhala iimpahla, ukuxhasa ii-facillitators, nokuphazamisa imibutho yeebhanki (hawala) esetyenziswa ngabagrogribi. La manyathelo emali, ngoxa ayecotha ukuvelisa iziphumo, ngokuphawulekayo indleko yemiqatha yeendleko yee-oksi kwiimeko zemali ezinyanze ezinokulawulwa lula lula.

Iziphumo Ezifanelekileyo: Imiphumo Engacetywanga Yomkhosi

Ngelixesha isalathisi sobuchule sibonisa ukuphumelela okucacileyo, ikhasi lolungelelwano lobuchule linzima kakhulu kwicala lomonakalo. Isifundo esingundoqo sexesha lasemva ko-9/11 sikukuba uloyiso lobuchule aluziguquleli ngokuzenzekelayo kwimpumelelo ecwangcisiweyo. Kwimeko ezininzi, iindlela ezisetyenziswayo ukuphumelela uphumelele okufutshane okuvezwe iindleko zexesha elide ezingaphezulu kweengenelo zokuqala.

Imfazwe YaseIraq: Intlekele Engaqhelekanga Yobunqolobi

Isigqibo sokuhlasela i-Iraq ngowama-2003 simi njengento ephambili engaphumeleliyo kwiminyaka yasemva kwe-9/11. Ukuhlasela, okugwetyelwe bubuchule obungachananga malunga nezixhobo zomonakalo omkhulu kunye noqhagamshelwano oluthandabuzekayo phakathi koSaddam Hussein noAl-Qaeda, kwavula ibhokisi yePandora yokungazinzi. Ukususwa komkhosi we-Iraq kunye nede-Batai kwabangela inkqubo yokhuseleko enkulu kunye nequkuqela lezixhobo eziqeqeshiweyo, abalwanisi abaqeqeqeshiweyo. Al-Qeda eIraq eIraq (AQI), iqela elalingazange libekho phambi kokuhlasela, lavela kwesi siphithiphithi selizwe, kwaye lavela kwilizwe lobuSlam. Njengokuba yaphawulwa yi-[FLD [F] Bren [FF1], i-Advian yemfazwe elungele ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zemfazwe, i-Advine, i-Advine, i-ogne, i-ogne, eninzi, i-ogne, i-

Imfazwe Engenazicolo Nokudala Iimvuthuluka Ezintsha

Ukuthembela okunzima kwizithuthi zenqwelo-moya ezingalawulwayo (ii-Frones) ukwenzela ukuhlasela okuthelekelelwayo, ingakumbi phantsi kolawulo lwe-Obama, kubonakalisa ngokugqibeleleyo uxinezeleko phakathi kwempumelelo yobuchule kunye negalelo lezixhobo. U Drones wavumela iU.S. ukuba ibethe amaxhoba kwimimandla ekude yePakistan, iYemen, neSomalia enone enobungozi obuncinane kubaphathi baseMelika. Noko ke, inkqubo esebenzayo kwicandelo elisemthethweni neleentloko-grabhanti. Iingozi ze-falifazi, ngelixa liphikiswa ngabantu abaninzi, abachaphazelelwa kakhulu yiminye, ababangela ingqumbo enzima nemvakalelo echaseneyo yaseMerika. Izifundo ze-[FLT] [FLT]] [0] ezithe ngqo kwiSikolo saseMelika exhobisayo, ziqikelela ukuba i-U.

Ukufumana Imali Engaphezulu Kwasekhaya Nokuncipha Kwenkululeko Yamakhaya

Kwindawo yasekhaya, ukuchazwa okude kwegunya elilawulayo kunye namandla okuhlola kwakhokelela ekurhoxeni okuphawulekayo kwenkululeko yabemi. Ukutyhilwa kwemibutho eqokelelwa kakhulu yee-mithatha ye-mitha ye-mine ye-National Security Agency (CON), eyatyhilwa nguEdward Snowden ngo-2013, kwabangela ukuba kubekho ingxoxo yehlabathi lonke ngokuphathelele ubumfihlo nokhuseleko. Iinkqubo ezifana nePRISM kunye nokuqokelelwa kwemida ye-data yefowuni zagunyaziswa ziinkundla ze-data efihlakeleyo phantsi koMthetho we-Interraligion Srilligation Surveillance (FA), esebenza ngokujongelwa okuncinane okanye ngokucacayo. Ngoxa abaxhasi beziphikisa ezi nkqubo zazibalulekile ekulweni kwe-RGrobithi, abagxekiii bethetha ngemiqatha, abagxeki beluthelekele kwiimeko zobugrogrisi, enoba babeyiphanganisa nje abantu abagrogrisi, bathetha ngeminye iziphumo ezibangela zemali ezikhoyo, kunye nokungalawule ze-othoba.

Umhlaba Osisisongelo Ogungqileyo: Ukuqhelana Neentshaba Ezintsha

Ishishini elichasene nobuphekula elayilwa yi-U.S. kunye namahlakani ayo lakhiwa ukuze lilwe notshaba oluthile: Al-Qaeda. Kodwa, isisongelo sakhawuleza kakhulu kunokuba iqumrhu lomthetho lakwazi ukusivumela. Ukuvela kweLizwe lamaSilamsi ngo-2014 kwabonisa ukungaqiniseki okungundoqo kokungalindela iziphumo zemfazwe ye-Iraq kunye nokungazinzi okubangelwa yimfazwe yamakhaya yase-Siriya.

