Umanyano: Ubunzulu bokwahlulwa-hlulwa kwamandla ngapha nangapha komgangatho worhulumente

Umanyano lwesizwe kunye neequmrhu ezilawulayo zephondo, njengenye yeenkqubo ezinempembelelo nezintsonkothileyo zolawulo kwihlabathi langoku. Emongweni walo, ulawulo luyinkqubo yezopolitiko apho amandla ahlulahlulwe ngokwesiseko somGaqo-siseko phakathi kwegunya elisembindini, elibizwa ngokuba ngurhulumente wesizwe okanye wephondo, kunye nemibutho elawulayo, njengeephondo, okanye iinkanunu. Eli candelo alimeli nje kuphela isivumelwano esingundoqo sokulawula kodwa limela indlela umanyano olusisiseko lwelizwe nolwahlulo, umanyano oluphakathi nolawulo lwalo lwengingqini, kunye nesenzo esiphakathi sobuzwe esizihambela phambili kwemithetho yelizwe. Ukuqonda ulawulo lolawulo lwelizwe, amaphondo, iinjongo ezikhoyo, iinjongo zexesha elizayo, iimeko eziphicombululo, nezininzi.

Ukuchaza Umanyano Nemigaqo Yalo Ephakamileyo

Umanyano loluntu lungaphezulu nje kokusasazwa kwemisebenzi phakathi komgangatho karhulumente. Lilungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko eliqinisekisa umgangatho ngamnye worhulumente wenqanaba elibalulekileyo lokuzimela ngokwawo kwiindawo ezithile, ngokuqhelekileyo likhuselwe ngumgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo ongenakutshintshwa ngokungenasiphelo ngawo onke amaqondo. Oku kwahlula iinkqubo zikarhulumente kwinkqubo yomanyano, apho oorhulumente bengingqi bemibutho ekho ngolonwabo lwegunya elisembindini, kunye nokuhlanganiswa, apho umzimba ophakathi uxhomekeke kumazwe angamalungu.

Iimpawu Ezibalulekileyo Zenkqubo Zomanyano

Iinkalo eziliqela ezingundoqo zichaza inkqubo yolawulo lorhulumente. Ezi mpawu zisebenza kunye ukwenza isakhiwo esingumanyano nesithambileyo, ukuvumela abantu abahlukeneyo ukuba bahlale kunye phantsi kwesakhiwo sohlanga olunye ngeli lixa zigcina igama lasekuhlaleni kunye nolawulo kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

  • Icandelo lokwahlula-hlula loManyano: Umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo udwelisa ngokucacileyo amandla awanikwe urhulumente wezwe, lawo agcinelwe amaphondo okanye amaphondo, kunye nalawo ahlukeneyo. Oku kudibanisa kuthintela uguquko oluzenzekelayo kwigunya kwaye kunika isiseko sokushwankathelana okusemthethweni kwempikiswano.
  • Ulawulo oluqulunqweyo: Bobabini urhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente bengingqi basebenzisa igunya elithe ngqo kubemi kumazwe abo azimeleyo. Umgangatho ngamnye unegunya lawo elilawulayo, lowiso-mthetho, kunye namaqumrhu okugweba, asebenza kwingqungquthela eyabelwe umGaqo-siseko.
  • Ingingqi ye-Autonomy:[ Amaphondo aneemeko zomthetho zokwenyani kunye nozimele-zimele-mthetho kwimicimbi enjengemfundo, izibonelelo zongingqi, ukunikezelwa kwezonyango, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Oku kulawula kuvumela iinkqubo ukuba zivumelane nokhetho lwengingqi kunye neemeko.
  • I-Intergovernmental Relations: I-Federalism ifuna ingxubusho eqhubekayo, umanyano, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ukhuphiswano phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente. Izixhobo ezifana namabhunga karhulumente, ukufuduselwa kwemali, kunye neenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ziyanceda ekulawuleni olu lwalamano.
  • Unikezelo lweemfuno zoMmandla: iinkqubo zoManyano zisoloko ziquka indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe apho igumbi elinye limele umlinganiselo wabemi kunye nelinye limele amazwe okanye amaphondo ngokulinganayo okanye ngokulinganayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalizwi ephondo avakala ekwenzeni isigqibo sohlanga.
  • ICunistigal Supremacy and Judication Review: Ijaji ezimeleyo, eqhele ukuba yinkundla ephakamileyo okanye engumGaqo-siseko, isombulula iimbambano ngokomthetho-siseko wolawulo kwaye itolika icandelo lomgaqo-siseko wamandla, esebenza njengomzobi kwinkqubo yesizwe.

