Table of Contents

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni kunye nokhuseleko olusemthethweni luyisiseko sebutho labantu abalungileyo nabanobulungisa, kuqinisekiswe ukuba wonke umntu unamathuba alinganayo kunye nokuphathwa kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi, ukuzichaza, okanye iimeko. La malungelo asisiseko akhusela abantu ekucalucalucalulweni kwaye anika iinkqubo zokufuna okusesikweni xa loo malungelo aphulwa. Ukuqonda amalungelo abantu kunye nemigaqo esemthethweni ewaxhasayo inika amandla okuqonda xa ukhuseleko lwabo luchatshazelwa kwaye indlela yokuxhasa ngokunempumelelo izithethe zabo nezithethe zabo.

Ayintoni Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni?

Amalungelo abantu asisiseko akhusela abantu ekucalucalulweni nasekuphathweni ngokungekho sikweni okusekelwe kwiinkalo ezithile ezifana nesizwe, imibala, unqulo, isini, imvelaphi yesizwe, ubudala, ubulwelwe, nezinye iindidi ezikhuselweyo. La malungelo aqinisekiswe ngemithetho, imimiselo, kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ezenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukulingana nokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu bafumana amathuba afanayo kunye nenkuselo ephantsi komthetho.

Ngaphakathi, amalungelo oluntu amela umgaqo wokuba wonke umntu ufanelwe kukuphathwa ngesidima nangentlonelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngoobani okanye bavela phi. Aquka iinqobo ezininzi ezichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka apho abantu banokusebenza khona baze baphile ngendlela abanokufumana ngayo imfundo, ukunyamekela impilo, neenkonzo zikawonke wonke.

Amalungelo abemi ahlukile kwinkululeko yabemi, nangona amagama adla ngokusetyenziswa ngokufanayo. Ngoxa inkululeko yabemi ibhekisela kwinkululeko esisiseko eqinisekiswe ngumGaqo-siseko `njengenkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, neyokuhlanganisana--amalungelo achaza ngokukhethekileyo ukuphathwa nokukhuselwa kocalulo. Zombini ezi ngcamango zisebenza kunye ukwenza isiseko samalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko echaza uluntu lobudemokhrasi.

Imbali Yamalungelo Abemi

Ingcamango yamalungelo abantu iye yavela ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela imbali. EUnited States, uhambo oluya kukhuseleko olubanzi lwamalungelo abantu belizwe belusoloko lunzima. Amaxwebhu asungulwayo esizwe ekuqaleni awawakhuphanga amaqela amaninzi ekubeni nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwibutho labantu, umGaqo-siseko ukhusela ubukhoboka kwaye inkoliso yamazwe imisela amalungelo okuvota abamhlophe.

Imfazwe yamakhaya nexesha lokuvuselelwa kwakhona kwabangela iinguqu eziphawulekayo, kuquka ukupheliswa kobukhoboka kunye nokudluliselwa kweSichibiyelo se-13, se-14, nese-15 kumGaqo-siseko. Oku kulungiswa kwaphelisa ubukhoboka, kwaqinisekisa ukukhuselwa okulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kwaza kwakhusela amalungelo okuvota kungakhathaliseki ukuba loluphi uhlanga. Noko ke, olu khuselo lomgaqo-siseko ngokufuthi lwaluthotyelwa phantsi kwemeko yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi eMzantsi, apho imithetho yesizwe kaJim Crow yayinyanzelela ukuba kuthatyathwe ucando lwesizwe phantse nenkulungwane.

Umbutho wamalungelo abantu wale mihla weminyaka yee - 1950 neyee - 1960 wazisa ingqwalasela entsha kwimfuneko yokukhuselwa ngokuqatha kwemithetho nxamnye nocalucalulo.

Umthetho olawula amalungelo asekuhlaleni

Ukuqonda ezi nxalenye ziphambili zomthetho kunceda ekucaciseni umlinganiselo nendlela yokukhusela abantu abajongene nocalucalulo.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

ICivil Rights Act ka-1964 ingumthetho ophawulayo wamalungelo abantu kunye nomthetho wengqesho eUnited States olwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, nemvelaphi yesizwe.

Esi senzo, esasayinwa nguMongameli Lyndon Johnson ngoJulayi 2, 1964, salwalela ucalucalulo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, salungiselela ukumanyaniswa kwezikolo nezinye izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, saza senza ukuba ucalucalulo ngemisebenzi lungabi semthethweni.

UMthetho waMalungelo ka-1964 wahlulwe waba zizihloko ezilishumi elinanye, nganye ithetha ngeenkalo ezahlukeneyo zocalulo namalungelo abantu. Ezi ziqumrhu zisebenza kunye ukuyila inkqubo ebanzi yokulwa nocalulo kwiinxalenye ezininzi zobomi baseMerika.

