Imvelaphi Yembali Yemincili Yezobupolitika YaseJapan

Inkqubo yeli qela lale mihla eJapan yavela emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, eyabunjwa nguMgaqo-siseko we-1947. Iminyaka yasekuqaleni yasemva kwemfazwe yabona i-libral cleavage: i iLiberal Democratic Partition (LDP)[[FLP]] . Yakhiwe ngo19555] njengokudityaniswa kwamaqela amabini abambeleleyo, ngexesha elisekhohlo elidibekiweyo lijikeleza i-[FTP] i-Irtiligister Parti (JP][FLT][FLT3]. Emashumi eminyaka, i-LDP ilawula kwezobupolitika, kunye ne-JSP ekhoyo ekhoyo ekhoyo. I-DPPGOSPGenegneanci yodwa ibangela ukuchasana okungundoqo, kunye nokuwa kwe-JPFFFFoct.[12] kunye neNS] Ngokuthenjiweyo, ngokufutshane, umahluko-offazukileyo.[20]

Ngokungafaniyo neendawo ezininzi zedemokhrasi zaseNtshona, iingxelo zenkcazo zeJapan azichaphazeli ngokugqibeleleyo kwimilinganiso yezoqoqosho okanye yentlalo. Umzekelo, i-LDP, ithe yahlala ingqongqo kodwa ikwangamele imisebenzi kawonke-wonke kunye nenkxaso-mali. Okwangoku, amaqela asekhohlo axhasa ukuthotyelwa kwezoxolo ngokwembali kunye namalungelo abasebenzi kodwa anokuba ngamagosa asemthethweni kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho. Oku kuntsonkotha kwenza uhlalutyo oluno lothelekiso oluno olubangel ’ umdla kwaye luyimfuneko.

Imithendeleko emikhulu esuka ekhohlo-ekhohlo: Imilinganiselo kunye nochazo

I- i-Constialigal Democratic Party yaseJapan (CDP) yeyona qela likhulu lenkcaso ekhohlo-yasekhohlo, esungulwe ngo-2017 ukusuka ekudityaniseninisweni kwama-centrist kunye namaqela aqhubekekayo. Iqonga layo ligxininisa ubulungisa bentlalo-ntlalo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, nokunamathela kumGaqo-siseko wezobuGaqo-siseko weJapani. ICDP iyawuchasa umza wokuhlaziya IQumrhu le-LP, elithiyalela imfazwe kwaye lithintela “ukukwazi ukulwa kwemfazwe. Endaweni yoko, iCDP ixhasa“ ukuxolisa okunelisa inkcotha okunelisayo." okuthetha ngophuhlisolwazi, uncedo, intlalo-ntlalo-ntle, kunye nentsebenziswano yentlalo.

Intlalo-ntle kunye neMidlalo

IJapan ijongene nokwaluphala kwabemi kunye nokuncipha kwemisebenzi. Amaqela asekhohlo acebisa ukwandisa iminatha yokhuseleko, kuquka iimpesheni eziphezulu, ukunyanyekelwa kwabantwana jikelele, kunye nenkxaso eyongezelelekileyo kubakhathaleli. ICDP iye yayalela ukuba inyuse irhafu yokusetyenziswa kwemali ingakhuselwa kakhulu kune-LDP kwaye endaweni yoko irhafuze kakhulu ubutyebi neenzuzo zenkampani. Bakwaxhasa imigaqo-nkqubo yokunciphisa ukulingana kwengeniso, njengokunyusa umvuzo omncinci nokomeleza amalungelo adityanisiweyo.

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo kunye namandla

Emva kwentlekele yowama-2020 Fukushima, amaqela atsala inxele aye axhasa amazwi okuguqula ngokukhawuleza amandla avuselelwayo kunye nesigaba esiphuma kumandla enyukliya. ICDP ixhasa ixhoba lombane ovuselelwayo ngo-2050 kunye nemimiselo eqinileyo ekungeniseni amafutha. Bakwanyanzela ukuba iJapan ime ngamandla kwizivumelwano zemozulu zamazwe ngamazwe, ngokwahlukileyo kwindlela yoshishino ye-LDP elumkileyo, elungeleleneyo.

