UHlomelo lwesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lungolunye lwezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokukhusela umntu ngamnye kwimicimbi yakhe yobuqu nokhuseleko kurhulumente ophathwe kakubi. Lukhusela abemi ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni, luqinisekisa ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho akunakuphazamisana nobomi bakho ngaphandle kwesizathu esifanelekileyo. Ngoxa umbhalo walo uqala kunyaka wama-1791, imigaqo yawo isebenza ngokunzulu kubomi banamhlanje bemihla ngemihla, ichaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwiitrafiki ukuya ekuzinzeni ngasese. Ukuqonda oko kuthethwa nguMphembelelo wesi-Drandeki wesine kunokukunceda ukwazi xa amalungelo akho esengozini nendlela yokusabela ngokufanelekileyo.

Imbali Nenjongo Yecare

UHlaliso lwesine lwaqala ngenxa yokungamthandi olwenziwe ngamakoloni ngokuchasene nemithetho-mthetho nemithetho yoncedo jikelele, eyavumela amagunya aseBritane ukuba akhangele amakhaya aze athabathe impahla ngendlela ezenzekelayo. Abaseki babenenjongo yokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa okufanayo ngokufuna ukuba uphengululo lube nolwamkelekileyo kwaye luxhaswe yimvume esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo. Injongo engundoqo kukukhusela ukulindela okusemthethweni komntu ngamnye, ukulinganisela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye nomdla karhulumente ekunyanzeleni umthetho.

Oko Kuthethwa Luhlaziyo Lwesine Ngokwenene

Umbhalo wesi-Crene Amendment ufundeka ngolu hlobo: "Ilungelo labantu lokuhlolwa, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, ngokuchasene nokuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, akuyi kuphulwa, kwaye ngokunokwenzeka kuya kuvela, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esifanelekileyo, ixhaswe ngu-Oath okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ichaza indawo yokuphekwa, kwaye abantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjwe. Esi sivakalisi sinye sidala ukhuseleko olubini olucacileyo: ukwaliwa kokuphangwa nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, kunye nemfuneko ekhethekileyo yokufumana imvume. Njengoko iNkundla Ephakamileyo iguqulela i-omgathe, isebenza kungekuphela kwizithuba ezibonakalayo kodwa kwimpahla kunye namanani obuqu. Kumbhalo opheleleyo namanqaku embalini, bona [[FLT]

Imigaqo Engundoqo: Ukuba Nengqiqo, Abanenxaxheba Ekulweni Nonobangela Ofanelekileyo

Imigaqo emithathu engundoqo elawula uhlaziyo loMhlaziyi wesine: ulwazelelelo, imvume, kunye nesizathu esilindelekileyo. Ukuphengulula okanye ukuxhuzula kusengqiqweni ukuba kuqhutywa ngesiqinisekiso esixhaswa yisizathu esinokwenzeka. Izizathu ezifanelekileyo zithetha ukuba ngokusekelwe kwimo epheleleyo, kukho ukubonakala okufanelekileyo kokuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho buza kufunyanwa kwindawo okanye kumntu ozakuphendwa. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqobelele iimvume ezininzi ezingekho mfuneko, njengaxa iimeko zinjalo okanye xa izinto zijongwa ngokucacileyo.

Ukuba Nengqiqo Njengomgangatho Ogqibeleleyo

Nangaphandle kwemvume, lonke uphendlo kunye nokuxhuzula kufuneka kube nengqiqo. Inkundla ilinganisa iqondo lokungenelela ngokuchasene nemfuno karhulumente yokukhuthaza izilangazelelo ezifanelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukuhla kafutshane kwezixhobo ngexesha lokumisa okusemthethweni kuthathwa njengosengqiqweni, ngelixesha uphendlo lomzimba opheleleyo ngaphandle kokukrokra okunga. Lo mlinganiselo ulungelelwano uqhelanisa nobugcisa obutsha, obufana neGPS kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi lweselula.

Yintoni Ebangela Ukuba Kufunwe?

Uphando lwenzeka xa isenzo sikarhulumente siphazamisa ukulindela umntu ukuba abe wedwa. Oku kuquka ukungena ngokoqobo ekhaya, ukuphengulula inqwelo-mafutha, ukuvula isikhongozeli esivaliweyo, okanye ukuhlola intshukumo zomntu othile ngokuhlola nge-elektroniki. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambe ukuba unolindelo olufanelekileyo lwemfihlo ekhayeni lakho, umntu wakho, inqwelo-mafutha yakho (kumlinganiselo omncinci), kwaye kulwazi lwezifom-mfono-mfono. Umzekelo, United States v. Jones, iNkufumana ukuba ukudibanisa inqwelo-mafutha yeGPS kusenza uphando. Noko ke, ukuba ushiya impahla okanye ulubhedu lwendlela lwakho, akukho phengululo oluqhelekileyo.

