Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ziyimithetho eguqulela amavoti kwizihlalo, isenza isiseko solawulo-moya olungummeli. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokuvota kubumba ukhuphiswano lwezopolitiko, kuchaphazela ukuma koorhulumente abambalwa, kuphembelela uzinzo loorhulumente, kwaye kukwakhe nengqiqo yamaphulo ezobupolitika. Inqaku linika isifundo esithelekisayo sezona nkqubo zisetyenziswa kakhulu, ingxubusho, amandla, amandla, ubuthathaka, kunye neziphumo zezopolitiki. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo ziyimfuneko kuye nabani na ummi ofuna ukuvavanya indlela elula nempumelelo ngayo urhulumente wakhe ekubonakaliseni ukuthanda kwabantu. Eli nqaku linikela ufundo oluthelekisayo lwezona nkqubo zokuvota, ubuchule, ubuchule, ubuthathaka, kunye neziphumo zazo zelinye iziphumo zeli hlabathi.

Isiphelo- Sokuqala- Sesiphelo- (FPTP)

Yokuqala-Past- iPost yinkqubo elula kakhulu yobubanzi: umvoti onezona zivoti zininzi kwiqela lesithili enye iphumelela. Isetyenziswa kwiUnited Kingdom, iUnited States, Canada, kunye namathanga amaninzi angaphambili ase Britane. Ngexa ithandwayo ngenxa yokuba lula kwayo, iFPPP ivelisa iziphumo ezinyusela kakhulu kwivoti eqhelekileyo.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Umvoti ngamnye uphosa ivoti enye kumvoti omnye kwivoti yabo yasekuhlaleni. Umvotisi owamkela ivoti eninzi kunayo nayiphi na enye uchazwa njengophumeleleyo, nokuba bayasilela kweyona ininzi. Iqela elifumana ezona nkonzo lidla ngokuyila urhulumente, nangona lisenokungazuzi uninzi lwevoti yelizwe lonke.

i-Seed:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukusetyenziswa kolwazi kunye nesantya: Ivota ziphawula umvo omnye, kwaye isiphumo saziwa ngokukhawuleza. Le nkqubo ilula ukuphatha nokucacisa.
  • umelo lobukho bengingqi: isithili ngasinye sineMP enye, idala umgca ocacileyo wokuphendula phakathi kommisi-mthetho kunye neziqu zabo.
  • Isiphelo sokuvelisa oorhulumente abazinzileyo: Kuba iFP izibaxa isabelo sesihlalo soyena mbutho mkhulu, isoloko inika uninzi lwecawa enye, inciphisa imfuneko yengxoxo yeqela.
  • Amaqela angenabungozi aququzeleli amaqela: amatsha okanye atyhafileyo afumanisa kunzima ukuphumelela izihlalo ngaphandle kokuba inkxaso yawo igxininiswe kwimo yelizwe.

Iingozi

  • I-Disportiality: Ithala lingafumana uninzi lwezihlalo ezingaphantsi kakhulu kwenani leevoti. Umzekelo, kunyulo jikelele lwe-UK, iQela lamaKhominali lawina 36.9% yevoti kodwa lafumana 50.8% yezihlalo. Ngokuphikisanayo, iLiberal Democrates yawina 7.9% yevoti kodwa ngu-1.2% yezihlalo.
  • ukuvota okuzenzekelayo: Ivolution zidla ngokulahla ijoni labo lokuqala kubathathi-nxaxheba abakhethwanga kakhulu kodwa abakho kakhulu, igqwetha izinto ezikhethwayo ezinyanisekileyo.
  • Ivoti ezivotiweyo: ivoti yabaza kungena kwisithathu okanye isine zilahlwa ngokufezekileyo. Kwizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo, abavoti bangaziva ivoti yabo ayinampembelelo.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili kungenziwa ukuze kungenelwe kwimiqalo okanye kwiqela elithile.
  • Phantsi kokunikezelwa kweqela elincinane: ubuhlanga, okanye iingcamango zamaqela amancinane asasazeke kwimimandla eqeleneyo asenokungawisi mpumelelo kwisihlalo.

