Unyulo lwenza isiseko solawulo-demokhrasi ngokunika abemi indlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuphembelela ukhokelo lwabo kunye nolwalathiso lwenkqubo. Luyinkqubo yokuqala abaya kuthi ngayo abantu bavakalise intsebenziswano yabo, bakhethe abameli abasebenza ngemithetho baze benze izigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngaphandle konyulo oluthe rhoqo nobulungisa, umgaqo ongundoqo wolawulo oluqhelekileyo uyangabonakali kunokuba usebenze. Le nkqubo iguqula izikhethelo zabantu zibe ngumyalelo odibeneyo, ikhokelele ukulawulwa kwebutho labantu, ilungelelanisa ulawulo lwamaqela, amazwe, kunye nezizwe. Ukuqonda indlela olusebenza ngayo unyulo, inkqubela phambili yabo yembali, kunye nocelomngeni abajamelene nalo naluphi na ummi okanye umxhasi wezopolitiko.

Ukubaluleka Kokhetho Lolawulo - melo

Unyulo lusebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo exhasa impilo yedemokhrasi. Ngaphandle kokukhetha nje iinkokeli, banyanzelisa ukuba kuphendulwe ityala nokubekwa ngokomthetho ngoxa bekhuthaza ukubandakanyeka koluntu. Xa abemi bevota, abakhethi kuphela abathathi-nxaxheba kodwa kwakhona babonakalisa ukuvunywa okanye ukulahlwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yangaphambili kunye nokusebenza.

Ulwamkelo luyinzuzo yembombo. Ngokufaka ibhola, abavoti baqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezahlukeneyo zentlalo, zezoqoqosho, kunye nenkcubeko zikho kwimibutho yemithetho kunye nee-ofisi zesebe elilawulayo. Idemokhrasi emelayo ixhomekeke kunyulo ukubonakalisa amanani namalungelo abantu. Noko ke, iingxaki ezifana nokurhoxa kovota okanye ukuvota okusezantsi zingagqwetha lo melo, yenza ukwenziwa kokhetho kubelubalulekileyo.

uxanduva lwetyala lufuna amagosa anyuliweyo ukuphendula abo babanyulileyo. Amagosa onyulo olumaxa athile abameli ukuthethelela izigqibo zabo kunye nezithembiso zephulo. Oku kuphendula kukhuthaza ukuba nembonakalo ecacileyo nokusabela, njengokuba abantu besazi ukuba baza kujamelana nomgwebo kuphando. Umzekelo, ukusilela ukucombulula iingxaki ezicinezelayo ezifana nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho okanye ukubola kwesiseko kungakhokelela ekuwisweni kwempumelelo.

I-Legitacy inikwa iziphumo zonyulo ezivunyiweyo eziboniswa ngonyulo. Iziphumo ezivunyiweyo zezizwe ngezizwe zinika oorhulumente ilungelo lokusebenzisa igunya nokungena kwizivumelwano okanye kwizivumelwano. Ngokuchaseneyo, unyulo lungaphazamisa amazwe nokuphelisa ukuthembana kwamaziko. Unyulo lwasemgaqweni luphawulwa ngolawulo olungakhethiyo, ukuthatha inxaxheba ebanzi, kunye nokwamkelwa kweziphumo ngabo bonke abasebenzi bewotshi.

Isivumelwano sePublic sinwebeka ngaphaya kosuku lovota. Ukhetho lukhuthaza abemi, luxhobisa iingxubusho ngemibandela, abaza kuthabatha inxaxheba, kunye nemigaqo esetyenziswayo. Lo msebenzi woluntu wakha uphakamiso lwezopolitiko kwaye ukhuthaza ubuvotistiki, okanye ukuthelela amaqela oonogalelo. Amazwe anenxaxheba enamandla kwivoti athambekela ekubeni nezithethe zedemokhrasi ezinamandla.

Incopho yokujija

Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwazo, iivoti zohlukene kakhulu. Iinjongo zokukhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba ezizenzekelayo ziquka ukuvota, ukhetho lweposi ekuvotelweni, namaphulo emfundo karhulumente. Unyulo kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu lusoloko luphumelela unyulo oluphezulu ngenxa yolwandiso novotelo ngeempelaveki. Ukuthetha imiqobo efana nokubhaliswa kwexesha okanye ukunqongophala kwezithuthi kungachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ukudityaniswa kwedemokhrasi.