Umanyano Ngokuchasene Neenkqubo Ezimanyeneyo Nezobuhlanga

Ukubuxabisa ngokupheleleyo uburhulumente obuphakathi, bunceda ukubuthelekisa nemizekelo yelizwe elinolawulo olugqwethekileyo. Kwizwe elingurhulumente , njengeFransi okanye iJapan, lonke ulawulo luhlala kurhulumente osembindini, olunokuphathisa amagunya kwimibutho yengingqi okanye yengingqi kodwa lugcine igunya lokuphelisa okanye ukuququlunqa laloo maqela ngokufanelekileyo. Kwimeko umanyano , njengomanyano lwe-Europe kwimiba ethile okanye kwimibani ethile ephakathi elungele ukusetyenziswa kwabemi elungeleleneyo, urhulumente onamandla akhoyo, elungele ukulungiselela urhulumente onamandla akhoyo, xa kusenziwa urhulumente onamandla.

Imvelaphi Yembali YobuFederalism

Ingcamango yokwahlula amandla phakathi kwamagosa asemaphakathi nawasekuhlaleni inemvelaphi enzulu embalini, kodwa uburhulumente bale mihla bavela kwimilingo ethile yezobupolitika neengxoxo ezingokweenkcukacha, ngokukodwa ebudeni bokumiselwa kweUnited States.

Abavukeli Bamandulo Nesiseko Sobunzululwazi

Ngaphambi kwexesha langoku, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zolawulo oludityanisiweyo zazikho, ezifana nomanyano lwamazwe akwisixeko samaGrike, uBukhosi obungcwele bamaRoma, kunye ne-Datshi. Ezi zimvavanyo zolawulo olukumgangatho ohlukeneyo zanikeza imizekelo kodwa zangabikho kucaceka komgaqo-siseko kunye nozinzo lweziko lolawulo lwangoku. Iingxelo ezingundoqo zentanda-bulumko zeza zisuka kwiinkcubeko ezifana neMontesquieu, ezathi zamela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kurhulumente, noJames Madison noAlexander Hamilton, owathi wachaza imigaqo yemithetho yorhulumente kwi iPapers , ingakumbi kuludwe lwamaPricity. No. 10 kunye noNo 51, ezaziphikisa ukuba i-Riphablikinethi enkulu kunye nomgangatho karhulumente wolawulo olungcono kunye nolawulo lwezingquzulwano.

Ukufunyanwa KwamaMerika Nokupheliswa Komanyano Lwanamhlanje

UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe87 ugqalwa ngokubanzi njengomgaqo-siseko wale mihla. Abalawuli bafuna ukwakha urhulumente wesizwe onamandla kunalowo wawukho phantsi kweMigaqo yeNkqutyana ngeli xesha begcina amazwe njengeemeko zezobupolitika. Isisombululo sasiyilwa ngokucokisekileyo amagunya. UmGaqo-siseko ubala amagunya athile eChunga, njengokulawula ushishino lwamazwe, ukusungula imali, nokuchaza imfazwe. UGawula iMente ugcine onke amanye amandla kumazwe okanye abantu. [FOFON] [bs.[4] [4]

Ukusasazeka Komanyano EGlobeni

Impumelelo yolingelo lwaseMerika yakhuthaza amanye amazwe ukuba amkele izakhiwo zikarhulumente, ingakumbi ezo zijongene nocelomngeni lobukhulu belizwe, inkcubeko, okanye ulwahluko lwemimandla. IKhanada yamkela ulawulo lwesizwe ngo1867, ukuze kuxoxwenwe izilangazelelo zengingqi zesiNgesi nezithethana namaFrentshi kunye nokulawula umhlaba omkhulu. IAustralia yakhuthaza amathanga ayo ngo1901 ukuze abangele uqoqosho kunye nokhuseleko olumanyeneyo, i-ovimbananomo yelizwe. Inkqubo ye-Switzerland yomanyano yavela kwilizwe loluntu lonke ngo1848, ingenisa iilwimi nonqulo lwahlukeneyo. Emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi II, iJamani yamkela inkqubo yorhulumente egxininisa ulawulo olunamandla lokukhusela ulawulo lwamaNazi. Indiya, kwinkululeko yowesizwe, ngokukhetha ukulawula ulwimi lwayo, uhlanga, kunye nolwahlukaniso lonqulo lwesizwe.