Ukusuka kwi Core Al-Qaeda ukuya kwiISSIS Calip Sute

ISIS sasebenzisa isisongelo e-Syria nase Iraq, sathimba amasebe amakhulu, saza savakalisa i-listrate. Ngokungafaniyo ne-Al-Qaeda, eyajolise ekuhlaseleni utshaba olusondeleyo "utshaba oluphakathi" (kwiNtshona), i-ISIS ijolise ekwakheni urhulumente nasentsimini. Oku kwazenza zaba luhlobo olwahlukileyo lwesisongelo, olufuna ulwahlulo olwahlukileyo olubandakanya amajoni emfazweni aqhelekileyo (Iraqi, i-Mozambhiki, i-Sischi Pesh-menga) kunye namaqabane asekuhlaleni. Uloyisoyilelo lweIssis emeta eme ekwi-2019 yayikukuphumelela komkhosi, kodwa ayitshabalalisa ingqiqo ebanzi yomkhosi. ISSIS yaguqula i-An e-Aish-An.

Ukuguqukela Kwisikolo Nesithuthi Sogonyamelo

Eyona ndaleko ibalulekileyo yendalo ibaluleke kakhulu kukutshintshwa kwecebo lokuhlasela okusuka ngaphandle kumacala angaphambili ajoliswe kumacala angaphambili kunye nogonyamelo olugqithisileyo lwasekhaya. Uhlaselo eSan Bernardo, Orlande, eBénia, naseBerlin lubonise ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba amaqumrhu obulumko athintele wonke umntu ophenjelelwa yingcamango. I-Internet yaba yeyona ivekta-makhwela yokupheliswa kwemeko, igqitha kwimibutho yesizwe. Le modeli ehloniphekileyo yenza izixhobo ezinkulu zokuhlola iposi-9/11 yexesha elingasebenzi kakuhle, njengoko wonke umntu engakholelekanga okanye enganqwenelekiweli kwibutho labantu elikhululekileyo.

Namhlanje, eyona ngxubevange ibulalayo yabanqolobi eUnited States ivela kugonyamelo lwasekhaya. Ngokutsho kwe- FBI , ngokwesizwe okanye ngokwesizwe, ugonyamelo oluxhokonxwe ludlandlongo (REMVE), ubukhulu obukhethekileyo obumhlophe, buyingxubevange ezininzi zobugrogrisi basekhaya kwaye buye babangela uhlaselo olubulala kakhulu ku-U.S. umhlaba kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ukudubula kwe-Walmart e-El Paso, Texas (209), ukuhlasela koMthi wobomi bendlu yesikhungu ePittsburgs (20:8), kunye nokuqhushumbiswa kweSixeko esiFodle iOst Covial Builcel (19959), phambi kwe-99/11 esenziwa yinkcastriveat) yonke lento ekhoyo e-AlQatmoney, i-ultkircedt prolike ngokungena entlalothothothotho lwezelotho lwezi, kunye nelizwe elinguqu.

Ukucinga Ngemisebenzi Ebalulekileyo: Izifundo Ezinzima Zexesha Elitsha

Uhlolo olunyanisekileyo lwamashumi amabini eminyaka echasene nobunqolobi lutyhila imfuneko engundoqo yokucinga kwakhona ngesiseko esingundoqo. Imodeli exhotyisiweyo yemfazwe yehlabathi lonke kwi- Terrorgy ifikelele imida yayo engqinelanayo. Njengokuba iCouncil on Foreign Relations amanqaku, i-U.S. ichithe izigidi-zigidi zeerandi zemali kwi-RGBC, ukususela ku-9/11, ukanti abaqhubi bezixhobo zezobupolitika abasoloko bengenamdlamfako. Ikamva lifuna ukuguqulwa ukusuka kwimodeli yentshukumo, ye-provice, ekhutha, ne-gcontive.

Imida Yamandla Omkhosi

Isifundo esingundoqo sesokuba amandla anzima ancitshisiwe kwizisongelo zeengcamango. Ukubulala umnqolobi kulula kunokubulala ingcamango. Indlela yokubulala i-kinetic inyanga iimpawu, hayi ibangela. Idala umjikelo wogonyamelo nezikhalazo eziqhubekisa ukungaqiniseki. Isizukulwana esilandelayo kufuneka siqonde ukuba umkhosi ungundoqo omele usetyenziswe ngokuncipha, hayi isando sokusetyenziswa ngokuphangaleleyo. Kufuneka udibane nophuhliso olunamandla, uncedo lophuhliso, kunye nokulawula utshintsho ukuze kulungiswe iimeko apho ubunqolobi buqhubekeka: amatyala abuthathaka, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu, ukunqongophalaza ithuba, ukungaphisani ngezoqoqosho, kunye nengxabano eecawa.

