Ukwazisa

Uhlalutyo lwexabiso-Benefit (CBA) luye lwasisiqingatha sophuhliso loburhulumente olusekelwe kubungqina, lunika inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokuthelekisa iindleko ezipheleleyo zoluntu neengenelo zokulawula nokusebenzisa izigqibo. Ngokuguqulela iziphumo ezahlukahlukeneyo kwimali eqhelekileyo, iCBA ivumela abenzi benkqubo ukuba bahlole ukuba ungenelelo olucetliweyo luza kudala impumelelo ye-nethithis kwibutho labantu njengendlela epheleleyo. Isicelo sayo sibangela umgaqo wemekobume bemekobume, impilo nemigangatho yokukhuseleka, imisebenzi yesiseko, kunye nezinguqulo zemali. Kodwa phezu kwako nje ukusetyenziswa kwayo okuxhaphakileyo, iCBA ayiphenduli, ukujongeka kwempahla, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziluncedo, ukujongwa kwe-e-eagrafigconent. Eli nqaku linikezela ngokucothayo kwenkqubo ye-CBA kwinkqubo yayo yobuchule, inkcutho-ency, inkciso yokuzinzo esebenzayo, kunye nokujongwa.

Isiseko Sembali Nesembali

Imvelaphi Kwizoqoqosho

Isiseko sobuchule bohlalutyo lwexabiso-elkenefit busebuntwini bentlalo-ntle kunye nengqiqo yokuphuculwa kwezoqoqosho kunye nophuhliso lwePareto — olusoloko lubhekiswa kulo njengomlinganiselo weKaldor-Hicks. Ngokutsho kwalo mgaqo, inkqubo ithathwa njengempumelelo ukuba ingeniso yokuxhathisa inkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuhlawula abangaphumeleliyo, nokokuba intlawulo ayihlawulwanga. Oku kunika ukuhamba okuzenzekelayo ukusuka kwiPareto elungeleleneyo, nto leyo efuna ukuba kungabikho namnye ongenziwa ngaphezulu ngaphezulu. Izicelo zokuqala zeCBA eUnited States ngexesha lophuhliso-Diarando, ngokubalulekileyo ukudlula kwiU.S. Umkhosi wolawulo lwezikhundla lwe-Engine. Unyaka ka-1936 uMthetho woLawulo olufanelekileyo olufuna iinzuzo ezingaphaya, omnye womgaqo wolawulo lokuqala lwezoqoqosho.

Uphuhliso lwezikhokelo

Kwiminyaka engamashumi alandelayo, amasebe karhulumente kunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ephucule iCBA indlela yonyango. I-ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo (OM) yakhupha [[FLT: 0]] ngeNkcubeko A-4 ngo- 2003, enika ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha kuhlaziyo, kuquka ukucutha, ukuphathwa komngcipheko, kunye noxabiso lwezinto ezingezo zematheko. Ngokufanayo, iKomishini yaseYurophu i-A. I-AP] I-A engcono kakhulu i-Sixhobisa isixhobo sokulinganisa izixhobo zombane [[ kunye neBHAMBO lehlabathi incwadi yesandla kwiprojekthi yovavanyo engqiniswe ngokubaluleka kolwazi lwezizwe ngezizwe.

Amalungu e-core ohlalutyo lwexabiso

Iindleko Neingenelo Ezahlula Umahluko

Inyathelo lokuqala kuyo nayiphi na i-CBA kukwenza i-catalog uludwe olupheleleyo lweziphumo inkqubo eza kuba nazo. Iindleko zohlulwe ngokwesiqhelo:

  • Indleko zomsebenzi, okanye iindleko zolawulo.
  • Indleko ezingangqalanga: umlinganiselo wesesenti yemveliso, kuquka ukulahleka kwemveliso okanye ukutshintsha kwendlela yokuziphatha yabathengi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amaxabiso arhoxisiweyo: ixabiso loovimba abasetyenziswayo kwinkqubo ebeyinokuthunyelwa kwenye indawo.

Iingenelo ezifanayo ziphucula ngokuthe ngqo — njengokuncipha kokufa, ukutyeba okungakumbi, okanye ixesha elifutshane lokufumana imveliso encinane — kuquka ukuphuculwa kwezinto eziphilayo nezonyango olusempilweni kawonke wonke.