Iintlobo Zokhetho

Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zisebenzisa iintlobo zonyulo ezahlukeneyo, nganye ilungele iimfuno zolawulo olukhethekileyo. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo zomahluko kucacisa indlela eyahlukileyo unyulo olufak ’ isandla ngayo ekulungiseni inkqubo nomelo.

Unyulo ngokubanzi

Ezi zezinye eziqheleke kakhulu, ezibanjelwe ukugcwalisa iiofisi kumgangatho worhulumente, wesizwe, kunye nowasekuhlaleni. Kwinkqubo yomongameli, unyulo jikelele lukhetha umphathi oyintloko, ngeli lixa iinkqubo zepalamente zikhetha abenzi bomthetho abanyulwayo abazakhela urhulumente. Umzekelo, unyulo jikelele lwase-U.S. rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine lukhetha uMongameli, iNdlu yabameli, kunye nekota enye yeBhunga, ngelixa iBrazil isenza unyulo jikelele lukaMongameli, iBhunga-Phondo, kunye nomlawuli ngexesha elinye.

UKhetho lweFonti

Oomatiloshe bagqiba ukuba ngawaphi abaza kumela iqela lezobupolitika kunyulo jikelele. Bangavuleka (abaxhasi bakhetha ukuba omnye umbutho ophambili kungakhathaliseki ukuba ungowaluphi unxulumano) okanye bavalwe (kuphela amalungu abhalisiweyo). Ityala libaluleka kakhulu kwimiba yokuhluza kwaye ngokufuthi lityhila uxinezeleko lwangaphakathi. Umzekelo, iiklasta zakutshanje ze-U.S. zibone ukucelw'iintsilelo kwiqonga leqela, ukurhoxa.

UKhetho oluSigxina

Ubizwa ukuba uzalise iziqendu ezingalindelekanga (umz., ukuphelelwa ngumsebenzi okanye ukufa komphathi) okanye ukuvota kwimilinganiselo ethile efana nemibandela yomanyano lwasekuhlaleni okanye imigudu yokukhumbula. Unyulo olukhethekileyo lusoloko lunethuba eliphantsi kodwa lunokugqibelela. Unyulo olukhethekileyo lwango-2017 lweNdlu yeNtlanganiso ye-U.S. lwatsala ingqalelo yesizwe ngenxa yezityholo ezichaswe ngokuchasene nomntu okwiRiphabliki.

IiReferendem kunye nezinyathelo eziphambili

Ezi zivumela ukubamba inxaxheba ngqo kwedemokhrasi, nabavoti begqiba ngemithetho, ukulungiswa komgaqo-siseko, okanye imibuzo yezomgaqo-siseko. Ii-referendium zingaba yi-dviso okanye zibophelele. I-Switzerland isoloko isebenzisa ii-arhentesum kwimiba yokusuka ekungeneni kwabantu ukuya kwirhafu. Ngoxa abemi benamandla, ii-assenteum zingaba yimiba enzima kakhulu kwaye ziphenjelelwe ngamaphulo acuthelwe kakuhle.

Inkqubo Yobuchule

Unyulo oluthembekileyo lulandela ulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo ukususela kwisaziso ukuya kwisiqinisekiso.

Ubhaliso lweVoter

Abemi abanokubhaliswa kufuneka babhalise phambi kokuvota, ngokufuthi kufuna ubungqina bokuhlala kunye nobudala. Iinkqubo zokwahluka: amanye amazwe abhalisa ngokuzenzekelayo kwisiseko sogcino-lwazi sikarhulumente, ngelinye ixesha amanye afuna amanyathelo aqhubekekayo. Ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo, njengoko lusetyenziswa eSweden, lunyuse ngokuphawulekayo ukubhaliswa. Amazwe afana no-Oregon aye amkela ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo olunxulumene nelayisensi yomqhubi.