Ulwahluko loBuzwe: Izakhiwo kunye noomatshini

Iinkqubo zomanyano azifani. Ziyahluka kwindlela amandla ahlulwa ngayo, indlela ulwalamano lwamasebe olulawulwa ngayo, nendlela ulungelelwaniso phakathi kombindi kunye nokwenziwa kube ntle okuguqukayo kwixesha.

Umanyano lwamaPhondo kunye noManyano lwamaPhondo

Umahluko osisiseko nguwo phakathi kwemithetho-siseko engqukuva kunye nentsebenziswano. Imodeli ye-athom ye-, esoloko ichazwa njenge "layer khekher khek" imodeli, ibona oorhulumente bequququzeli begunya abahlukeneyo, umlawuli ngamnye kwimimandla yakhe. Le modeli ilawula i-U.S. urhulumente ngexesha lenkulungwane ye-19 kunye neyasekuqaleni kweye-20. ikhompathism yolawulo yesizwe [[, imodeli ye-"ekhompathi yegunya eyahlukileyo, iqonda ukuba ulawulo lwangoku lufuna iimbopheleleko kunye nokuncedisana kumgangatho karhulumente. Kulo melo lwesizwe, kunye norhulumente kunye noorhulumente basebenza kunye neembopheleleko ezidityani ezintludityayo.

Symetric kunye noManyano lwe-Asymetric

Olunye umahluko obalulekileyo uphathelele indlela amagunya kunye nobume obabelwe ngayo phakathi kweeyunithi. ulawulo lwezwe, onke amaphondo okanye amaphondo anamandla afanayo omgaqo-siseko kunye namalungelo. I-United States ne-Australia ithelekisa lo mzekelo. ulawulo lwesizwe , eminye imibutho] inamandla ahlukeneyo okanye isimo esiphezulu kunamanye, ibonisa amagunya angaqhelekanga embalini, ngokwesithethe, okanye iimeko zezobupolitika. ISpeyin, i-Canada, kunye ne-Indiya ziphawu lokuba ngamalungu ahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, iQuebec inandipha amagunya angaphezulu kunamanye amazwe olwimi kunye nolwimi. Undiya umgangatho okhethekileyo kaJam noKamirmmirm ungomzekelo obalulekileyo kodwa ophikisanayo.

Umanyano oluthelekisayo: Uphando lwetyala kwiProjekthi

Xa sihlolisisa indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo kumazwe athile, sifumanisa indlela ezisebenza ngayo izinto ezahlukeneyo ezicetywe ngomGaqo-siseko namasiko ezobupolitika.

EKhanada: Umanyano Lwesizwe njengesixhobo sokulawula ubuzwe

I-Cyandian urhulumente wesizwe wasungulelwa ukuhlalisana kwenkomfa ethetha isiFrentshi eQuebec kunye noninzi lwamaNgesi abathethayo kwenye indawo. UMthetho waseMntla Merika we-1867, owabelwe amagunya athile kurhulumente wesizwe, kuquka urhwebo, ukhuselo, nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ngelixa ulawulo lwephondo lugqunyiweyo, amalungelo oluntu, imfundo, kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ulawulo lwamazwe ase Canada luye lwatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo, kunye namaphondo afumana amandla amakhulu exesha, ingakumbi kwinkqumrhu yonyango kunye nenkqubo yentlalo. Umthetho wesizwe wesizwe, kuquka izicwangciso ezicacileyo zemali-mali-mali kunye nezivumelwano zolawulo, ubonakalisa umgudu oqhubekayo wokulawula umanyano lwesizwe. Icandelo lwamalungelo olawulo lwemeko-bume lwemeko-bume, njengoko kukhankanywe kwinqaku lokuqala, ahlala ehleli kummandla onamandla we-1966, kunye nowemfazwe ye-Oventine. [FL.]