Inkqubo yasemzini nokhuselo

Amaqela asekhohlo atsalayo agcina ukuma kokungalwi nomkhosi okanye okuthintelweyo. Achasa ukufunyanwa kwezixhobo zokuhlasela nokugxeka ukwanda koqingqo-mali lomkhosi waseJapan. ICDP iye yavakalisa ukungaqiniseki ngomanyano olukhulayo lwe-U.S. kunye nabameli bomgaqo ozimeleyo wamazwe olungelelanisa ulwalamano ne-United States neTshayina. Noko ke, amaqela angaphakathi akhona; amanye amaqela asekhohlo ezobupolitika axhasa ukhuseleko oluqinileyo kwimida yemithetho yemithetho.

Amanye amatheko asekhohlo anyuswayo

Isivumelwano sokhuseleko saseJapan sobuKomanisi (] iJaphani (JCP) liqela elincinci kodwa elinempembelelo elitsala ekhohlo nembali ende. Lixhasa ubusoshiyali, ubukho boxolo obungqongqo, kunye nokupheliswa kwe-U.S.-Japann Security Treaty Treaty Trect. IJCP itha ezinye iindawo kwiminyaka yakutshanje ukwandisa isibheno sayo, kodwa ihlala inguwona mandla angaguqukiyo asekhohlo. [[FLT:] [FT:2] Iqela le-DP] Democratic Parti (SP)[FLT],[FLT3], kanye isebenza impembelelo encinane kodwa ibonakalisa inkcusoluke kakhulu ngokweengomntu oqhelekileyo. Ukongeza, ukudiza kwe-FLTP]

Imithendeleko emikhulu esuka ekunene: Imilinganiselo kunye nochazo

I- Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) iye yalawula iJapan ngethuba elininzi lasemva kwemfazwe, ngoku ingaphantsi koMphathi-mikhosi uFumio Kisida. I-LDP ngumbutho othe ngcembe odibanisa amaqela asuka kumanani alungeleleneyo asuka kumalungu esizwe. Isiseko sayo siquka ulwando lwezoqoqosho ukunqanda ukutshintsha nokuthelekisa, urhwebo olunamandla lwe-U.S-Japan, kunye nendima yezizwe ngezizwe efuna ukuhlaziya umGaqo-siseko, ingakumbi iQumrhu eli-9, ukuqaphela ngokusesikweni imikhosi ye-Zelf-Dense njengomkhosi.

Umgaqo-nkqubo Wezoqoqosho: IAbenomics Nangaphezulu

Ngaphantsi komphathiswa wePrime Shinzo Abe, i-LDP yaqhubeka “inkqubo ye-Abenomics,” iqhinga elinamacala amathathu lokudambisa imali, ukukhuthaza okuphezulu, kunye notshintsho lokwakha. Amaqela atsalayo adla ngokuxhasa iirhafu zenkampani esezantsi, ubuchule bokuthengisa, kunye nezivumelwano zorhwebo zamahala ezinje ngeCPTP kunye neRCEP. Baphikisa ngelithi imigaqo-odayo izakuvelisa ingeniso kwiinkqubo zentlalo ngaphandle kokunyusa irhafuthelo kudidi oluphakathi. Noko ke, abagxeki baphawula ukuba i-Abenomics ezikhuliswe ubuhlwe-mali, kunye nezivumelwano zorhwebo ezikhululekileyo, ezithi zize zingasebenzi uqoqo lwasemaphandleni.