Isihloko I: Amalungelo okudlulisela

Isihloko I sithetha ngokususwa komkhethe wokungagunyaziswa komvoti abafanelekileyo ngokusekelwe kuhlanga. Ngokukhethekileyo, isiHloko Indiwatshintshile amalungiselelo okuvota oMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1957 wokusebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukileyo jikelele ekufezekiseni abavoti, ezinye iindlela zokusebenzisa ukufunda nokubhala okanye "ukuchaza" iimvavanyo zokubhalisa iinjongo zovoti, kunye nokungaqiniseki kokubhenta abafaki bezicelo ezisekelwe kwiimpazamo ezingacacanga ezisekelwe ekubhaliseni okanye kolunye uxwebhu lovota.

Isihloko II: Iindawo Zokuhlala

Icandelo 201 leWord II lithetha ngokukhetha nokucalucalula abantu abakhusela intlalo, imibala, unqulo, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe, ekufikeleleni nasekukhonzeni kwabo kwiintlobo ezine zoshishino. Oku kubekwa kobuhlanga okungekho mthethweni kumashishini afana nemidlalo yemidlalo yeqonga, iivenkile, neehotele.

ISihloko VI: Iinkqubo Ezixhaswa NgooFrentshi

Isihloko VI samiselwa njengenxalenye yoMthetho wesiChulumente wamaLungelo ka-1964. Silwalela ucalucalulo ngesiseko sohlanga, umbala, nemvelaphi yesizwe kwiinkqubo nakwimisebenzi yoluntu ukufumana uncedo lwemali. Eli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuba abahlawuli berhafu abaxhasi imisebenzi yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye linika urhulumente igunya lokunyanzelisa imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu kwiinkqubo namaziko amaninzi.

IVII: Ucalucalulo Lomsebenzi

ISihloko se-VII mhlawumbi sesona candelo saziwayo kwaye sisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-Civil Rights Act yowe-1964. Silwalela ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi olusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, isini, nemvelaphi yesizwe. Esi sibizo sisebenza kubaqeshi abane-15 okanye ngaphezulu, kuquka urhulumente, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kwakunye namaqumrhu emisebenzi kunye namaqumrhu asebenzayo.

Isihloko VII samisa iKhomishini eLinganisayo ye-Opportunity Commission (EOC) ukuphanda ngezikhalazo zocalulo nokunyanzelisa amalungiselelo omthetho. I-EEOC yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abasebenzi nokuqinisekisa ukuba abaqeshi bayavumelana neemfuno ezichasene nolwaphulo-mthetho.

Isenzo Sezindlu Esifanelekileyo

Igqithwe ngowe-1968 njengenxalenye yoMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1968, uMthendeleko weFair Houses alwamkeli ucalucalulo ekuthengisweni, ekuqeshweni, nasekuxhasweni kwemali kwezindlu ezisekelwe kwibala, kwibala, kwinkonzo, ngokwesini, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, ngokwesigxina sobufazi, kunye nokukhubazeka. Lo mthetho uthetha ngenye yeenkalo ezingundoqo zobomi bemihla ngemihla.

IFair House Act igubungela iindidi ezininzi zezindlu, kuquka izindlu, nezindlu kunye neekomputha. Ithintela izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinjengokwala ukuqesha okanye ukuthengisela umntu othile ngeempawu ezikhuselweyo, ukumisela amagama okanye iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokuhlala, izibhengezo ezibonisa ukuba amaqela athile athanda indawo yokuhlala, nokungavumi ukuba ikho xa ikhona.

AmaMelika anoMthetho weNkcitho (ADA)

I-ADA ilwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisiphene esivela emsebenzini, kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, kwiindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, nakwizincoko zefowuni.

IADA ifuna abaqeshi ukuba banike abasebenzi abafanelekayo abaneziphene indawo yokuhlala ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza oko bekuya kubabangela ubunzima obungeyomfuneko. Kukwayalela ukuba iindawo zikawonke-wonke zifikeleleke kubantu abaneziphene, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho iinguqulelo ezixhaphakileyo ekwakheni izakhiwo, iinkqubo zokuthutha, kunye neendlela zonxibelelwano.

Umthetho uchaza ukuba ukukhubazeka kubandakanya iingxaki zomzimba okanye zengqondo ezinciphisa kakhulu izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ebomini. Le ndlela ibanzi iqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaneenguqu ezininzi zokukhubazeka bayakhuselwa kucalucalulo.

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

UMthetho weVoing Rights ka-1965 wawiswa umthetho wokunyanzelisa amalungelo okuvota aqinisekiswe kukuhlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko kwe-14 neye-15. Lo mthetho wembali wawuthetha ngokugqwethwa okucwangcisiweyo kwabavoti baseAfrika, ingakumbi kumazwe aseMazantsi, ngoqheliselo lolwaphulo-mthetho olufana novavanyo lokufunda nokubhala, irhafu, neminye imiqobo yokubhalisa nokuthabatha inxaxheba.

Lo mThetho wawuquka amalungiselelo akhethekileyo awayefuna amagunya athile azimeleyo anembali yocalulo ukuze afumane imvume karhulumente phambi kokutshintsha imithetho okanye iinkqubo zawo zokuvota. Ngoxa amanye la malungiselelo enziwe okanye ehlaselwe zisigqibo senkundla elandelayo, uMthetho wokuBonga amalungelo uhlala usisisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokukhusela ilungelo elisisiseko lokuvota.