IJamani: Umanyano lomanyano noHlahlo loMkhosi oMkhulu

Umthetho oBanzi weJamani ka-1994 waseka inkqubo karhulumente egxininisa ngamandla kwintsebenziswano yorhulumente kunye nemigaqo-siseko. Urhulumente wesizwe unegunya elikhulu lowiso-mthetho, kodwa amaphondo (Länder) anegunya eliyintloko lokumisela imithetho karhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba oorhulumente bagunyazisa iinkqubo zemfundo, zobupolisa, zokhuseleko lwemeko yendalo, kunye nolawulo lwezempilo, ngokufuthi ezilungelelanisa izakhiwo zolawulo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni. IBoundesrat, indlu ephezulu yepalamente, imele oorhulumente kwaye imele ivumele imithetho echaphazela izilangazelelo zikarhulumente. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba ithi kukho ilizwi elingqalileyo ekusebenzeni umthetho wesizwe ngoxa kugcinwa imilinganiselo ephezulu yezolawulo kunye nolungele ulawulo. Urhulumente waseJamani uye wabonakala ngokumaphakathi nangokweemali ezityebileyo eziphuma kwiimeko eziphuma kumazwe ahlwempungezo.

EIndiya: Imanyano Yamazwe NeeTendencies Ezinamandla EzikuMbindi

I-Indiya yamkela inkqubo karhulumente ezimeleyo ukuze ilawule iinguqu zayo ezinkulu, kodwa umGaqo-siseko wamaIndiya unika urhulumente osembindini amandla awomeleleyo, ingakumbi kwiimeko zongxamiseko, kwaye umisela umsebenzi omnye wejaji kunye nowesizwe. Amazwe anegunya kwimicimbi equka ezolimo, amapolisa, impilo kawonke-wonke, kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni, ngoxa urhulumente womanyano olulawula ukhuseleko, imicimbi yamazwe asemzini, imali, kunye norhwebo lwamazwe asekuhlaleni. Inkqubo yorhulumente waseIndiya iye yavavanywa ngokulungelelaniswa kweelwimi, ifuna ulawulo oluphezulu, kunye nengxabano phakathi koorhulumente abaphakathi, ingakumbi xa amaqela ahlukeneyo elawula imigangatho. Phezu kwayo, ulawulo lwamazwe aseIndiya luye lwangqineke luqinile, lunempumelelo, ulawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo-othoba. [FLD: 0]

IOstreliya: Imanyano Yamazwe eneNdlu yeeNgqakumba Ezinamandla

ICommonwealth yaseOstreliya yasekwa ngowe-1901 xa amathanga amathandathu aseBritane avuma ukufunyaniselwa. UmGaqo-siseko wase-Australia wadala inkqubo apho urhulumente wesizwe ebamba ukhuseleko, ukufuduka, ukurhwebelana, kunye nemali, ngoxa amazwe egcina amandla angaqhelekanga okulawula iAustralia yiBhunga elinamandla, elimela amaphondo alinganayo, elinika amaphondo amagunya aphezulu angaphezulu kumthetho wesizwe. Urhulumente wase-Australia ujongene nemingeni equka ukungalungelelani kwemali emileyo, apho urhulumente uqokelela intlawulo oluninzi lwemali ngexandumiso engundoqo xa amazwe ephethe iimbopheleleko zokuchitha imali, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho ulawulo oluntsonkothile lwemali.

Iingenelo ZobuGcisa Kulawulo Lwanamhlanje

Umanyano lwezizwe lunikela iingenelo ezininzi kumazwe amakhulu, ahlukahlukeneyo, okanye asasazeke kwimimandla ephakamileyo.