Ubugcisa bokufaka imitha kunye nokukhupha iintonga

Ukuthelekisa ii-apula nee-orenji, abahlalutyi kufuneka banike amaxabiso emali kuzo zonke iziphumo. Iintengiso zinika amaxabiso ezinto ezithengiselwayo, kodwa iziphumo ezininzi zenkqubo — njengexabiso lobomi bezibalo (VSL), ukuzonwabisa okugqithisileyo kwendalo, okanye ulondolozo lwenkcubeko — amaxabiso angekhoyo. Abarhwebi basebenzisa umlinganiselo wendlela yokulinganisela:

  • ukhetho olutyhiliweyo: Oluthathwe kwihambo yokwenene, umz., i-hedonic princing (indlela amaxabiso empahla abonakalisa ngayo ubunjani bomoya).
  • Okukhethiweyo okusemo-sisekoni: iindlela ezisekelwe kuvavanyo ezifana noxabiso lomlinganiselo okanye uvavanyo lokukhetha.
  • Uthumelo lweBenefit: lutshintsha amaxabiso ukusuka kufundo olukhoyo ukuya kumongo wenkqubo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Intsika esetyenziswayo: ulungiso lwamaxabiso entengiso ukubonakalisa ukuswela kokwenyaniso koluntu okanye okungaphandle.

Ixabiso elikhoyo leNet

Kuba amaxabiso neengenelo zenzeka kwixesha elahlukileyo, amaxabiso exesha elizayo kufuneka ancitshiswe kumagama akhoyo. Ukhetho lwexabiso lokungalinganisi yenye yezona miba eziphikisayo kwiCBA. Umlinganiselo osezantsi ubeka ubunzima obukhulu kwizizukulwana ezizayo, uxhasa imisebenzi ngenzuzo yemeko- bume okanye yempilo ende; umlinganiselo ophezulu wamalungelo aphezulu akhawulezileyo. Abameli abaninzi bakarhulumente eUnited States bancomela ukusebenzisa zombini 3% kunye no 7% zamaxabiso exabiso lolwaluvo, njengoko kuchazwe kwi OMB STHA-4. I-NatPPI Prentenet Livity Livity (NPV) ifumaneka njengexabiso leenzuzo ezincitshisiweyo ezihliweyo. APV ibonisa ukuba inkqubo elungileyo iluncedo phantsi koludwe lwe-Kaldorver-H.

Umngcipheko Nokungaqiniseki

Imigaqo-nkqubo yehlabathi lokwenene ijongene nolwazi olungaphelelanga kunye nokungagqibeleli okungokwemvelo. Ii-analyst ngoko kufuneka zidibanise ukungaqiniseki ukutyhubela:

  • Uhlalutyo lokusebenza: Ukwahlula-hlula izicwangciso ezingundoqo ukubona indlela iziphumo ezitshintsha ngayo.
  • Imfaniso ye Carlo: unikezelo lobunyani kumaxabiso aguquguqukayo afana nodangaliso okanye uqikelelo lwamaxabiso.
  • Uhlaziyo lokwenyani: Luvumela ujikelezo lokulungisa inkqubo ukuphendula ulwazi olutsha.

Indima yeCEB ekwenzeni izigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo

Ukutshintshwa kweZibonelelo

Kwixesha loqingqo-mali olunyanzelwayo, iCBA inceda oorhulumente ukuba bamisele utyalo-mali oluvelisa iinzuzo ezinkulu ezineminatha kwi-dola nganye. Umzekelo, i-Arhente yeNkuselo-bume be-U.S. (EPA) isoloko isebenzisa iCBA ukuthethelela imithetho emikhulu yomgangatho womoya nomgangatho wamanzi. I-Ceather Air Act Dementisment ka-1990, ngokomzekelo, kuqikelelwa ukuba ihambisa izigidi-zigidi zezigidi zeerandi zeerandi ngokweenzuzo zempilo kwisiqingatha seendleko ezigunya. Oku kuhlazinzisa i-mali kunika ingcebiso yemali yemali engundoqo nemigaqo-mali elawulayo kunye nenkxaso yoncedo loncedo lwezigwebo

Ukunika ingxelo nokubonisa ngaphaya

Abenzi beenkqubo ze-CBA banyanzelisa ukuchaza iingcamango ezisemva kwesigqibo sabo nokutyhila iziphumo zorhwebo. Xa iziphumo zenziwa kuwonke-wonke, abaxhasi borhwebo — kuquka amaqela oshishino, iimveliso, kunye nabantu abachaphazelekayo — banokuhlolisisa isiseko sobungqina. Oku kukhanyisa kungenza uphatho lomthetho kunciphe kwaye kwakhe uthelekelelo lukawonke-wonke. Ngoku amazwe amaninzi afuna iingxelo ezichaphazelekayo (i-RIA) eziquka ilungu leCBA phambi kokuba umthetho ukho.