Iindidi zamaLungelo aMasipala

Ukuqonda iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela kunceda abantu baqonde ukuba amalungelo abo asenokuphulwa nini yaye anokunyangwa njani ngokusemthethweni.

Ukukhuselwa Kucalucalulo

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu kukungacalucalulwa ngenxa yeempawu ezikhuselekileyo.Umthetho kaManyano uyalwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, isini (kuquka ukukhulelwa, imbonakalo yesini, nokuzichaza ngokwesini), imvelaphi yesizwe, iminyaka yobudala (40 nangaphezulu), ukukhubazeka, nokuchaza ngemizila yemfuza.

Le migaqo isebenza kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, kuquka umsebenzi, indlu, imfundo, amatyala, nokufumana indawo yokuhlala kawonke wonke.

Amalungelo

Ilungelo lokuvota lisisiseko ekungeneleni kwedemokhrasi nasekuzixhaseni. Imithetho yamalungelo abantu ikhusela eli lungelo ngokuthintela ucalucalulo ekubhaliseni, kwiinkqubo zokuvota, nakulawulo lonyulo. Olu khuselo luqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi abafanelekayo banokuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yokukhetha ngaphandle kokujonga imiqobo okanye ukoyikisa okusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, okanye amalungu kwiqela elincinane lolwimi.

Ukunika amalungelo okukhusela kwakhona kuxubusha iimfuno ze-ID zovoti, ukuvota, ukubeka indawo yokufikelela, uncedo lolwimi lwabavoti abanobuchule obulinganiselweyo bamaNgesi, kunye nokuzoba imida yesithili sonyulo. Ezi zinto zikhusela ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokuvota ilungile, iyafikeleleka, kwaye ayinakhethe.

Ukufikelela Kwimfundo Ngokulinganayo

Imithetho yamalungelo abantu iqinisekisa ukuba amathuba emfundo alinganayo kuwo onke amanqanaba, ukususela kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi ukuya kwimfundo ephakamileyo. Le migaqo iyalwalela ucalucalulo kwizinto ezingenisiweyo, kwiimali, kwiinkqubo zemfundo, nakwiinkonzo zabafundi ezisekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, imvelaphi yesizwe, isini, nakwisiphene.

Isihloko esithi IX seZiphendulo Zemfundo zowe - 1972 sikwalela ngokukhethekileyo ukucalucalulwa ngokwesini kwiinkqubo zemfundo nakwimisebenzi efumana uncedo lwemali kurhulumente. Lo mthetho uye wanegalelo ekwandiseni amathuba amabhinqa namantombazana kwimfundo, ingakumbi kwimidlalo, yaye ukwakhusela abafundi ekuxhatshazweni ngokwesini nasekuhlaselweni.

Amalungu e-Asterence Diculture Education Act (IDEA) aqinisekisa ukuba abantwana abaneziphene bafumana imfundo efanelekileyo kawonke-wonke ngesisa kwiindawo ezincinci ezinokubekelwa imiqathango. Lo mthetho ufuna ukuba izikolo ziphuhlise iinkqubo zemfundo (IEP) kubafundi abaneziphene, bafumane indawo yokuhlala neenkonzo eziyimfuneko.

Amalungelo omsebenzi

Ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi luqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi banamathuba alinganayo okuqesha, ukunyusela, imbuyiselo, nezinye iimeko zemisebenzi. Ezi zinto zikhusela ukugubungela izibhengezo zemisebenzi, iinkqubo zezicelo, udliwano-ndlebe, izigqibo zokuqesha, amathuba okuqeqesha, uhlolo, izenzo zoqeqesho, kunye nokuphelisa.

Abaqeshi abavumelekanga ukwenza izigqibo zemisebenzi ezisekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselekileyo kwaye kufuneka banike abasebenzi indawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo kwizenzo zonqulo neziphene zabo ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza oko kuya kubangela ubunzima obungeyomfuneko. Abasebenzi bayakhuselwa ekuziphindezeleni ngenxa yokuchasa ucalucalulo okanye ukuba nenxaxheba kuphando olucalucalulo okanye kwiinkqubo.

Amalungelo endlu

Imithetho elungileyo yezindlu ikhusela abantu kwiinkalo zonke zezindlu, kuquka ukuqesha, ukuthenga, ukufumana imali, nokufuna uncedo lwezindlu. Le migaqo isebenza kumnini-ndlu, kubaphathi bempahla, abasebenzi bezindlu, ababolekisa ngezindlu, abaququzeleli bezindlu, namanye amaqumrhu abandakanyekileyo ekuthengisweni kwezindlu.