  • Iimpendulo ezicacisiweyo zomgaqo-nkqubo:[ Iingingqi zoorhulumente zingayila iinkqubo ezibonisa iinjongo ezikhethelweyo, iimeko zezoqoqosho, namaxabiso enkcubeko. Imfundo yasemva, izibonelelo zezithuthi, neenkonzo zentlalo zingatshintshwa ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno ezithile zengingqi kunokuba zinyanzelwe ukuba zibumbe isizwe.
  • IiNkcubeko zeDemokhrasi: NjengoJaji Louis Brandeis edumileyo, amaphondo angasebenza njengeerejitali zovavanyo, uvavanyo lweenkqubo ezintsha ngomlinganiselo omncinane phambi kokuba unikezelo lwesizwe. Uvavanyo lwenkqubo kwimimandla efana nohlaziyo lwezempilo, umgaqo-siseko, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo-ntle zivumele inyathelo lomgangatho ophumelelayo karhulumente ukwazisa inkqubo yesizwe.
  • Izixhobo kuMandla kaRhulumente: Ukusasazeka kwegunya kumgangatho omninzi karhulumente kwenza iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano olunceda ukukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nokukhusela ukuxinezeleka kwamandla kulo naliphi na ibutho. Abami baneencam ezininzi zokufikelela kurhulumente kunye namathuba amaninzi okuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika.
  • Isabelo sommi othe kratya: Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni basondelelene nabantu kwaye banika abemi amathuba angakumbi okubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yezopolitiko, bagcine amagosa ebeke ityala, kunye nezigqibo zenkqubo ezichaphazela ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.
  • Ukungalingani okudibeneyo: ISicwangciso sokuhlalisa intlalo eyahlukileyo, ulwimi, unqulo, okanye uluntu kumgaqo omnye wezobupolitika, ivumela amaqela agcine ukuzilawula kwimicimbi esemgangathweni ukuze azibone xa enenxaxheba kwiprojekthi yesizwe eyabelweneyo.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa KobuGqirha

Phezu kwazo nje ezi zizathu zibalaseleyo, urhulumente ubangela iingxaki ezinokubangela ukuba ulawulo lungabi nampumelelo, lungabi nangqiqo yaye lusebenze kakuhle.

  • Ingxabano yoorhulumente neGridlock: Ingxabano phezu kwemida yamagunya, iimbopheleleko zemali, kunye neenkambiso zenkqubo ziqhelekile kwaye zingakhokelela kumadabi asemthethweni, ukuphelelwa kwezobupolitika, kunye nolibaziseko ekucombululeni iingxaki ezicinezelayo. ICris, njengeentlekele zemvelo okanye iingozi zempilo kawonke wonke, zisoloko zibhenca ukungalungelelani phakathi komgangatho karhulumente.
  • Ubungalingani bobungalingani phesheya kweMimandla: UbuFederal bunganyusa ukwahlukana kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, izibonelelo, kunye namathuba ezoqoqosho ukuba imimandla etyebileyo iyakwazi ukuhlawula imfundo yomgangatho ophezulu, unyango, kunye nezibonelelo ngelixa izama ukulwa. Ngaphandle kobugqwesi bomgangatho olinganayo, ulawulo lwelizwe luzibeka esichengeni sobunganiselo bengingqi.
  • [[NT.:0] Ukufakelwa kunye nokudityaniswa: ubukho bemigangatho emininzi karhulumente bubangela ukuba abemi basombululo bantsonkothe kunye namashishini ahamba ngenqanawa alungelelaniswe ngemithetho, iinkqubo zerhafu, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo. Ukwenziwa kwemigudu ukunqumla umgangatho kungachitha ubuncwane kwaye kunciphise ubuchule bukarhulumente.
  • I-'ace' kwizantsi:[ Ukhuphiswano phakathi komazwe okutsala utyalo-mali kunye nemisebenzi lungakhokelela ku "ugqatso ukuya ezantsi" kwimigangatho yolawulo, irhafu, kunye nokhuseleko lwentlalo, njengoko umazwe esezantsi etsala amashishini ngendleko yabasebenzi, imekobume, okanye abemi ababuthathaka.
  • Iingxaki zokuhlanganisa Isenzo: ezifuna iimpendulo ezilungelelanisiweyo zesizwe okanye kwanehlabathi lonke, njenge inguqulelo yemozulu, ukupheliswa kwezifo, okanye ukungalingani kwengeniso, kusenokuba nzima ukuhlangabezana kwinkqubo karhulumente apho amazwe anolwazi oluphezulu, ubuchule, kunye nezisusa zezobupolitika.