Ukukhangela Ngamanani

Umthetho wangoku weSigqibo soHlaziyo sesine uquka iikhompyutha, iifowuni, kunye neengxelo zamafu. Riley v. California, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba amapolisa afune isiqinisekiso sokuphendla iziphumo zeminxeba yeselfowuni ebanjwe ngexesha lokubanjwa, kuba iifowuni ziqulethe inkcazelo yobuqu eninzi. Ngokufanayo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungafuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana ii-imeyili ezigcinwe ngumxhasi wesithathu, ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha lee-imeyili nezinye izinto. Lo mmandla womthetho uyaqhubeka usenza inkqubela phambili ngobugcisa.

Yintoni Ebangela Ukungabikho Kwento Eluncedo?

Ukuxhuzula kwenzeka xa urhulumente ethatha indawo okanye ebamba umntu. Phantsi koMphetho-mvakalo wesine, umntu uyabanjwa xa, phantsi kweemeko, umntu osengqiqweni engaziva ekhululekile ukuphuma. Oku kunokwenzeka ngexesha lokumisa kweenqwelo-mafutha, ukumisa kweTerry (ukuvalelwa okufutshane okungokwe-ehendo), okanye ukubanjwa. Izinto ziyaphangwa xa kukho inkxwaleko ecacileyo nomdla womntu othile, njengokubopha ingxowa okanye ukudibanisela inqwelo-mafutha. Oku kusenokufuneka ukuba bonke abantu baxhuzulane, kunye nokuxhuzulana okuninzi okufana nokubanjwa okuqhelekileyo.

Ukungaqiniseki kwabantu: Izizathu ezifanelekileyo zokungalandeli

Ukunyanzelisa umthetho kungakuvalela kancinci ngokusekelwe ekukrokreleni okusengqiqweni ukuba ubandakanyekile kulwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kungumgangatho osezantsi kunonobangela olindelekileyo. Umzekelo, igosa lingakumisa ukuba uthelekise ingcaciso erhanelekayo okanye wenze into ekrokrelekayo kufuphi nekona yeziyobisi eyaziwayo. Kodwa ukwenza ukuba ubambeke ngokusesikweni, igosa kufuneka libe nobangela ofaneleyo, oko kukuthi, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho ulwenzile. Ukuba amapolisa awegqithe le mida, ukuphazanyiswa kunganga kungadityaniswa nento engaziwayo, kwaye nabuphi na ubungqina obufunyenweyo bungacinywa.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba kukho izinto ezininzi eziye zabangela ukuba umthetho unyanzelise ukunyanzeleka ukuba ulwe ngaphandle kwemvume.

Umququzeleli

Ukuba uyavuma ngokuzithandela ekufuneni, akukho gunya lifunekayo. Ungarhoxa nangaliphi na ixesha. Amapolisa asenokungakunyanzeli ukuba uvume, yaye ukuba uyala, bamele bafumane isiqinisekiso. Kwiimeko ezininzi ezisebenzisekayo, amagosa abuze, “Uyayithanda na ukuba ndikhangela macala onke? Unelungelo lokuthi hayi.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Ukuba kukho isisongelo esikhawulezileyo ebomini, ubungqina buza kutshatyalaliswa, okanye ukrokrele uyasaba, amapolisa asenokungena aze afune ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba amagosa avile ukungxola ngaphakathi endlwini, asenokungena ukuze anikele uncedo. Ngokufanayo, asenokukhangela inqwelo-mafutha ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba inokuba nesizathu, kuba izithuthi zinokuhamba kwaye ubungqina bunganyamalala.

Khangelani Into Enokuninceda Nibanjwe

After a lawful arrest, police may search your person and the area within your immediate control to protect their safety and prevent destruction of evidence. This does not extend to a full search of your entire home without a warrant.

Imbono Ecacileyo

Ukuba igosa likho ngokusemthethweni kwaye libona ukuphangwa kwenqanawa okanye ubungqina obucacileyo, banokuyibamba ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Umzekelo, ukuba utsalwe ukuze wophulwe ngokwendlela kwaye umphathi ubona isixhobo kwisihlalo sabakhweli, okokuba ubungqina bunokusetyenziswa kuwe.