Ucalucalulo olungokwasendlwini lunokuthabatha iindlela ezininzi, ukususela ekungavumini ngokungqalileyo ukuqesha okanye ukuthengisa izinto ezichuliweyo ezinjengokuqhuba abo balindele ukuthenga okanye abaqeshi kwimimandla ethile esekelwe kwibala labo okanye kwimvelaphi yabo, okanye ukubeka imibandela eyahlukileyo kwimicimbi yezindlu zamaqela awahlukahlukeneyo.

Ukufikelela kwiKhalenda

Imithetho yamalungelo abantu iqinisekisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ngendlela efanayo ukufumana iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, eziquka amashishini kunye nezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, njengeevenkile zokutyela, iihotele, iiholo zemidlalo, iivenkile, iibhanki, iindawo zokunyamekela impilo, kunye neendawo zokuzonwabisa. Ezi zibonelelo azinakuyilahla inkonzo, ukulungiselela inkonzo ephantsi, okanye ukubeka iimfuno ezahlukeneyo okanye iimeko ezisekelwe kwiimeko ezikhuselweyo.

Iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke zeADA zifuna ukuba amashishini asuse imiqobo yokwakha apho kulula ukufumaneka kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuba iinkqubo zabo, izenzo, kunye neenkqubo zabo azicalucalucalulo kubantu abaneziphene. Oku kuquka ukunikezela uncedo kunye neenkonzo zokuqinisekisa unxibelelwano olusebenzayo nabantu abevayo, abanokubona, okanye abangakwazi ukuthetha kakuhle.

Ukunyanzeliswa Koomatshini Nonyango Olusemthethweni

Ukuqonda indlela esetyenziswa ngayo le mithetho nendlela ekhoyo yokuyinyanga kunceda abantu bakhusele amalungelo abo baze bafune okusesikweni xa kuvela ucalucalulo.

Ingxamiseko yonyanzeliso lomanyano

ISivumelwano samaLungelo esiSizwe seSebe leMithetho yeSizwe, esenziwe ngo-1955 ngokumiswa koMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1957, isebenzela ukuxhasa amalungelo abo bonke abantu baseUnited States, ingakumbi amanye amalungu angowona angondlekanga kwibutho lethu. I-Revision iphanda izikhalazo, iinkundla zetyala, kwaye isebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu kwimimandla emininzi.

IKhomishoni ye-Auncili Yomsebenzi (EOC) iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente elwa ikhethe lemisebenzi. I-EEOC iphanda ngezityholo zocalulo, izama ukucombulula iimpikiswano ngolu manyano nangokuququzelelana, kunye nokumangalelana kwiifayile xa kuyimfuneko ukukhusela amalungelo abasebenzi.

ISebe leNkundla noPhuhliso lweZiko (HID) linyanzelisa iSebe leMithetho yeZindlu ezi-Fair House lize liphande izikhalazo zocalulo lwezindlu. I-HUD ingaqalisa uphando, izame ukucombulula izikhalazo ngokuququzelela, ize ibhekise amatyala kwiSebe leSigqibo sokuLungisa.

ISebe leDivi le-Ofisi yamaLungelo ezemfundo eBaluleki (OCR) liqinisekisa ukuba kumiselwe imithetho yamalungelo abantu kwimfundo, kuquka iSihloko se-VI, iSihloko se-IX, kunye neCandelo lama-504 loMthetho wokuBenelisa. I-OCR ihlolisisa izikhalazo, ingqwalasela yokuthobela, intsebenziswano, kunye nokubonelela uncedo lobugcisa kwimibutho yemfundo.

Ukukhalaza Ngamalungelo Abantu

Abantu abakholelwa ukuba amalungelo abo angoorhulumente aphulweyo banokufaka izikhalazo kwisebe elifanelekileyo lesizwe. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuvakalisa isikhalazo esibhaliweyo esichaza ihambo yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuchaza abo babandakanyekileyo, nokuchaza indlela lowo ukhalazayo obenzakala ngayo.

Izikhalazo ezininzi zamalungelo abantu kufuneka zibekwe kwimida ethile yexesha, eyahluka-hlukeneyo kuxhomekeka kuhlobo localulo nomthetho osebenzayo. Umzekelo, ukucalucalulo ngemisebenzi kufuneka lugcinwe nge-EEOC iintsuku ezili-180 zesenzo sokukhupha ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, nangona olu ludlulela kwiintsuku ezingama-300 kumazwe akwiziko lawo alwa nolwabo ucalulo-luvo.

Emva kokuba lifumene isikhalazo, eli qumrhu liya kwenza uphando ngezityholo, ezisenokuquka ukubuza amangqina, ukuhlola amaxwebhu, nokutyelela iindawo ezifanelekileyo. Ukuba eli sebe lifumana isizathu esifanelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba ucalucalulo luyenzeka, liya kuzama ukucombulula lo mbandela ngokuvuma, ngokuvuma, ngokuvumelana, okanye ngokuphendulana.

Intshukumo

Imithetho emininzi yamalungelo abantu ivumela abantu ukuba bafake izityholo kwiinkundla zenkundla zikarhulumente ukuze banyanzelise amalungelo abo, endaweni yokugada okanye ukudibanisa izikhalazo zolawulo. Eli lungelo lesenzo labucala linika amandla abantu ukuba bafune unyango ngokungqalileyo kwiinkundla xa becalucalulo.