Imizekelo Ephawulekayo

I-United States Congress inyulwa ngokupheleleyo yi-FPTP, ifak' icandelo elibini elithi abahlalutyi abaninzi bashiye izigidi zabavoti bengenalo uhlobo olusebenzayo. EKhanada, iFPPP ngamanye amaxesha ivelise “onyulo olungalunganga” kutshanje ngo-2019 kunye no-2021, xa iLiberal Party yaseka urhulumente phezu kokuba iphumelele ivoti encinane kunaleyo yeKonsorvativeties. Abaxhasi benkqubo baphikisa ngelithi ukucaca nokuziphendulela kwayo kungaphezulu kwetyala layo elikhoyo, kodwa imibutho yotshintsho eqhubekayo eCanada nase-UK icebisa ukunganeliseki okukhulayo.

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Iinjongo zomelo lwepropotigal zokwahlula izihlalo ngokuhambelana nokuvota, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izabelo zeqela elithile ngokufutshane zihambelana nesabelo salo sovoti ethandwayo. IPR iza ngeendlela ezininzi, kuquka uluhlu lwePR, ulwahlulo oludityanisiweyo (MMP), kunye nevoti enye edluliswayo (STV). Amazwe anjenge-Sweden, uMzantsi Afrika, kunye ne-Israel aye asebenzisa i-PR kangangamashumi eminyaka.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo (Uluhlu PR)

Kweyona ndlela iqhelekileyo, uluhlu lweqela iPR, abavoti bakhetha iqela kunokuba bathathe umvotelwa. IiSett zabelwa iqela ngalinye ngokwesabelo sesizwe okanye sovoti yalo, kusetyenziswa indlela efana ne-d’Hondt okanye iSaint-Laguë. Amacandidete anyulwa kuluhlu lweqela eliyalelweyo. IiVoters zingaba nokhetho lokuchaza ukhetho lwabo ngabanye abathathi-nxaxheba kuluhlu.

i-Seed:

  • Iprojekthi: Indlu yowiso-mthetho ibonakalisa ngokusondeleyo izinto ezikhethwa ngukhetho. Amaqela amancinane namaqela amancinane angaphumelela ukumela ukuba anqamleze umqobo obekekileyo.
  • Urhoxiso oluphosayo lwevoti: phantse lonke ivoti inegalelo kubalo lwesihlalo seqela, isenza abavoti bave imicimbi yabo abayithandayo.
  • ivumela isakhiwo esimanyeneyo: Oorhulumente basoloko befuna imibutho, enokukhokelela kwimigaqo edityanisiweyo nemelo olubanzi.
  • Umvoti ophezulu: Uphando lubonise ukuba iinkqubo zePR zithambekela ekubeni nenani eliphezulu lokuthabatha inxaxheba, ngokwenxenye kuba abavoti abanakuyiqonda ivoti yabo njengelahleko.

Iingozi

  • Ukungazinzi kokuma equmrhu: Ipalamente ezicatshuliweyo zingakhokelela ekuweni okuthe rhoqo kukarhulumente. I-Itali ibone urhulumente ohlala ixeshana ngenxa yemfuneko yamaqela amaninzi ukwenza umbutho.
  • I-jours zasekuhlaleni ezidityanisiweyo: Izawonga zingangazazi ukuba yeyiphi iMP enoxanduva lwengingqi yazo. Imimandla emikhulu enamalungu amaninzi yenza uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwee-activation nabameli.
  • Ukuzala: Iindlela zokubala (umz. d’Hondt, intsalela) zingadida abavoti, kwaye iinkqubo zoluhlu zamaqela zinika ukhokelo lweqela amandla amakhulu ukugqiba indlela yokufumana imvume.
  • Isikhonkwane samaqela angonakaliyo: ngokwentengiso, kwanamaqela amancinane angonakaliyo angafumana izibambi zepalamente, ezinokufaka iingcamango eziphembelelayo.