Imfuneko Yonobangela Oyintloko

I-Datanian Aarhus ixhasa imibutho yoluntu ekhoyo enokuthi ikwazi ukumelana nemeko yobugrogrisi ifuna "yonke yebutho labantu". Oku kuthetha ukunikela ungeniso kwimfundo, ukunyamekela impilo yempilo, kunye nokuphuhlisa izoqoqosho kumaphondo abuthathaka. Kuthetha ukuxhasa imibutho yoluntu yasekuhlaleni enokuthi ilwe iintlola ngentetheliso egqithisileyo ngobunyani obunokuthi akukho mandla angaphandle athelekise. Iinkqubo ezijolise ku ukubophela kunye nokuzibophelela nokungangeni-mthetho-kungaguquguquki kwento [[[FLT: 1] kuyimfuneko. Imodensi yenk efunekayo kwingxaki yokhuseleko, umzekelo, zinika inkqubo ebanzi yokubuyisela ukubuya kwabalwa-Rhulumente, ukunikela ingqalelo kwisikhokelo soncedo lwengqondo, kunye nokuhambisa umsebenzi kunokusuka nje ukuditya nokuphatha kunye nokuphatha. Le mizekelo imodeli efuna ukuphembeleka kwengxaki yoluntu, hayi nje yengxaki efuna ukuphendula kwamapolisa.

Ngokufanayo, i-United States kufuneka ifake imali yokukwazi ukufunda nokubhala kunye nokunyamezela kwe-media ukunceda abemi bame baqonde kwaye bangayifuni ingcamango egqithisileyo kwi-intanethi. Oku kufuna intsebenziswano esondeleyo neenkampani zobugcisa ukulawula ukuva intetho yentiyo ngokubhekiselele ekukhuseleni inkululeko yokuthetha. Sisenzo esintsokothileyo, kodwa sixhaseke ngakumbi kunomjikelezo ongapheliyo wokuhlola nokuphazamisa.

Ukunyanzela Ukhuseleko Nenkululeko Yamakhaya

Icebo eliqolileyo lokulwa nobunqolobi kufuneka lamkele iqondo lokhuseleko eliyi 100-100 ngaphandle kokwabela amaxabiso edemokhrasi achaza imimandla yaseNtshona. I-transing ejinga kakhulu kukhuseleko emva ko-9/11 kufuneka iphinde isetyenziswe kwinkululeko nakubucala. Izixhobo ezichaphazelekayo kumandla olawulo, ulawulo olungqongqo lwemisebenzi yobuntlola (kuquka inkundla yeFISA), nokubona ngaphaya kuyimfuneko ukuphinda kwakhiwe kwentelekelelo kawonke-wonke. Xa urhulumente ephatha abemi bakhe njengezisongelo ezifuna uqwalaselo oluninzi, iye yafaka uloyisongelo olungundoqo kubagrogrisi: ukurhoxiswa kwebutho labantu abavulekileyo. Ixesha elilandelayo kufuneka liququle [[FLT:] ukuvaleka, nokubonakala okugqithisileyo, nomthetho womthetho olawulayo. [FLD.1]

Isiphelo: Kukho Indlela Ephantsi, Ephangaleleyo Nenemigaqo

Iminyaka yasemva kwe-99/11 inguvavanyo olunamandla kumthetho weziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. Imvakalelo yokuqala yokusabela kuhlaselo olutshabalalisayo olunamandla amakhulu yayiqondakala, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwesakhiwo somkhosi esibanzi nonamandla kwingxaki entsonkothileyo yezobupolitika neengcamango ebangelwa ziingxaki ezininzi njengoko isombululiwe. Safunda ukuba amazwe ahlaselayo ngokuzikhohlisa yimpazamo eyingozi. Safunda ukuba ukubetha kwe-drone, ngelixa kusebenza ngobuchule, kuvelisa iindleko ezinkulu. Safumanisa ukuba uphando oluninzi lunento eyingozi kwinkululeko esifuna ukuyikhusela.

Ukuya phambili, ubuchule obuphumelelayo bokulwa nobunqolobi kufuneka buchazwe , ukulawulwa, nokuthobeka, kunye nokuthobeka. Kufuneka kwahlulwe ngokucacileyo phakathi kwezisongelo zobugrogrisi, ezifuna ubuchule bokugcina inkqubela-phambili kunye nomthetho, kunye neengxaki ze-Proglobin ebanzi yehlabathi, ezifuna ulawulo lwezonxibelelwano kunye nolawulo-rhulumente, ezifuna ukuthintelwa kongenelelo, ukhuseleko loluntu kumsebenzi wemfazwe, kunye nogcino-demokhrasi kusukelo olupheleleyo lokusukela ukhuseleko olupheleleyo. Ugcino-mali oluninzi olwabiwelwa i-Global kwimfazwe yoopershit , amashumi amabini eminyaka adluleyo, kodwa olungakhange luthengesoyiyo. Ulawulo olulandelayo kufuneka lufake ezo zinto ekwakhelini, kwaye lungalawulekiyo. Uloyilo oluphezulu lungazukufunyanwa ngabantu abanqongophini, kodwa luza kubalwanelo-othothoba kwiimeko zezopoliti.