Kwiimeko zokucalucalulwa kwemisebenzi, abantu kufuneka bafake ityala kwi-EEOC ngaphambi kokuvala ityala. Emva kokuba iEOC igqibile uphando lwayo okanye ixesha elithile elidluleyo, isibonelelo siza kukhupha ileta "enelungelo lokugweba" evumela umntu ukuba aqhubeke netyala kwinkundla yenkundla yesizwe.

Ukumangalelwa kwamalungelo amakhaya kungafuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyanga, kuquka ukoyiswa kolahleko lwezoqoqosho nodandatheko ngokweemvakalelo, isohlwayo sokusohlwaya ngokukhethekileyo ihambo engafanelekanga, isiqabu sokuphelisa ucalucalulo oluqhubekayo, iindleko zegqwetha kunye neendleko. Iindleko ezikhoyo zixhomekeke kumthetho ofanelekileyo nohlobo lokwaphulwa.

Iintshukumo

Xa ucalucalulo luchaphazela abantu abaninzi, ukumangalelwa kweklasi kuvumela amaqela abantu ukuba adibane ukuze afune uncedo.

ISebe leMimiselo yeSimo lisenokuzisa "umzekelo okanye uqheliselo" lwamatyala xa lichaza ubungqina bocalulo olusasazekileyo okanye olulawulwayo ngumqeshi, umnikezi wezindlu, okanye omnye umbutho. La matyala afuna ukuthetha ngemigaqo nezenzo zokukhetha ityala ezichaphazela onke amaqela abantu, kunokuba achaze iziganeko ezibandakanya amaxhoba.

Ucelomngeni Lwamalungelo Abantu

Nangona kuye kwenziwa inkqubela ephawulekayo ekuhambiseleni phambili amalungelo abantu nasekukhuseleni ngokusemthethweni, kusekho iingxaki ezininzi.

Ukubeka iliso kumalungelo kunye nokufumaneka

Ukurhoxa kumalungelo kusengummandla ophikisanayo nomthetho wamalungelo abantu kunye nenkqubo yoluntu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwaba neengxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga neemfuno ze-ID zovota, amaxesha okuvota kwangethuba, ukuvota, iinkqubo zokuvota, nokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo okuvota kubantu abaneenkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Abameli bathi eminye imiqathango yokuvota ichaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa imibutho yabambalwa, abavoti abakhulileyo, abafundi, nabantu abaneziphene, ngokunempumelelo bebangela imiqobo yokubandakanyeka konyulo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi amanyathelo athile ayimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lonyulo nokuthintela ubuqhetseba. Ezi mpikiswano ziyaqhubeka zibumba amalungelo okuvota kunye nomthetho kumgangatho worhulumente nowamazwe.

LGBTQ+ amalungelo

Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu lwamalungelo oluntu lwe-LGBTQ+ abantu baye bandisa ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, nangona kusekho imisantsa neengxaki. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo 2020 kwiBostock v. Clayton County sacacisa ukuba ukuvalwa kweSihloko seSihloko socalulo se-VII kubandakanya ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini kunye neempawu zesini, ukubonelela ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo lwe-LGBTQ

Noko ke, iingxoxo ziyaqhubeka ngomgangatho wokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu kwezinye iindawo, kuquka iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, ukunyamekela impilo, imfundo, nokukhulula abantu elunqulweni.

Amalungelo okuDluliseka nokufikeleleka

Nangona i-ADA ikhusela abantu abaneziphene, abantu abaneziphene bayaqhubeka bejamelana nemiqobo yokuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwibutho labantu.

Isifo se-COVID-19 sibalaselise ukukhubazeka kwabantu abaneziphene kunye nobugcisa obunokunyusa ukufumaneka. Umsebenzi okwindawo ekude, i-telehealth nemfundo ye-intanethi zibonise ukuba iindawo ezininzi zokuhlala ngaphambili zinokubonwa njengezinzima okanye ezingasebenzi kakuhle zinokusetyenziswa ngokufezekileyo xa kuyimfuneko.

Okusesikweni Nezenzo Zezaphuli - mthetho

Ukudibana kwamalungelo abantu kunye nokugwetywa kolwaphulo-mthetho kuye kwafumana ingqalelo engakumbi kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukwahlukahlukana kweentlanga ekuchotshelweni kwamapolisa, ekuchotshelweni, nasekuvalelweni.

Imithetho yamalungelo abantu inikela ukhuseleko kulo mmandla, kuquka ukuvalwa komthetho wobupolisa obungekho mthethweni kunye nokukwazi ukufuna iindlela zokunyanga ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, ukuthintelwa kwemiqathango nezinye iimfundiso ezisemthethweni kunokwenza kube nzima ukuba amagosa asemthethweni aphendulelwe ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo zokulungelelanisa ukhuseleko loluntu nokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu.