Ukhuseleko nokhuselo lwesizwe

Amaqela atsala ekunene axhasa ukuqinisa amandla omkhosi waseJapan, kuquka ukufumana iprojekthi ende yemijukujelwa yenqanawa kunye nezithuthi zenqwelo-moya. Axhasa ukuchazwa kwakhona kweGatya 9 ukuvumela icandelo le-defense elidityanisiweyo livumele iJapan ukuba izikhusele ngokwayo phantsi kohlaselo. I-LDP ithe yandisa inkcazo yokuzikhusela, ibeka ixhoba le-2% ye-GDP (isilane kwimigangatho ye-NATO), kwaye ifaka imali kwi-internetic kunye nemimandla ye-occom. I-Unity ye-United States ibaluleke kakhulu, kodwa amanye amalungu eLDP afuna iintambo ezikufutshane kunye nezixhobo zokhuselo lwe-DCMFocesters kwimpembelelo ye-Indo-Pignoice kulwane-Tshayina.

Imilinganiselo yeNkcubeko neNkcubeko

Ngeli xesha i-LDP ingathathi isithethe njengeqela elithile elitsala ilungelo laseNtshona, isoloko ikhuthaza imilinganiselo yentsapho engokwesithethe kunye nendlela yobulumko yokutshintsha intlalo. Umzekelo, i-LDP ibingacothanga ukuxhasa ukulingana komtshato okanye inkqubo yefani yezibini ezitshatileyo. Abanye abenzi bemithetho elungileyo bayaya eYasukuni Shrine, ebeka imfazwe ifile kwaye ithanda ukuphikisana eMpuma Asia. Iqela likwagxininisa “inkcubeko yamaJapan” kunye nokushisekela izwe lemfundo, nangona oku kungokomfuziselo kunezonomqhubi wezomgaqo-siseko.

Isalathisi soMsebenzi weNtlalo: Komeito

I-LDP ilawula ngomnqophiso nomanyano no i-Komeito, iqela lesentitrit elizinziswe kwintlangano yobuBhuda iSoka Gakakai. Komeito ijolise kwintlalo-ntle, inkxaso encinci yezoshishino, kunye nenkqubo yamanye amazwe elungeleleneyo. Ngelixesha ingeyiyo ngokungqongqo i-LDP kwimiba yezoqoqosho neyokhuseleko, isoloko ithoba imfutheza i-LDP yeminqweno yobuhlanga eninzi. IKomeito ichasa uhlaziyo lwezisombululo ezingeyo zomkhosi, idala iintambo ezinika umdla kwimithetho elawulayo.

Eminye Imikhosi Yokujika Ekunene

[[FLT: 0] UNipan Ishin (Iqela leNtshukumo yoMkhosi waseJapane) liqela elilungileyo, elilungisayo elisekelwe e-Osaka. Ixhasa utshintsho lwe-libray yezoqoqosho, ulawulo, kunye nenkqubo yokwahlukana namazwe. Nippon Isphin I Shin ikwaxhasa inkqubo yesixokelelwano secandelo amabini kunye neendawo ezingaphezulu. Ukuthandwa kwabo kukhule kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ingakumbi phakathi kwe-omatilokhwe edibekileyo edityani iphazanyiswe yisakhiwo se-LDP. [[FLT:] Iqela lolawulo-democratic , i-DFFFFFFFFOLT][5] ihlala kumbindi, i-ficractalticism kunye nenkqubo yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngokukwanjalo, amaqela amaqela e-Kroctivetian:[5]

Ukuthelekisa Indawo Ezime Kuyo Iingxaki Ezingundoqo

Uphengululo lomgaqo-siseko

Inqaku lasekhohlo (CDP, JCP) lichasa ngamandla ukuphinda iGatya 9, liphikisa ukuba ukhuseleko lusebenze kakuhle eJapan kwaye naluphi na utshintsho lungabeka engozini yokutyibilika kwiimfazwe zangaphandle. I-oyile (LDP, Nippon Ishin) ijonga uhlaziyo njengoluyimfuneko ukumisela imikhosi ye-Uziquafense kwaye yenza ukuba kubekho ukhuseleko oluninzi. Komeito uthatha umhlaba ophakathi, uvule ukudibanisa ulwimi malunga ne-SDF kodwa ungaluphelisi igalelo lemfazwe.