Ukubhiyozela Imfundo Nezorhwebo

Imigaqo yezemali yekampumlo iyahluka, amanye amazwe abeka imida kunye nemali kawonke-wonke yokunyusa ibala lokudlala. Iinkqubo zemfundo ezivela kumaqela angengomacartinarian zinceda abemi balapho baqonde amanyathelo okukhetha imidlalo, ukucutha isiphithiphithi okanye ukuthomalalisa, ukunciphisa ukudideka okanye ukuxhaphaza.

Iindlela zokusasaza

Unyulo lwe-2020 eUnited States lwayimbali yokusetyenziswa kweposi-yomgunyathi phakathi kwesifo esimandundu. Indlela nganye ifuna ukhuseleko olomeleleyo: imikhondo yephepha yokhuseleko, imigaqo yetsheyina engekhoyo, kunye nokuvota kwe-email okungasetyenziswayo ngenxa yenkathalo kunye nokhuseleko lokhuseleko.

Ubalo

Emva kokuba izikhululo zonyulo zivaliwe, iibhola zibala ngezantsi okanye ngoomatshini. Abaqwalaseli abasuka kumaphulo, kwiiqumrhu ezizimeleyo, kunye neentlanganiso zezizwe ngezizwe bajonga inkqubo. Iziphumo zidluliselwa kwigunya elisembindini (njengekhomishini yonyulo yesizwe) ebangela iziphumo emva kokuvavanywa kwesampuli engakhethiyo. Ii-frepancicas zingabangela ukuba kubekho umba okanye imingeni esemthethweni. Umzekelo, intlalo ezikufuphi eFlorida ngexesha lowama 2000.S.

Ucelomngeni Lokunganyaniseki

Nangona kubalulekile, unyulo lunokubenza bangabi nantembelo.

Ucinezelo lwe Voter

Uqheliselo oluthintela abavoti abafanelekileyo ekubeni bathabathe inxaxheba, njengemithetho ye-ID engqongqo, iindawo zokuvota ezisikelwe umda kwiindawo ezincinci, ukukhupha iirolokhwe zabavoti, okanye ukucutha iiyure zokuvota kwangethuba kuye kwachaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa imimandla ephantsi. Uphando lubonisa ukuba amatyala ali-13 amisela imithetho yokuvota engqongqo emva konyaka ka-201818, achaphazela ukubhadula phakathi kwabafundi kunye nabemi abafumana imali ephantsi. Imigudu yotshintsho igxininisa ekufikeleleni ngakumbi kunokuba ithintele.

Gerrymandering

Ukutsala kwakhona imida yesithili ukuze uthande iqela lezobupolitika okanye ukhuphiswano lwento eninzi kunciphisa unyulo. Ngokupakisha abavoti benkcaso kwisithili esingephi okanye ngokuyisasaza ngokuyintsonkotha, okusesikweni kuyaphoswa. Iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokuhlaziya, njengaleyo yaseKhalifoniya nase-Arizona, zizimisele ukumisela impembelelo yabaxhasi, nangona ithethsifiki iyaqhubeka. Ngoku abalinganisi bezibalo bafaka i-gerrymanidering, njengomsantsa wempumelelo osetyenziswa kwiimeko zenkundla.

Ubuqhetseba bokhetho

Nangona inqabile kwidemokhrasi emiselwe, ukuqhatha okufana nokuvota kabini okanye ukurhoxisa ibhola kunokuphelisa intembelo. I-Robustt ikhusela i-$i-ID, usayino loqinisekiso, iindlela zophicotho-zincwadi, kunye nokhuseleko logcino-zincwadi olukhuselekileyo--------------lunciphisayo. Izityholo ezingasekelwanga zinokuphazamisa ukuthembana, njengokuba kubonwa kwingxelo yasemva ko-20-U.Umbhali-mbali we-mbali.

Inkcazelo

Ulwazi lobuxoki okanye olulahlekisayo, olusasazwa ngezixhobo zonxibelelwano, lungadida abavoti malunga neenkqubo, abatshati, okanye iimbambano. Umzekelo, iipali ezizibiza nge-imeyili kwibhola ezikwi-oyile azisebenzi okanye aziyi nyani malunga nemihla yokuvota. Imilinganiselo yokuphamba iquka ubungcathu beqonga, amaphulo angaphambili okuqhambuka, kunye nemfundo yokufunda. Oorhulumente nabantu basekuhlaleni ngoku basebenzisa iinkqubo zokukhangela imbali ezithi ziphelise iintsomi ezinxulumene nonyulo.