Ucalucalulo lwesizwe nolokufuduka

Imithetho yamalungelo abantu ikhusela abantu ekucalucalulweni ngenxa yemvelaphi yesizwe sabo, kodwa imisebenzi yokunyanzelisa abantu abafudukayo inokubangela ukuba abantu abacingelwa ukuba bazalwe kwamanye amazwe baphathwe kakubi okanye bathandwe kakubi.

Ukulungelelanisa ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe nokukhusela amalungelo abo kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngenyameko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba imisebenzi yokunyanzelisa ayiwaphuli amalungelo abantu okanye ibangele ukuba abantu bacalulwe ngenxa yobuhlanga okanye ubuhlanga.

Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo asekuhlaleni

Ngoxa imithetho yamalungelo abantu karhulumente inikela ukhuseleko, amazwe amaninzi nemimandla yawo iye yamisela imithetho yamalungelo abantu enikela ukhuseleko okanye imimandla egqumayo eyongezelelekileyo engabhekiswa ngumthetho karhulumente.

Iiklasi Ezikhuselweyo

Imithetho karhulumente neyasekuhlaleni idla ngokukhusela iimpawu ezingaphezulu kwezo ziqulethwe ngumthetho wesizwe. Ngokomzekelo, amazwe amaninzi ayalwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwindlela esiziphethe ngayo isini, ubuni, isikhundla somtshato, okanye imicimbi yezobupolitika. Amanye amagunya akwakhusela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwingeniso, nto leyo enceda ekuthinteleni ucalucalulo olukhoyo kubantu abasebenzisa imithombo yezindlu.

Ugqumo olubanzi

Imithetho karhulumente isenokusebenza kubaqeshi abancinane okanye kumashishini kunemithetho karhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, xa iSihloko VII sisebenza kubaqeshi abaqeshwa abano-15 okanye abaqeshwa abangaphezulu, eminye imithetho karhulumente igquma abaqeshi abambalwa njengabasebenzi abamnye. Oku kudityaniswa kuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi abaninzi bakhuselwa kucalucalulo.

Iindlela Zonyango Ezandisiweyo

Eminye imithetho yamalungelo abantu inika unyango olungekho phantsi komthetho wesizwe, njengomonakalo ongenasiphelo okanye isohlwayo, okanye imimiselo eyahlukeneyo yemiqathango enika abo bakhalazayo ixesha elininzi lokubhala iingxelo ezibhaliweyo. Le migaqo yongezelelekileyo inokuba luncedo ngakumbi ekuthobeleni intshukumisa engakumbi nakunyuselo olungakumbi kumaxhoba ocalulo.

ISiseko soMsebenzi waMalungelo oLuntu weZizwe

Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo oluntu eUnited States lukwisicwangciso samalungelo abantu sezizwe ngezizwe. Izivumelwano nezindululo zezizwe ngezizwe, ezifana neSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu neSivumelwano seZizwe Ngezizwe Ngamalungelo Oluntu Nawopolitiko, zichaza amalungelo nenkululeko esisiseko bonke abantu abamele banandiphe.

Nangona umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe ungawavelisi ngokuthe ngqo amalungelo anyanzelekileyo kwiinkundla zase-U.S., uphembelela ukuphuhliswa kwezithethe zamalungelo abantu kwaye unika isiseko sokuvavanya ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu. Imigangatho yamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke iyakwazi ukuchaza imigudu yokulawula amalungelo abantu kwaye ibonelela ngemithetho elawula inkqubela ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okukhusela Amalungelo Akho Asekuhlaleni

Ukuqonda amalungelo abantu nokukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni kubalulekile, kodwa nawaphi amanyathelo asebenzisekayo abantu abanokuwathabatha ukuze balondoloze amalungelo abo baze basabele xa besenokuphulwa.

Wazi Amalungelo Akho

Inyathelo lokuqala ekukhuseleni amalungelo akho kukuqonda amalungelo onawo. Ziqhelanise nemithetho yesizwe, yesizwe nawasekuhlaleni esebenza kwimeko yakho. Amasebe amaninzi karhulumente nemibutho yamalungelo abantu ilungiselela ugcino-lwazi, iziphumo zenyaniso, kunye nezikhokelo ezichaza ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu ngolwimi olufikelelekayo.

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho kuya kukunceda uqonde ukuba ucalucalulo lubakho nini yaye kuya kukunceda wenze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo ngokuphathelele umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, imfundo nezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ebomini.

Phendla InjiniName

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba uye wacalulwa, bhala phantsi oko kwenzekeyo, kuquka imihla, amaxesha, iindawo, namagama abantu ababandakanyekileyo okanye ababone le siganeko. Gcina nawaphi na amaxwebhu anxulumeneyo, ii-imeyili, imiyalezo yeposi, okanye obunye ubungqina obuxhasa ingxelo yakho.

Uxwebhu olunenkcukacha lubalulekile ekufakeni izikhalazo ezibukhali okanye ekumangaleleni. Lunceda abaphandi namagqwetha ukuba baqonde oko kwenzekayo kwaye lunika ubungqina bokuxhasa izimvo zakho. Okukhona ufumana iinkcukacha ezininzi kwaye ufumana amaxwebhu ngexesha elinye, kokukhona imeko yakho inokuba namandla.