Inkcitho

Amaqela atsalayo axhasa irhafu eqhubekayo, iirhafu eziphezulu zequmrhu, kunye nokwanda kokusetyenziswa kwemali kwintlalo-ntle. Amaqela asekunene akhetha irhafu ephantsi, ukukhutshwa kwerhafu, ukukhuliswa kwerhafu, kunye nokukhuliswa kwemali — nangona i-LDP iye yakuhlehlisa umlinganiselo wokunyuka kwerhafu ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwezopolitiko. ICDP icebise “irhafu yemali-mali-yonke-yonke-enyeni" ekufumaneni abantu kunye nempahla yemali ephezulu, lo gama i-LDP ixhomekeke ekunciphiseni umlinganiselo wetyala-GP.

Amandla Nemozulu

Uqhutyelo olukhawulezayo oluphuma kumandla enyukliya kunye nolwahlulo olutsha oluluhlaza; olusekunene luxhasa ukudityaniswa kwamandla “okwendalo” okuquka inyukliya, igesi, kunye nezinto ezinokuhlaziywa, ngokujoliseka kukhuseleko lwamandla nokhuphiswano lwezoqoqosho. I-LDP ka 2021 Green Growing Strategy imisela 2050-nethility ejolise ixhoba lekharbon kodwa ixhomekeke kakhulu kwi-hydrogen, i-ammonia, kunye nobugcisa bekharbon ethi abagxeki bathe baphumelele kwixesha elililo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo weNtlalo

Kukulingana kwesini, umtshato olinganayo, kunye nokhetho lwefani, amaqela atsala ngasekhohlo ahambela phambili. ICDP ixhasa ukulingana komtshato kunye neefani ezimbini; iLDP yahlulwe kodwa idla ngokwahluka. Amaqela atsala intlalo elungileyo asoloko ephikisa ukuba izakhiwo zentsapho zesithethe kufuneka zigcinwe, nangona amalungu amancinane eLDP ekulungele ukuguqula.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe angaphandle kunye nenkqubo

Zombini iinkampu zixhasa umanyano lwase-U.S.-Japan, kodwa kunye ne-emphases ezahlukeneyo. Ekhohlo igxininisa indima yesivumelwano kuzinzo lwengingqi kunye neminikelo yeJapan engeyoyomikhosi; ekunene ikujonga njengesakhiwo somkhosi onamandla weJapan kunye ne-ogxalasi. Amaqela asekhohlo afuna ukuqhubana neTshayina ne-North Korea; amaqela atsala asekunene athatha umgca onzima, ingakumbi kwiimpikiswano zommandla (Senkaku/Diayu Islands) namalungelo abantu.

Izixhobo ezinamandla nezisekwe kwi Voter

I-LDP inandipha inkxaso ephangaleleyo phakathi kwabavoti abadala, abantu basemaphandleni, kunye nezilangazelelo zoshishino. Amandla ayo entlangano, kuquka inkxaso evela kwintsebenziswano yezolimo nakumaqumrhu okwakha, ayinika imidlalo yehlabathi eyoyikekayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iCDP ifumana inkxaso kwiingcali zedolophu, abavoti abaselula, imibutho yabasebenzi (ingakumbi icandelo likawonke-wonke wonke), kunye namabhinqa. I-JCP isekelwe ngokunyanisekileyo phakathi kweenkcubatha noonkqesho abasebenza nzima, ngelixa iNipton Ishin ebhenela abahlazini nabanini bamashishini abancinane.

Imeko yenkqubo yokujika nokukhetha. Indlu yabameli isebenzisa inkqubo exubeneyo yamalungu ayintloko kunye neendawo kunye neebloko zomelo ezilungelelanisiweyo. Oku kuvumela amaqela amakhulu njenge LDP, adla ngokufumana uninzi lwezihlalo ngemininzi engaphantsi kwevoti ethandwayo ngenxa yokwahlulwa kocalulo. ICDP ne JCP ngamanye amaxesha isebenzisana ukunqanda ukwahlula ivoti elwa ne-LDP, kodwa umahluko wendlela yengqondo uthintela umahluko okhoyo ngaphambili odityanisiweyo.