Umanyano kummandla wenkqubo ekhethekileyo

Ukusebenza kwemithetho yorhulumente kuyahlukahluka kwiinkalo ezithile, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba kumiselwe amagunya, imizekelo embali nempembelelo yezobupolitika.

Inkqubo yonyango kwiinkqubo zomanyano

Ubuchule bempilo bungummandla okhanyisa ngokukhethekileyo wokuqonda urhulumente. EUnited States, amatyala aphambili okwabelana ngeemarike ze-inshorensi kunye nabasebenzi bonyango, ngelixa urhulumente wesizwe emisela iinkqubo ezifana neMedicares kunye ne-Veteans Health Administration, kwaye enikela iinkonzo ze-inshorensis-zonyango ngoMthetho wezonyango we-Affordicable Care Act. Oku kubangele uxanduva olunelo kwintengiso ye-inshorensi, iMedica edignicity, kunye neziphumo zempilo kuwo onke amazwe. EKhanada, urhulumente umisela imilinganiselo yesizwe yezonyango ngeKhaviso-Ang, kodwa amaphondo aqhuba iinkqubo zezempilo zokwenene, kuquka nezibhedro, kunye neenkqubo zeziyobisi. Eli lungiselelo liye lakhokelela kwingxoxo yoovimba-mali, kunye neemali zolawulo zikawonke-mali.

Ugcino-lwazi lokusingqongileyo kunye noovimba bendalo

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo ibangela ingxaki ephambili yolawulo lorhulumente ngenxa yokuba iingxaki zokusingqongileyo, ezifana nongcoliso lomoya namanzi, ngokufuthi zinqumla urhulumente kunye nemida yesizwe. EKhanada, urhulumente wesizwe umisela imilinganiselo yemekobume yesizwe, kodwa amaphondo anolawulo olubalulekileyo kwinkqubela-mali yendalo kunye nokugcinwa kogcino-lwazi lwemekobume. Olu candelo lubangele uxanduva kwiiprojekthi zamandla, ukuphuhlisa i-oli, kunye notshintsho lwenkqubo yemozulu. EJamani, umthetho wesiseko wesiseko solawulo lwemeko-mo yendalo umisela imilinganiselo ebanzi, kodwa amazwe amele adibanise iimfuno ezingqongqo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo noLawulo lwasekuhlaleni

Imfundo yimbopheleleko yephondo okanye yephondo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente, ibonisa ukubaluleka kwemilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni kunye nokhetho loluntu ekulungiseni umgaqo-nkqubo kunye nolawulo lwesikolo. E-United States, amagunya okulawula imigangatho yemfundo yeK-12, isiqinisekiso somfundisi-mfundo, kunye nenkxaso yesikolo, ngelixa urhulumente wesizwe edlala indima elinganiselweyo kwiinkqubo zenkxaso-mali kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kumahluko omkhulu kwiziphumo zemfundo kunye nenkxaso-mali kumfundi ngamnye kumazwe. EJamani, imfundo ingumthwalo welizwe, okuphumela kwiinkqubo zesikolo ezicacileyo, nangona iinkqubo zokulungele ukuqhuba impumelelo zikho ukuqinisekisa ukugqithiselwa kweemfaneleko.

Ikamva LobuProtestanti Kwihlabathi Elingumhlaba Wonke

Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi, ukutshintsha kwezoqoqosho, ukutshintsha kwamanani abantu, nokutshintsha kwekamva loluntu, kutshintsha indlela asetyenziswa ngayo amandla nendlela elungelelaniswe ngayo.

Utyekelo lokuzinzisa kunye nokuphikisa

Kwinkqubo ezininzi zezwelonke, ukudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho kunye nemfuneko yokwenza izinto ngolungelelwano kwimiba efana norhwebo, ukhuseleko, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nempilo yoluntu iye yaqhubela phambili kwintsingiselo yokuma phakathi. Oorhulumente bamaFrentshi baye bawandisa amandla abo ngokwenza isivumelwano, ukuchitha amandla, nokutolika ngemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Kwangaxeshanye, ukupheliswa kwemithetho-siseko. Amandla achaseneyo alungelelanisa ukuhlaziywa, ulawulo lwengingqi, ulawulo lwengingqi, kwaneyo, kwane ne-se-se-se-seacessity aye afumana amandla kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo njengeSkotlania, i-Quebec, kunye namazwe ase-Indiya akwimpumalanga.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bamanani nolawulo