Ngokukhawuleza chaza ucalucalulo

Imithetho emininzi yamalungelo abantu inemiqathango engqongqo eqinisekisiweyo yokuzingxala izikhalazo okanye ukumangalelwa. Ukuba ucalucalulo lukufikele ngokukhawuleza kumbutho okanye kwigunya elifanelekileyo. Musa ukulinda de ixesha lokufika lifike, njengoko ukuqokelela ubungqina nokulungiselela isikhalazo kuthatha ixesha.

Abaqeshi abaninzi, izikolo namanye amaziko anenkqubo yokukhalazela ucalucalulo.

Funa Amacebiso Asemthethweni

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu unokuba nzima, yaye eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokwenza izinto ixhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile zemeko yakho. Qwalasela ukudibana negqwetha elinolwazi ngemithetho yamalungelo abantu ukuze liqonde ukhetho lwakho lize livelise necebo lokukhusela amalungelo akho.

Imibutho emininzi yamalungelo abantu inikela uncedo olusemthethweni ngesisa okanye ngexabiso eliphantsi kubantu abaye bacalulwa. Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, iikliniki zesikolo, neenkqubo zeprobo iyakwazi ukuncedisa. Eminye imithetho yamalungelo abantu ivumela abasemagunyeni ukuba bafumane intlawulo yegqwetha, nto leyo enokwenza kube lula ukufumana imelo elisemthethweni.

Ukudityaniswa neMibutho yobuLungu

Le ntlangano iyakwazi ukunikela inkcazelo, inkxaso nezinto eziluncedo kubantu abajongene nocalucalulo, isenokukwazi ukukunceda usebenzise imvume yasemthethweni, ukukunceda ulawule indlela okhalaza ngayo okanye ukuthethelela.

Imibutho yamalungelo abantu ikwasebenza kwimibandela yenkqubo ngokucalucalula, ngokukhuthaza ubugcisa, nangemfundo kawonke-wonke.

Indima Yabaxhasi

Ukukhusela amalungelo abantu asiyombopheleleko yabo nje bacalucalulwayo, kodwa abameli noorhulumente banendima ebalulekileyo ekudaleni ibutho labantu elinobulungisa nelingenabuhlanga ngokuxhasa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu nokuchasa ucalucalulo.

Ukuqonda Nocalucalulo Olulucelomngeni

Oku kusenokuquka ukuthetha ngokuchana kwemithetho engafanelekanga, ukunikela ingxelo yokwaphula umthetho kwabasemagunyeni, okanye ukuxhasa abo usebenza nabo, abahlobo okanye amalungu ebutho labantu abacalucalulwayo.

Ukuba nocalucalulo olunzima kufuna inkalipho nokukulungela ukuncokola ngokugqithiseleyo, kodwa oku kunokwenza umahluko omkhulu ekudaleni iimeko apho wonke umntu ephathwa ngesidima nangentlonelo.

Ukuxhasa Izithethe Nezenzo Ezibandakanya Abantu

Abameli bangasebenza kwimibutho yabo naseluhlaleni ukukhuthaza iinkqubo nezenzo ezikhuthaza amalungelo abantu nokukhusela ucalucalulo. Oku kusenokuquka ukuxhasa iinguqu, ukukhuthaza izakhiwo neenkonzo ezifikelelekayo, okanye ukuzama ukuphelisa iinkqubo nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukwakha iindawo ezingqongileyo kufuna umgudu nolwazelelelo oluqhubekayo. Akuquki nje kuphela ukuphepha ucalulo kodwa kubandakanya ukuzabalazela ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu unamathuba alinganayo nokufumana izinto.

Ukufundisa Abanye

Imfundo iluncedo ekuphuculeni amalungelo abantu, ngokufunda bona nabanye ngemibandela engokwamalungelo abantu, ngembali yocalucalulo nangamalungelo abantu, nangokuqhubeka kusengxakini.

Le mfundo kufuneka iqhubeke kwaye iquka ukuphulaphula nokufunda kubantu abahlala becalucalulo. Ikwaquka ukuhlolisisa ucalucalulo lwalowo nalowo namalungelo akhe nokusebenza ukuze athethe nabo.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Kukho oovimba abaninzi abafuna ukufunda okungakumbi ngamalungelo abantu nangamalungelo abo asemthethweni.

Oovimba bakarhulumente

ISebe leJaji le-Civil Rights Division inika inkcazelo eninzi ngemithetho yezentlalo yamalungelo abantu nendlela yokufakela izikhalazo. I-website yabo iquka amaphepha enyaniso, amaxwebhu okhokelo, kunye nolwazi olumalunga nemisebenzi yonyanzelo oluqhubekayo. Hamba ubuncwane babo kwi-http://wwww.gql.gov/crt.