Indima yobuxhakaxhaka Kukhetho

Ubuchule bobugcisa buphinda buchaze indlela olusetyenziswa ngayo unyulo luze luphakamise amathuba amatsha ngakwicala lomngcipheko. Ukulungelelanisa izinto ezintsha nokhuseleko kulucelomngeni oluzingisileyo.

Oomatshini bombane (EVM)

I-EVM ikhawulezisa ubalo kunye nokunciphisa impazamo yomntu, kodwa i-software yayo ejingayo inganyusa inkxalabo yokhuseleko. Iinkqubo ze-elektroniki ezithe ngqo (DRE) ngaphandle kwerisithi zamaphepha zenza ukuba uphicotho-zincwadi lungabi nakwenzeka; ngenxa yoko, imikhondo yophicotho-zincwadi olugunyazisiweyo igunyaziswe ngokuninzi. Iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwibharikhodi zikhuphiswa kwiinkundla. Ii-EVM, ezisetyenziswa kwizigidi zabavoti, ziquka abashicileli bephepha lokufumana ii-paji ye-pasethi ukuze baqinisekise.

Iphulo Lokuqhuba Imfazwe Kunxibelelwano Nezibonelelo Zoluntu

Iinguqu ezifana ne Facebook no X zivumela abavoti ukuba bafikelele abavoti ngokungabi naxabiso lini, ifakelwe kancinane ngokusekelwe kugcino-lwazi olunxulumene ne-alytics. Noko ke, oku kungandisa amagumbi eentlokoma kwaye kwasasaze ubuxoki. Izibhengezo zezobupolitika ezinomgaqo omncinane kwamanye amazwe zingakhupha ipesenti. Imithetho ecacileyo, njengaleyo ikwi Europe' Digital Services Act, ifuna amathala eencwadi kunye neenkcazelo ezichazileyo.

Izinto ezizizo

Iphulo lokusebenzisa ii-database zovoti kwimodeli yokhetho nokujika, ukulungelelanisa ukufikelela. Ngoxa isebenza kakuhle, inyusa inkxalabo yobuqu xa ugcino-lwazi lulahlwa ngaphandle kwemvume. ICambridge Analytica yabalaselisa amahlazo amatyala, ikhuthaza imithetho engqongqo yokukhusela ugcino-lwazi njenge GDPR. Ukusetyenziswa kwenkcazelo yenzululwazi kufuna ukuvuma ngolwazi nokucacisa indlela ulwazi lobuqu olusetyenziswa ngayo.

Ukuvelisa okwenye indawo

Iposi kunye ne-intanethi yokuvota inyusela ufikelelo lokufumaneka kweminxeba ekhubazekileyo, yaphesheya, okanye yabavoti basemaphandleni. Noko ke, kwi-intanethi ukuvota kuhlala kudala impikiswano ngenxa yezisongelo zekhompyutha ````````''''''''''. Ukungagunyazi' ukuhlasela abancedisi, ukukhankanywa kwe-ofisi-email, ukuvota okungagqibekanga. Kuphela e-Estonia inikela ukuvota nge-intanethi ngokhuseleko oluvavanyiweyo; amazwe amaninzi anamathela kwii-posi eziselubala ngenxa yeengxaki. Utyikityo kunye nezithintelo ezizi zicelweyo zicelwe ngokubanzi.

Indaleko Yembali Yokhetho Lwedemokhrasi

Ingcamango yonyulo iye yavela ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kudala ukuya kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi yanamhlanje. I-Athene yamandulo yasebenzisa ilottery kunye nonyulo olungqalileyo kunokuba ibe ngummeli. Unyulo lokuqala lwangoku lwavela eNgilani yamaxesha aphakathi, kodwa kuphela ukwenzela ukumilisa amadoda. Ulwandiso lwamadoda, amabhinqa ambalwa, nabemi abambalwa abangenazo iinjongo ezifanelekileyo, ngokuthe ngcembe ngenxa yokulwa okufana nombutho wamabhinqa kunye nomthetho wamalungelo abantu. Umzekelo, umthetho womthetho we-Voing Registration ka-1965 ku-U.S.