Unyulo lwakutshanje lubonisa utshintsho oluthe qokoxa kodwa lokwenene. Kunyulo lwangonyaka wama-2021, i-LDP yahlala izihlalo zayo, kodwa i-CDP yafunyanwa. Indlu yama-2022 yamaBhunga yabona unyulo lwe-LDP-Komeito lubamba uninzi lwawo, lo gama iNippon Ishin yenza inkqubela ebalulekileyo, izenza ukuba ibe ngumenzi-kumkani. Uvoti esekhohlo ihlala ihleli kwimimandla yasedololophini naphakathi kwemikhosi emincinane, kodwa amanani amanani amanani akhoyo athe kratya: i-votiagovti ayizange ibe yimpumelelo kwaye ivoti yamanani aphezulu.

Impembelelo Ekwenzeni Inkqubo YamaJapan

Ulawulo olude lwe-LDP luthetha ukuba iingcamango zokutsala ngasekunene zibunjwe yinkqubo emininzi. Ukusetyenziswa kokhuselo kunyuke, ukuchazwa kwakhona komgaqo-siseko kuvumele intlawulo yeqela ukuba lizifake ngokwalo, kwaye inkqubo yezoqoqosho ihlale ikho. Noko ke, i-LDP ifuna ukugcina umbutho noKomeito kwaye ilawule amaqela angaphakathi kuthetha ukuba inkqubo isoloko inyusa ingakumbi kunokuba iphendule. Ekhohlo inkcaso, ngexa inqabileyo, iphembelela impikiswano kawonke-wonke kwaye inokuzilibazisa okanye ilungise iimfuno ngoxilongo lwepalamente kunye noxinzelelo lwe-media.

Ngokomzekelo, i-CDP yaqhubela phambili ngempumelelo kwinkxaso-mali yabantwana esandisiweyo kunye nomthetho othintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwindlela abavakalelwa ngayo ngokwesondo nakwizini zesini — zombini iindawo apho i-LDP yayimadolw ’ anzima khona. Ngomsitho woluntu, ukuchaswa kwegunya lenyukliya emva kokuba uFukushima enyanzelise i-LDP ukuba ithobe inyathelo elithe thathutyana, phezu kwayo naphantsi koxinzelelo lwemizi - mveliso. Ukhuseleko, ukugxekwa kwasekhohlo kwanegalelo ekugxininisweni kukarhulumente “kweyiseka kwemfazwe” i-intellicrity, kwana njengoko amandla eyanda.

Izinto Ezibangelwa Kumazwe Angaphandle Nokuthelekiswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Umlinganiselo wasekhohlo wasekhohlo kweJapan ungathelekiswa nezinye idemokhrasi ezihambele phambili. Njengamazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, amaqela atsala ngasekhohlo eJapan amisa intlalo-ntle, ukulingana, kunye nendawo engqongileyo; amaqela asekunene agxininisa ukhuseleko, isithethe, kunye nolwando. Noko ke, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe wasekhohlo weJapan kunye nemeko yokhuseleko ekhethekileyo (ukuxhathisa kwe-U.S., ukhuphiswano lweTshayina, ukusondelela eMntla weKorea) unika ukwahlulwa kwawo kwasekhohlo okunombala owahlukileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nowezoqoqosho nowentlalo lweziko, i-LDP isoloko ibandakanya zombini ipropro-P kunye neziko eziqhelekileyo, ngoxa ikhohlolo-mfo zihamba ngendlela efanayo.