Izithintelo Ekugqityweni Kwesigqibo Sezobupolitika

ICBA sisixhobo, asisiso isigqibo. Iingqwalasela zezobupolitika — ezifana nokunika imvume esesikweni, okanye iimfuno zomthetho — zingaluphelisa uhlalutyo lwe-NPV-Firedcodect. Umzekelo, inkqubo enika inzuzo yenethithi jikelele kodwa ebangela iindleko ezinzima kuluntu olubuthathaka isenokugatywa ngezizathu ezifanelekileyo. Ukuvuma le mida kubalulekile; iCBA imele yazise, ingathatheli indawo, idemokhrasi.

Indlela yocwangciso lokuqhuba iCBA

Uhlalutyo loQuantitetic

Apho ugcino-lwazi luvumela, iCBA enika amanani kuzo zonke iindleko ezibalulekileyo neengenelo. Le ndlela inika uthelekiso oluthe ngqo kwaye ivumela uthelekiso oluthe ngqo ngaphaya kwezinye iimeko. Noko ke, inokuba yeyoncedo olunentelekelelo kwaye ingadlulisela ngenkohliso ubunyani xa ugcino-lwazi olusemgceni lungaqinanga. Ukutyhalela phambili ukutshintsha yonke into ngolonwabo ukuya kulahleko lwentlobo-ntlobo ngentlobo-ntlobo kuyaqhubeka kuvelisa ulwakhiwo lwendlela nendlela yokuyila kunye nempikiswano.

Uhlalutyo lokwe-Manyano oludityanisiweyo

Ngemigaqo engenakuthelekiswa okanye enempembelelo ephawulekayo ngokwenkcubeko — ukugcina ilifa lomthonyama, umzekelo — umlinganiselo womlinganiselo womlinganiselo ungangafanelekanga okanye awunakwenzeka. Ukongezwa kwamanani ohlaziyo olunenkcazelo engxelo, unikelo lobungqina, kunye nokucwangcisa iziganeko. Indlela yokudibanisa imilinganiselo ye-quantative CBA idityaniswa nokutyebisa ingqiqo eninzi, ngokufuthi ivelisa iingcebiso ezinokuthenjwa. Amaziko amaninzi ophuhliso lwezizwe ngezizwe ngoku ancomela ukuxutywa kwemixube-emo-ethiods njengendlela elungileyo yokuqhelisa.

Uhlalutyo lweziphumo zexabiso (CEA) njengokhuphiswano

Kwiimeko apho iingenelo zingenakusetyenziswa ngokunentsingiselo, uhlalutyo lwexabiso lunika enye indlela. ICEA ithelekisa ixabiso lokufumana isiphumo esithile esingaveli kwi-monetary (umz., inani lobomi obugciniweyo, iitoni zekharbon ezincitshisiweyo) kwiinketho zenkqubo. Ngexa i-CEA ingenako ukugqiba ukuba inzuzo yomgaqo zingaphezulu kwexabiso layo ngamaxabiso angaphezulu ngokweenkcitho zemali, inceda ukuchonga indlela encinci efunekayo ukufikelela usukelo olunikiweyo.

Iingxaki Neengxaki Ezingapheliyo

Ubulunga bogcino-lwazi kunye nokufumaneka

I-CBA ilungile kuphela njengokuba isetyenziswa ngugcino-lwazi. Kwimeko ezininzi — ingakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo okanye kubugcisa obunobuchwephesha — ugcino-lwazi oluthembekileyo lunqabile. Ii-Analyst zingabhenela kuxwebhu olugunyazisa ukuvotelwa okanye ubuchule bokukhupha, ukwazisa imigaqo-lwazi ephezulu. Kwanakwimimiselo yogcino-lwazi, iimpazamo zokulinganisa kunye neenguqu ezishiywe zingaguqula iziphumo.