Ukukhangela Iimfuno Ezizodwa

Uphando oluthile lukarhulumente lukhululwe kwimfuneko esemthethweni kuba zisebenza iimfuno ezikhethekileyo ezingaphaya komthetho oqhelekileyo, njengophengululo lomda, ukhuseleko lwesikhululo seenqwelo-moya, ukuvavanywa kweziyobisi zabasebenzi abanobungozi bokhuseleko, kunye ne-DUI. Oku kukhangela kufuneka kube nokusengqiqweni kumsebenzi.

Uhlaziyo Lwesine Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla: Imizekelo Eqhelekileyo

UMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo uchaphazela imisebenzi eqhelekileyo ngokufuthi kunokuba abantu becinga.

Uhambo Ngezithuthi Luyama

Xa utsalwa ukuze uphulwe, ubanjwa ngokwentsingiselo yoMgaqo-nkqubo wesine. Igosa lingakuvalela kuphela ukuba kuyimfuneko ukukhupha itikiti okanye ukuphanda ukwaphula umthetho kwasekuqaleni. Ukuba igosa lifuna ukuphengulula inqwelo-mafutha yakho, kufuneka ufune imvume yakho, mhlawumbi unobangela, okanye isiqinisekiso. Akufuneki uvume ukuphengulula. Ungabuza ukuba ndikhululekile ukuya? Ukucacisa ukuba ngaba kukho uvalelwe okanye ubhaqo. Ukuba ukhonjiwe, imoto isenokuphendwa njengokuphendla ukuba ikhutshelwe phantsi kwemiba, kodwa ityala alikho.

Ukukhangela Kwasekhaya

Ikhaya lakho linomgangatho ophezulu wokhuseleko lwemfihlo. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kudla ngokungena ekhaya lakho ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ukungabikho kombutho ongaziwayo. Ukuba amapolisa afika emnyango wakho aze acele ukungena, akunyanzelekanga ukuba uwavumele angene ngaphandle kokuba anesiqinisekiso. Ungacela ukubona isiqinisekiso kwaye uqinisekise ukuba sichaza idilesi yakho ngokuchanekileyo kwaye yintoni abayifunayo. Ukuba angena ngaphandle kwemvume kwaye akukho siqinisekiso, nabuphi na ubungqina obufunyenweyo bungacelw'icelw'icelw'e enkundla.

Ukukhangela Emsebenzini

Ukhuseleko loMmiselo wesine kumsebenzi lulinganiselwe kakhulu. Abaqeshwa bakawonke-wonke bahlala belindele ukuba kubekho imfihlo eofisini yabo okanye kwidesika, kodwa kuncinane kunekhaya labo. Abasebenzi bamacandelo obuqu abakhuselwa ngqo yiSinyusi sesine ngenxa yokuba isebenza kuphela kwisenzo sikarhulumente, kodwa eminye imithetho yephondo nemigaqo-siseko yenkampani inikela izikhuseli. Emisebenzini kawonke wonke, abaphathi basenokuqhuba ngobuchule, ukuphengulula okunxulumene nomsebenzi ngaphandle kwemvume.

Umnxeba Oseqosheni Nemfihlo Yamanani

Iselfowuni yakho ibamba umlinganiselo omkhulu wogcino-lwazi olunovakalelo: abaqhakamshelani, ii-imeyili, iifoto, ii-apps zebhanki, kunye nembali yendawo. Phantsi Riley v. California[, amapolisa jikelele kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso sokuphendla imixholo yemiba yefono-mfono-mfono- mfono- mfono- mfono, nokuba ngaba banokukufumana. Ngokunjalo, ugcino-lwazi lwendawo lukhuselekile: [FLT: 2] United States v. neNTS[FLT], iNkuphetho yeNkugqiba ukuba ukufikelela kwingxelo yembali yeseli-mfono-s kufune isiqinisekiso. Ukuqhelisa, ukuba umthetho ucela ukukhangela kwifowuni yakho, ungakulahla. Ukuba uthelekisa ii-ekhodiosioti, kwaye uyakwazi ukwabelana ulwazi lwakho lwesithathu.