Ipropoti yorhwebo exutyiweyo

MMP, esetyenziswa eJamani, eNew Zealand, kunye namalungu eSkotlani, idibanisa i-FPTP contituencis ezihlalweni eziphezulu eziphezulu ukufikelela ulwahlulo. I-voters ziphosa iibhola ezimbini: enye ye-projekthi yobulali kunye nenye yeqela. Iqela limisela umlinganiselo opheleleyo wezihlalo, kwaye izihlalo zoluhlu zabelwa ukulungisa ukungalungelelani ukusuka kwiziphumo eziphezulu. I-MMP igcina umelo lobulali ngexesha iziphumo zokugqibela zingumlinganiselo. I-MMP eyamkelekileyo emva komkhankatho ka 1993 kunye nepalamente yalo yalo ngoku ibandakanya uludwe lwamaqela, ukusuka kuGreenland ukuya eNew Zealand Kuqala.

Ulongezo Lokhetho Olukhulu (RCV) / Runoff Voling- yangoko (IRV)

IVoling ePhakathi yokuKhetha ePhakathi, eyaziwa njenge-Prone- Runoff Voting kukhuphiswano olunye, ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake abangenisi ngokwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala ye-choice, umvote wokugqibela ukhutshwa kwaye amavoti abo asasazwa ngokokhetho olulandelayo kwibhola nganye. Le nkqubo iphinda de umvotezi akhuseleke uninzi. RCV isetyenziselwa unyulo lukarhulumente e-Australia, urhulumente nokhetho lwengingqi eMaine nase-Alaska, kunye nokhetho oluninzi lukamasipala ngaphaya kweUnited States.

i-Seed:

  • [[NTL: 0] ikhupha uvotelo olunyanisekileyo: Izixhobo zemali zingabeka ibhanile yazo ezithandwayo kuqala ngaphandle koloyiko “lokunyulwa” konyulo lomntu ophilayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] icacisa iziphumo zokufumana: Inxenye yesithathu okanye abaza kungena ezimeleyo bangabaleka ngaphandle kokwahlula ivoti yeqela elingundoqo elifanayo, ukwenza unyulo ludibene kakhulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inciphisa iphulo elingalunganga: Amatyala kufuneka abhene ngapha kwesiseko sawo ukuze abe lukhetho lwesibini lwabaxhasi abaphumele abachasi, abasoloko bekhuthaza iphulo elincinane lokukhupha.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Guastates umvuzo oninzi: Ozukileyo ekugqibeleni uxhaswa luninzi lwabavoti xa kuqwalaselwa, ngokungafaniyo ne FPTP apho umvumi wobuninzi angamela kuphela iqaqobana lomnyuli.

Iingozi

  • Imposiso yokuvota kunye nemposiso yovoti: iyakwazi ukudideka ngenkqubo ephezulu, ikhokelela kwiibhola zomloti ezingasebenziyo. Amanye amaqela abona isantya esiphezulu sabavoti ababolelekileyo de abavoti baqheke.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukubala ixesha: Ukuba akukho mvo ufumana uninzi kubalo lokuqala, izihlandlo ezininzi zonikezelo zifunekayo, ezinokuthi zilibazise iziphumo, ingakumbi xa iibhola kufuneka zithuthwe emzimbeni ziphinde zikhethwe.
  • Inguqu yamanani angeyonto ikhoyo: Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, umvotelwa angalahlekelwa ngokuphumelela iivoti ezininzi kakhulu kwindawo yokuqala (umkhaba owaziwayo ngokuba “kukungaphumeleli kobunyani” okanye kamva i-
  • ayinako ukuphucula umelo lwamaqela amancinane: Kuba i-IRV iseyindlela enye ye-200winner, ayiqinisekisi ukubala amaqela ahlukeneyo ngaphaya kwendlu yowiso-mthetho. Isenokuvelisa umfumani olikhetho lwesibini kwabavoti abaninzi kodwa ukhetho lokuqala lwabambalwa kakhulu.