Ukuvalwa kwezinto ezingaqondakaliyo kunye neNkcubeko engeyoyabantu

Ukubeka idola kubomi bomntu, izilwanyana ezisengozini, okanye ubuhle obuntle kusenempikiswano enkulu. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukujongwa okunjalo akuyomfuneko yaye kusenokungawaxabisi amalungelo abantu abancinane okanye izizukulwana ezizayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-VSL ngokuqhubekayo kubangela ukuba abantu abahlukeneyo baxhalabe ngokulinganayo — iVSL ephantsi kubantu abadala okanye abangamahlwempu isenokuthetha ukuba imigaqo ekhusela bona ayithetheleleki.

Ukungaboni Nokudibana

Ukukhethwa kwexabiso lokuhla komlinganiselo wokunciphisa kunobunzulu bemigaqo-nkqubo yexesha elide njengexesha lokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ukuncitshiswa kwemeko yemozulu okuphakathi ngesantya esifanelekileyo kunciphisa ixabiso langoku leenzuzo ezenzekayo kwinkulungwane ukususela ngoku, kusenokuthethelela ukungathathi-nxaxheba. Iingcali zezoqoqosho ezininzi kunye nezithandi zobulumko zixhasa ukuhla kwexabiso lexabiso okanye ukunqandwa kwemithetho esesikweni ukuqinisekisa izizukulwana ezizayo azincitshiswanga. Oku kuxinezelekile kusentliziyweni yengxoxo ngexabiso lekharbon.

Utyekelo Lwezobupolitika Neenkalo Ezifanelekileyo

Ngenxa yokuba iCBA inokuba ntsonkothilelo ngobugcisa, isenokusetyenziswa ngamaqela enzala okanye abameli ukuvelisa iziphumo ezimiselwe kwangaphambili. Inzuzo eqinisekileyo uqikelelo, ukukhutshwa kwexabiso elinzima, okanye ukunikezelwa kwengxelo ekhethayo kungathoba ulwazelelelo lwento ethile. Ukhuseleko — olufana nohlolo oluzimeleyo, imigaqo elungeleleneyo, kunye namaxesha okugqabaza kukawonke wonke — lunceda ukuthomalalisa ezi ngozi kodwa lungakwazi ukuziphelisa ngokupheleleyo.

Iinkqubo zehlabathi zokwenene kunye neStudies Case

Ukukhuselwa Kwemekobume EUnited States

Uhlolo lwempembelelo yomthetho we-EPA kumgangatho we-Mercury kunye noMfuno-moya (MATS) kunye nomthetho wesithintelo semoyeni wesizwe unika imizekelo efundisayo. Yomibini imithetho yasebenza ngokungqongqo i-CBA, ineengenelo ezingakumbi ezisuka kwimeko ecuthiweyo entle (PM2.5) — isiphumo esingajoliswanga ngqo kodwa esibalulekileyo. Abahlalutyi batyhola ukuba inkqubo inyuse impilo ye-conenfine elungele ukuthethelela iindleko ezibekwe kwicandelo lamandla. Le mpikiswano ibalaselisa uxinezeleko phakathi kwenjongo ezithe ngqo ze-athorityralitiki kunye nempumelelo yempilo kawonke wonke.

Iprojekthi zokwahlula kunye nengxoxo yesantya esiphezulu

Iiprojekthi ezinkulu zokuthutha zisoloko zixhomekeke kwiCBA ekukhuseleni inkxaso-mali nenkxaso kawonke-wonke. Ucwangciso lwendlela ephezulu esetyenziswayo yeKhalifoniya, umzekelo, luye lwabona uhlaziyo olunenzuzo yemali ngexesha, ukusuka ku 1.0 ukuya ngaphezulu.0 kuxhomekeke kwintelekelelo malunga nohambo, ixesha lokugcinwa kwemali, kunye nokuchitheka kwezoqoqosho. Uqikelelo oluguqukayo lubonisa ukuqwalaselwa kweCBA ngokweziphumo ezithe ngqo nokubaluleka kweentelekelelo ezicacileyo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo Wemozulu Nelahleko Yekharbon