Ngehlabathi, amaza olawulo-demokhrasi ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 asasaza ubuchule bokhetho kumazwe asemva kwe-Estonia kunye namazwe amaninzi asemva kwe-communist. Umelo olwamkelweyo lokubonisa ngcono intlalo-ntle. Namhlanje, iinkqubo zonyulo ziyaqhubeka zisebenzisana, zibandakanya amanyathelo afana novotelo lwe-choote e-ace e-Australia kunye nesixeko saseMineapolis ukuqinisekisa izakhiwo ngokhuthulo olubanzi.

Ukuthelekisa Iinkqubo Zeenqwelo - moya Ehlabathini Lonke

Akusebenzi ngonyulo ngendlela efanayo. Ukwahluka kweendlela zokuvota kunye noyilo lwesithili kuvelisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo kunye nomgangatho wokungakhathaleli.

Udidi lweposi

Isetyenziswa kwiUK, Canada, Indiya, kunye ne-U.S., iFPTP yenza izithili ezikwilungu elinye apho umvoti onenkoliso yamavoti uphumelela khona/nakuba phantsi kwenkoliso. Idla ngokuvelisa iinkqubo eziziicandelo ezimbini kwaye ingashiya izigidi zamavoti angaxhaswanga. Unyulo lwe-Rapoid luyenzeka, kodwa unyulo lwe-FPTPP lusoloko luphantsi kwamaqela esithathu kunye neqela elincinane lamazwe.

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Isixokelelwano sePR sabela izihlalo ezisekelwe kwivoti ekwabelana ngeqela ngokusebenzisa uluhlu lweqela okanye iimodeli ezidityanisiweyo. Amazwe afana neJamani, New Zealand, neSweden asebenzisa iPR ukufikelela ingxubevange yepalamente kunye nomelo lwamaqela amancinane. Oorhulumente bentengiso baqhelekile, bafuna ulwakhiwo. Abagxeki i-PR bangakhokelela koorhulumente abangalungelelaniyo kunye nokwahlulwa.

RCV

Abavotesi bakwizikhundla eziphambili ngokomyalelo wokhetho. Ukuba akukho mntu ufumana uninzi, umvoti osezantsi ukhutshwa aze aphinde akhethwe de kufike umvuzo. RCV ukhuthaza ukuxhathisa nokunciphisa iphulo elifanelekileyo lokuvota okulahlwayo. Isetyenziswa eIreland, e-Australia, nasemadolobheni amaninzi ase-U. RCV isenokusetyenziswa kunyulo lwemivote ehamba phambili.

Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo

Amazwe amaninzi adibanisa i-FPTP nePR, njengohlobo olufanayo lovota lwaseJapan okanye uhlobo lwePalamente yaseScottic. Ezi nguqulelo zidityanisiweyo zizama ukudibanisa umelo lwasekuhlaleni neziphumo ezilungeleleneyo. Ukuntsonkotha kwazo kungadida abavoti, kodwa zisoloko zinika imigaqo yowiso-mthetho elungelelene ngakumbi.

Isiphelo: Ikamva Lonyulo Kulawulo - melo

Iinkqubo zokhuseleko kufuneka ziqhubeke zihambelana neenkqubo zoburhulumente kunye neenguquko zobuntlola. Imigudu yokuphucula ukufumaneka kwevoti ngobugcisa obuhambayo njengovota okanye ukungahlali komthetho kuya kwandisa ukuthabatha inxaxheba, ukubonelela ngemilinganiselo yokhuseleko olugcina isantya. Iintlobo ezintsha zedemokhrasi ezikhutshelweyo, njengeendibano, zingasongeza unyulo lwesithethe kwimiba enzima. Umzabalazo wokuphikisana nokuncitshiswa kwe-data kufuneka uqhubeke nongeniso kwimfundo yesixhobo sokubhalisa ulwazi kunye nokubonakala kwamanani ahlukene. Njengoko i-athoricaracybyte isongela ingqibelelo yabavoti, uthelekiso lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezivumelwano zedemokhrasi. Ekugqibeleni, unyulo lonyuso lwembombo lwedemokhrasi luxhomekeke ekulungiseni utshintsho, ukulinda, ukulinda, ukulinda, ukulinda, nokunyabelana kolwa komelo olulungileyo.