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi amalungelo akho kusisiqingatha sedabi; kufuneka ukwazi ukuwaqinisa ngentlonelo nangempumelelo kwintsebenziswano yokwenene nomthetho onyanzelisayo. [[FLT: 0] ACLU's Yazi isikhokelo samalungelo akho [[[FLT: 1] inika icebiso eliluncedo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

  • Ukuvunywa ukuvuma uphendlo. Ungathi, "Andivumelani naluphi na uphendlo" Olu shwakathi aluthethi ukuba unetyala; lukhusela amalungelo akho asemthethweni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ubuza ukuba umthetho unyanzelisa ukuba unogunyaziso. Ukuba belufuna, luhlolisise ngenyameko. Khangela utyikityo lomgwebi, umhla, kunye neendawo ezithile ezigunyazisiweyo ukuba ziphengululwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ungapheli ukuba akuqinisekanga ngamalungelo akho. Unelungelo lokuthula phantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo wesihlanu. Ungangavumi ngokuzolileyo ukuphendula imibuzo nokucela igqwetha.
  • Hlanganisa negqwetha ngoko nangoko ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphulwa. Igqwetha lokhuselo lolwaphulo-mthetho elinamava lingahlola ukuba ukuphengulula okanye ukuphangwa akuvumelekanga na nokuba ubungqina bufanele bucinywe.
  • Uxwebhu olukhawulezileyo. Ukuba kukhuselekile ukwenjenjalo, ukunxibelelana kwamapolisa kwimfonomfono yakho. Qaphela amagama abaphathi, amanani ebheji, kunye nawo nawaphi na amangqina. Le ngxelo inokuba luncedo enkundleni.

Khumbula ukuba uMbeko wesine ukukhusela kwizenzo ezingekho ngqiqweni, kungekhona kuzo zonke izenzo. Ukuba ucinga ukuba ukuphendla akuvumelekanga, hlala uzolile kwaye ungaxhathisi. Ukuxhathisa kungakhokelela kwityala elongezelelekileyo. Endaweni yoko, mxelele ngokucacileyo ukuba akakufuni oko uze uwuthathe loo mbandela kamva enkundleni.

Imiphumo Yokwaphula: UMthetho Wokuphelisa

Xa urhulumente ephula amalungelo akho oMbetho wesine, unyango oluyintloko ngumthetho owenziwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Lo mthetho uthintela urhulumente ekusebenziseni ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuphengululwa ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ngokuxhuzula kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Umthetho uthintela ukunganyaniseki kwamapolisa ngokususa intshukumisa yokunqumla iimbombo. Noko ke, kukho okungaguquguqukiyo: ubungqina busenokuvunywa ukuba umphathi ngokusengqiqweni uxhomekeke kwisiqinisekiso esijikayo ukuba (ukholo olulungileyo oluchasayo) okanye ukuba ubungqina obungenakunqandwa bunga ngaphaya kwasemthethweni bebunokufunyanwa ngokusemthethweni. Kwiimeko zamakhaya, ungakwazi ukukhokelwa kwetyala karhulumente ngenxa yomonakalo phantsi [[FT:] [[FL:] [[FLD]] [1] [1] [1]

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba umthetho owenziwe ngaphandle komthetho usebenza kuphela kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, kungekhona kumatyala okufuduka okanye amatyala amaninzi asekuhlaleni alahlwayo. Ukuba ulixhoba lokuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni, qhagamshelana negqwetha ukuze uhlole imigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho neyoburhulumente.

Ukuhlala Uzazi Nexesha Elizayo

Umthetho wesine Wohlaziyo awumi. Ubugcisa obutsha obufana nobungeyondlela yokusebenza, ukujongana, kunye nolwazi lwe-software oluncinane oluvela ebusweni buphakamisa imibuzo malunga noko kumele kubekho ukulindela okufanelekileyo kokuzimela wedwa. Umzekelo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo isamele inike intetho ngokupheleleyo ekusetyenzisweni kwamapolisa amayeza okufudumala, ukuqokelelwa kolwazi oluninzi ngurhulumente, okanye ukuqokelelwa okungenasiqinisekiso komsebenzi wezentlalo-ndaba. Njengoko le mibango ivela, iinkundla ezisezantsi ziya kuqhawulwa, kwaye iNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo iya kucacisa imidaba ekhoyo kwiminyaka ezayo. Imithombo enjenge [[FLT:] iCornell Grediation Information Institutest Information Institutes ISformation Institutes IStweenst

Ukuzazi ezi meko kunokukunceda ukhuthaze ukhuseleko olunamandla oluyimfihlo. Ungavota namagosa abeka inkululeko yasekuhlaleni kwindawo yokuqala, axhase imibutho ebeka amalungelo obuqu, kwaye asebenzise ubugcisa ngendlela ezinciphisa umlinganiselo wemilinganiso yakho yamanani. Nangona uHlaziyo lwesine lungagqibekanga, luyikhaka elinamandla xa lunyanzelwa ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokuqonda izinto ezisisiseko nokuzigcina ubandakanyekile, ungakhusela enye yezona nkululeko zingundoqo kumthetho waseMerika.