Mhlawumbi eyona nto iphambili ekusetyenziselweni kwe-CBA yixabiso lentlalo lekharbon (SCC), uqikelelo lwexabiso le-dola lomonakalo olwenziwa kukukhupha itoni enye eyongezelelekileyo ye-CO2. Iqela le-SCCC eliphambili loMphathiswa woMsebenzi we-S. Le nkonzo ithe yafumana i-SC eyahluka-hlukeneyo ngesantya sokunciphisa, ukufikelela malunga nama-50 e-50 ngetoni ngesantya sesithathu se-iyunithi. Le mpembelelo yexabiso lemilinganiselo yezentengiso, imithetho yesixhobo sombane, kunye nezicelo zekharbon. Noko ke, i-SCC igxekwe ngokuxhomekeka kwayo kwimiboniso edityaniweyo enokuthi ijongeke idele kwiingozi kwaye isetyenziswe ngokusetyenziswa kwayo kumazwe ahlukeneyo nanezizukulwana ezingamashumi amabini.

Imigaqo yexesha elizayo kwiCBA yomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke

Ubunzima bokwahlula-hlula

I-CBA eqhelekileyo ingunobukho bukaThixo ukuba ngubani ofumana iingenelo kwaye othwala iindleko, ujonga kuphela iinzuzo zenethi ezidityanisiweyo. Umsebenzi okhulayo ucebisa ukuba kusetyenziswe ubunzima obunika ubunzima obungakumbi ekuchaphazeleni ekufumaneni imali ephantsi okanye kumaqela aphantsi. Nangona kungathi kunjalo, ukuzalisekisa iziphumo zifuna intlawulo ezixabisekileyo malunga nomsebenzi wentlalo-ntle — inyathelo elixhathisa abahlalutyi abaninzi. Noko ke, abanye oorhulumente ngoku bafuna uhlalutyo olucacileyo oluthe ngqo ecaleni kweCBA.

Ukufuduka kunye nezalathiso ezingeyo-Mbhoxo

Ngaphaya kwe GDP kunye nobuninzi babathengi, uvavanyo lwenkqubo luqwalasela imida yendalo, ugcino-lwazi, kunye neempawu ezinika impumelelo. Uhlalutyo lwesigqibo esininzi (MCDA) kunye nezalathiso zenkqubela-phambili zokwenene (GPI) zinika iiseko ezidibanisa i-quantitive kunye ne-data edityanisiweyo. I-CBA ingaqukwa ngezi ndlela zokufumana imilinganiso exhathisa ukukhutshwa kwemipheko, inika umzobo ocacileyo weziphumo zesocinethi.

Inkqubela Kwindlela Yoqoqosho Nokungaqiniseki

Ubuchule bokuziphatha bucela ucelomngeni kwimodeli enengqondo exhasa i-CBA eqhelekileyo. Abantu babonisa ukulahlekelwa, ukuncitshiswa kwexabiso, kunye neziphumo ezichaphazelekayo ezinokuchaphazela ukuxabiseka kweziphumo zenkqubo. Iindlela ezintsha ziyanda ukudibanisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kuqikelelo oluyingenelo. Ngokungako, inkqubela-phambili ekufundeni umatshini kunye nesithembiso sogcino-lwazi olukhulu ukuphucula ukuxelwa kwangaphambili kweendleko neengenelo, nangona zinyusa iingxaki ezintsha ekuboneni kokukhanya kunye nokugoba.

Isiphelo

Uhlalutyo lwendleko lusasoloko lubalulekile kwinkqubela-phambili yenkqubo kawonke-wonke, lunika iindlela ezisekelwe kubungqina zokuhlola enoba izenzo ezicetyiweyo ziya kuyiphucula na intlalo-ntle yoluntu. Iziseko zayo zengqiqo kwintlalo-ntle, ziphuculwe kumashumi eminyaka esetyenziswayo, zinika isiseko esiqinileyo kodwa esithambileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, i-CBA asiyoPancacea. Imingeni yogcino-lwazi, ukuxabisa okungalinganiyo, ukulinganisela kwemilinganiselo yendlela yokusebenza, ukucuthathisa, ukuhlahlela ukuqeka-hlenga, ukuqeka kwezizukisa ezimeleyo, ukuqenga kwiinzala ezithengiswa, nokusetyenziswa kwemeko-demo-demo-mfa yoluntu, kunye neengxaki zemozulu ezizinzileyo. Ngokuvumayo nokuzinziwa kweendleko zokusasa, ukusetyenziswa koomatshini abasebenzi abafanelekileyo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba bayakwazi ukuphatha amandla eCBAlungela umgangatho womgangatho wolawulo lwezentengo yolawulo. Kwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ze