Isivakalisi esinye esidluliswayo (STV)

IVote egqithiselwayo sisixokelelwano solwahlulo esisetyenziswa kwimimandla emininzi. Abathathi-nxaxheba bakwisigaba ngasinye (hayi amaqela), kwaye umlinganiselo umiselwe ````ngomlinganiselo we Droop''' (inani leevoti ezisebenzayo / (inani lezihlalo + 1)). Abakhweli abagqitha umlinganiselo bakhethwa, kwaye uvotelo lwabo luthunyelwa kwinkozo ezilandelayo. Ukuba akukho projekthi ifumana inani, ebuthathaka kakhulu iyasuswa kwaye ivoti yabo iyarhoxiswa. Oku kuyaqhubeka de zonke izihlalo zigcwaliswe. I-STV isetyenziswa e-Ireland ukwenzela uvoti, e-Malta, nakwenye i- Scotland.

i-Seed:

  • Iziphumo ezithe ngqo: STV iveza udibaniso olusondeleyo phakathi kwevoti nezitulo, lo gama ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe phakathi kwabavoti kunokuba bakhethe nje amatheko.
  • Ivoti ezilahlwayo: ivoti ziyatshintsheka de zincede ukunyulwa komntu, ithetha phantse wonke umvoteli unegalelo ekuphumeleleni komnye umntu.
  • Ukhuphiswano lweIntraparte: luthatha umtya omnye kufuneka ukhuphisane kuthunyelo, ukhuthaza ukuba bazikhethele ngokwahlukileyo kunye nesibheno kwicandelo elibanzi elinqamlezayo labavoti.
  • Ukhetho lweVoter: lungabeka abathathi-nxaxheba kumacala anqamlezileyo eqela, bexhasa ukuxuba kwamaqela okanye abantu ngokokhetho lwabo.

Iingozi

  • Umlinganiselo wokubala: Ukubala ii-STVolots ezinamacala amaninzi okudluliswa koxanduva lungasebenza nzima kwaye lungalibazisa iziphumo ngeentsuku. Iivoter zikwafuna ukuqonda ukuba zizakusetyenziswa njani na izinto ezizikhethayo.
  • Ibhola ezide: kwisithili esinabathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi, zonke eziphezulu zingaba rhabaxa, kwaye abavoti bangaphela bencomela ezimbalwa.
  • Ubukhulu besithili obukhulu obufunekayo: ukwenzela ukuba iSTV ifumane ulwahlulo olupheleleyo, isithili kufuneka zikhethe ubuncinane 3-5 yamalungu. Izithili ezincinci kakhulu (umz., 2126seat) zingavelisa iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo ezifana neFPTP.
  • IPhondo elikwindawo ephezulu yobuchule: isenokungcwaba abathathi-nxaxheba abadumileyo abavela kwamanye amaqela ngethemba lokukhuthaza eyabo, uhlobo lwendlela yokuziphatha elungele ukusetyenziswa kweqhinga lokuvota kwenye indawo.

Ezinye iinkqubo ezinokuphawulwa

Ukuthunyelwa koMsebenzi

Ekuluvumeni uvotelo, abavoti banga “baqinisekisa” ukuba baninzi abaza kubhaptizwa njengoko bethanda. Umvoti onenkokeli elungileyo yokuphumelela. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa konobumba abatsha abaphezulu bemibutho yezobupolitika eUnited States nakumaqela athile. Kulula, kunciphisa iziphumo zophangi, kwaye kukhuthaza abavoti ukuba bavakalise inkxaso kubathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi. Noko ke, abathathi bukhulu ubunzulu, kwaye bungakhokelela kunyulo lonyulo lomvolo okhuselekileyo, ophantsi, ojongeneentloko ephezulu, okhethwe ngukhetho lwesibini lomntu ngamnye kodwa akukho lukhetho lokuqala oluvusa umdla.