Izixhobo zengingqi zephondo nazo zibalulekile. Unyuko lweTshayina nocelomngeni oluvela kuMntla Korea luye lwatyhalela inkcaso kwintlalo elungele ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuzikhusela, ezinceda amaqela atsala asekunene. Okwangoku, iziphumo zehlabathi ezifana nemeko yemozulu kunye nokungalingani okukhulayo kokukhula kokuthunyelwa kwemiyalezo ngasekhohlo. Ibutho labantu eJapan esele likhulile lidala umhlaba ofanayo: ngasekhohlo nangasekunene liyavuma ukuba kufuneka utshintsho kunye nokulondolozwa komhlala-phantsi, nangona lahlukile ngeenkcukacha.

Imouse Yexesha Elizayo

Ukubambelela kwe-LDP kumandla akunakuphucuka ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ukufumaneka kwangaphakathi kunye namaxabiso aguqukileyo okuvota kungayiguqula indawo. AmaJaphane amancinci akhululekile ngakumbi kwimicimbi yentlalo, athandabuza ngamandla enyukliya, kodwa anokuqiqa ngakumbi ngokhuseleko. Ukuba i CDP iyakwazi ukudibanisa inkcaso kwaye inika enye ethembekileyo, ingalucel ’ umngeni ulawulo lwe LDP. Noko ke, ukwanda kwamaqela e-centristrit/iast afana noNippon Ishin kuyawenza lula lo mfanekiso — i-ixonsss vota kwi-LDP neCDP.

Uhlaziyo loMgaqo-siseko luhlala luyindawo yedabi elingundoqo. Ukuba i-LDP ikhusela uninzi olubini lwesithathu kuzo zombini izindlu (luxhaswa ngamalungu anxulumani kunye namaqela anezimvo) i-arhente kwiGatya 9 ingaphumelela. Ii-arhente zibonisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke-wonke — amaJapan amaninzi amkela i-SDF njengesemthethweni kodwa ayayigatya i-screentive yomkhosi. Uhlaziyo olunempumelelo lungaphinda luphucule ingxoxo yasekhohlo yamazwe aseJapan kamashumi eminyaka.

Imingeni yezoqoqosho — amatyala, ukuhla kwexabiso, ukuhla kwenani labantu — iza kuqhubeka zivavanya zombini iinkampu. Indlela yokuqala ye-LDP ithengisene norhwebo; indlela yokunika yeCDP isenokujongana nemilinganiselo ethintelayo yemozulu. Inkqubo yemozulu, utshintsho lwamanani, kunye notshintsho lwezentengiso lwemisebenzi iza kunika iindawo ezintsha zokuphikisana. Ekugqibeleni, ikamva lezobupolitika laseJapan liya kumiselwa ngendlela efanelekileyo yokusingatha ukhuseleko, impumelelo, kunye nokutshintsha kwemeko-mashishini kwilizwe elithe gqolo.

Ukugqiba Ukuqonda Ulwahlulo Lwezobupolitika LweJapan

Amaqela asekhohlo nawasekunene eJapan anikela imibono eyahlukileyo yendlela yesizwe ukuya phambili. Amaqhawe asekhohlo akhuthaza imposiso, ubulungisa bentlalo, kunye nobugosa bemeko- bume; asekunene amisela ukhuseleko, ulwando lwezoqoqosho, kunye nemigangatho yesithethe. Akukho cala linye elinobuchule, kwaye ingxubevange yangaphakathi livelisa iingxoxo zemithetho eninzi. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nababukeli, ukuhlalutya oku kwanganeli kwezobupolitika zamaJapan kuphela kodwa kwanakwimpembelelo ebanzi yoluntu olujongeneengxaki ezifanayo.

Ngokufunda umongo wembali, amaqela angundoqo, kunye nezikhundla ezithile zenkqubo ezichazwe ngasentla, umntu angayiqonda bhetele imiphumo yonyulo, izigqibo zikarhulumente, kunye nemijelo yezobupolitika eya kubumba indima yeJapan kwinkulungwane yama-21. Njengoko iJapan iqhuba imekobume engenakuqiniseka yezentlalo-bume nezoqoqosho, ukudityaniswa kwemikhosi yasekhohlo neyasekunene kuya kuhlala kuyinto engundoqo.

Ukufunda Okungakumbi Nemithombo