Ubugcisa bamanani budala imingeni emitsha kunye namathuba okulawula urhulumente. I-E-commerce, i-data, kunye nokungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha akuyihloneli imeko-bume okanye imida yesizwe, kuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokuba ngaluphi umgangatho karhulumente omele ulawule ezi ndawo. Iinkqubo zomanyano kufuneka zivelise iinkqubo ezintsha zokulawula amanani ezilungelelanisa imigangatho yesizwe nokutshintsha kwengingqi. Ubugcisa bukwanceda ukulungelelanisa okuneyo phakathi kwesebe, kuquka iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezabelana, ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo kwikhompyutha, kunye nezixhobo ezisebenza kunye ezinokuphucula ukusebenza kwenkqubo zorhulumente.

Iingcinezelo zemali kunye neMali eSebe eliphandayo

Iinkqubo ezininzi zikarhulumente zijongene neengcinezelo zemali ezisuka kubemi abalupheleyo, iindleko zempilo ezinyukayo, iimfuno zezibonelelo, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ezi ngcinezelo zinyusa impikiswano engakumbi yokusasazwa kwemithombo yengeniso kunye neembopheleleko zokuchitha phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente. Ukungalingani okuthe nkqo, apho urhulumente wengingqi eqokelela izabelo ezingalinganiyo zemali ngelixa amazwe anezixanduva zokuchitha imali, lucelomngeni oluzingisileyo kumazwe anjenge-Ostreliya, iKhanada, neIndiya. Utshintsho oluya kubandakanya iiprojekthi ezihlaziweyo, ukusetyenziswa kwengeniso, amalungiselelo amatsha engeniso, kunye nokuhlaziywa kooo kuhlazinzo, kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa nokulunga kwemiqatha kwenkqubo yorhulumente.

Umanyano nokungabikho kwedemokhrasi

Kwixesha lokuguquka kwedemokhrasi nokunyuka kolawulo-ntloko kwiindawo zehlabathi, uburhulumente bungadlala indima ekukhuseleni amaziko nezenzo zedemokhrasi. Ngokususa amandla kumaziko amaninzi nokunikezela iinkundla ezininzi zokhuphiswano lwezopolitiko, iinkqubo zesizwe zinokwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuba iinkokeli ezilawulayo zinike amandla kwaye zithintele inkcaso. Noko ke, ulawulo lolawulo lungabangela ukuba utyekelo lwedemokhrasi kumgangatho wengingqi, njengokuba amaqela aphantsi kolawulo lwedemokhrasi anokuqhubeka phantsi koomatila-mokhrasi. Ulwalamano phakathi kolawulo lorhulumente kunye nolawulo-demokhrasi luntluntsonko kwaye lulungelelene.

Isiphelo

I-Federalism yinkqubo entsonkothileyo nelungelelanisayo yokulawula engqineke ixabiso layo lokulawula umlinganiselo, iinguqu, kunye nokuntsonkotha kwehlabathi langoku. Ngokwahlula-hlula amandla phakathi koorhulumente abasembindini nabeziqinganiso, iinkqubo zolawulo zenza ulungelelwaniso olulungelelanisa imfuneko yomanyano lwesizwe kunye nesenzo somanyano kunye nokufuna ulawulo lobulali kunye nolawulo lwalo. Iingenelo lolawulo lorhulumente, kuquka uvavanyo lwenkqubo, ukukhusela imigaqo-nkqubo, ukulwahlula amandla azimeleyo, kunye nokuhlala kobuzwe, kuxhomekeke kwimiqobo elungelelanisa imigaqo elungele ukudibana, ukungalingani, kunye neengxaki zomanyano. Ukuqonda imigaqo elungele ukuqwalaselwayo, kudinga ubuchule bomgaqo-siseko womthetho-siseko, amandla enyanzekileyo, kunye nolwazi oluninzi oluselulungele ukusetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi. [i-F1], ukusetyenziswa kolwazi oluseluninzi oluseluvo lwamazwe, ukusetyenziswayokulwayo, ukusetyenziswa kolwazi oluphezulu, ukusetyenziswa kolwazi oluphezulu, uku