Inqaku

Umlinganiselo womvo-mali ngamnye kumlinganiselo wamanani (umz. 0 ukuya ku 5). Umvotelwa onenani elipheleleyo (okanye umlinganiselo) wenqaku eliphumeleleyo. Inqaku lovota livumela abavoti ukuba babonise amaqondo enkxaso kwaye bakhuseleke kwisiphumo somonakalo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba kunganyusela abavoti kwinani elipheleleyo labathathi-nxaxheba, kwaye ukubala kuntsonkothe kakhulu kunobuninzi obulula.

Name

Ubalo lwe Borda luyindlela ekhutshiweyo apho abatshateli bafumana iincam ngokwendawo yabo kwi blotte nganye: kuba abavoteli, ivoti yokuqala 76place inika n[FLT] iincam, indawo yesibini inika indawo [[FLT]]] 1 [1] n [, njalo njalo- njalo. Isetyenziswa kukhetho lwemfundo yovoti kwaye kukhuphiswano oluncinane. Ithanda ukunyusela ngokwamkelekileyo abaqhubi kunezinto ezithandwayo, kodwa ithambeka kakhulu kwimisebenzi esesikweni (umz., umchasi onamandla okokugqibela).

Uhlalutyo lweNkcubeko: Urhwebo

Akukho nkqubo yokuvota igqibeleleyo; inye iqulathe iseti eyahlukileyo yamaxabiso. I-FPTP ibeka uxanduva lwetyala lasekuhlaleni kunye norhulumente ozinzileyo ongomnye ngexabiso lolwahlulo. Iinkqubo zepropati zinika umelo olulungelelaniso kodwa rhoqo kwiindleko zomanyano lwasekuhlaleni nozinzo lomanyano. Iinkqubo ze-RankÍced proce ziphucula kwi-FPTP kwisithilithi enye kodwa azithethi ngolungelelwaniso jikelele ngaphaya kwendlu yowin. I-STV ne-MMP zizama ukudibanisa umelo lwasekuhlaleni nolwahluzo lolwahlulo, kodwa ubuntlola bazo bungaba ngumqobo ekuqondeni nasekulawuleni.

Ukusebenza kwenkqubo enikiweyo kuxhomekeke kwinkcubeko yezobupolitika kunye nesakhiwo sobuzwe. Ulwahlulo olunzulu lwebutho labantu olunee-volution zobuhlanga okanye zonqulo lungangenelwa kwinkqubo yePR enika onke amaqela ilizwi, ngelixesha ilizwe elithe lafana kakhulu lingakhetha inkqubo evelisa oorhulumente abagqibekileyo. Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo yokukhetha kusisigqibo somGaqo-siseko esimele senziwe emva kokucalucalula ngocoselelo, ifundiswe ngobungqina obuthelekisayo kunye nezinto eziphambili zokhetho.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zokunyusa-tshintsha azingobuchule nje kuphela; zibumba impilo yedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda imigaqo yabo kunye neengozi kunika abemi amandla okuvavanya inkqubo yabo nokuxhasa utshintsho xa kuyimfuneko. Utyekelo lwamashumi eminyaka akutshanje belubhekiselwa kwimiqathango engakumbi nelungeleleneyo, namazwe anjenge New Zealand eguqukela kwi-MMP kunye neendawo ezininzi ze-U.S. kodwa, zonke iinguquko zithwala ukurhwebelana kwe-RC, kwaye akukho nkqubo inokuzalisa onke amaxabiso edemokhrasi ngexesha elinye. Isitshixo sikukufanisa inkqubo yentlalo-ntle esebenzayo, ngalo lonke ixesha sikhumbula ukuba usukelo olupheleleyo luyiyo oluya kubonakalisa kakuhle ulawulo lwabantu ngexa lusenza ukuba lusebenze olunempumelelo. Abami basezweni ababandakanye nezi meko bafumana iinkqubo zabo zokuzidipolanisa ii-democralistiki zexesha elizayo.