IKhomishoni ye-Auncility Opportunity Commission inikela inkcazelo malunga nemithetho engocalucalulo ngemisebenzi, inkqubo yokukhalaza, namalungelo abasebenzi.

IKhomishini yaseMelika eLawula amalungelo e-Civil, lisebe elizimeleyo, eliziphethe ngeenkonzo zebhastile eliphanda lize linike ingxelo ngemibandela yamalungelo abantu. Iingxelo neempapasho zabo zinika ingqiqo eluncedo kwiingxaki zamalungelo abantu kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo.

Imibutho yamalungelo asekuhlaleni

Imibutho enjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), iNaACP Legal Defense, iNgxowa-mali yoNyango yoMgangatho wezeMithetho nezemfundo yaseMerika (MALDEF), i-American Department Justice, iLambda esemthethweni, kunye neDwarhany Reformation neNgxowa-mali yoKhuselo lwaMalungelo eZiko loMkhosi isebenza ukukhusela nokunyusa amalungelo abantu ngokusebenzisa i-litigation, ukukhuthuza, ukuxhasa kunye nemfundo.

Le mibutho isoloko inika abantu abajongene nocalucalulo, kuquka abakhokeli abakwaziyo ukukhokela, uncedo olusemthethweni, kunye neenkonzo zenkxaso.

Oovimba Bemfundo

Iiyunivesithi ezininzi kunye namaziko ophando ahlolisisa amalungelo abantu aze anike uluntu uluntu lonke ubuncwane bemfundo.IThala leencwadi leeKhosare, iiMyuziyam zeSizwe, neemyuziyam ezahlukeneyo neendawo embalini zinikela izinto ezithetha ngembali yemibutho elwela amalungelo abantu nokuphuhliswa komthetho wamalungelo abantu.

Iizifundo zekhompyutha, iiwebinar neenkqubo zemfundo zinikela amathuba okufunda okungakumbi ngemibandela yamalungelo abantu nendlela yokuxhasa ngokunempumelelo.

Ikamva Lamalungelo Abemi

Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu luyaqhubeka luguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo, ucalulo, ubugcisa obuvelayo. Ukuqonda izinto ezikhoyo kunye nocelomngeni olukhoyo kunceda ekulungiseleleni imibandela namathuba okufumana amalungelo abantu kwixesha elizayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka namalungelo asekuhlaleni

Ubugcisa bunika amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lwamalungelo abantu. Kwelinye icala, ubugcisa bungandisa ukufumaneka, bubangele unxibelelwano, bubonelele izixhobo ezintsha zokufundisa nokulungiselela. Kwelinye icala, ukuchana kwemithetho-siseko, ubugcisa bokuhlola, kunye nocalucalulo lwamanani lunyusa inkxalabo entsha ngamalungelo abantu.

Iingxaki ezifana nobugcisa bokuphawula ubuso, ukuqesha nokuboleka izigqibo nokuxhaphaza abanye kwi - Internet kufuna iindlela ezintsha zokukhusela amalungelo abantu.

Udanyazo kunye namalungelo asekuhlaleni

Ukwazi ukudibana kwemida, ukucinga ukuba abantu baneempawu ezininzi, ezicalucalulweyo ezinokudibanisa amava ocalulo, qha kubaluleke ngakumbi kumalungelo oluntu nokugcinwa komthetho. Ukuqonda indlela uhlanga, ubufanasini, ukukhubazeka, imbonakalo yesini nezinye iimpawu ezinxulumene ngayo kunceda ekuveliseni iindlela ezisebenzayo zokulwa nocalucalulo.

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo ubhekisa phambili kwidilesi engcono yocalulo lokudibana kwemida kwaye uyaqonda ukuba amava abantu akanakuncitshiswa abe ziindidi enye. Oku kuqonda okuthe kratya kunokukhokelela kukhuseleko olubanzi nolunempumelelo lwamalungelo abantu.

Ingqikelelo-magama

Ukufundiswa ngamava azwenibanzi nokusebenzisana kwemida kunokwenza intlangano yamalungelo abantu ikwazi ukukhusela wonke umntu.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke kunika imilinganiselo neenjongo eziqhelekileyo ezinokukhokela imigudu yamakhaya yokulwela amalungelo abantu. Ukubandakanyeka kwimibutho yamalungelo oluntu ehlabathini lonke kunokunika iimbono ezintsha, amaqhinga, kunye nomanyano kumsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuhambela phambili kwesidima soluntu nokulingana.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni kunye nokhuseleko olusemthethweni ziziseko eziyimfuneko zebutho labantu elinobulungisa nelinokulinganayo. Ziqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu banamathuba alinganayo, baphathwa ngesidima nangentlonelo, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yabo okanye igama labo. Nangona kuye kwenziwa inkqubela ephawulekayo ekumiseleni nasekunyanzeleni ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu, iingxaki eziqhubekayo zifuna ukuqwalaselwa, ukulawulwa kwesizwe, nokuzibophelela.

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho, ukwazi indlela yokuwakhusela nokuxhasa abanye ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo zimbopheleleko ezibalulekileyo kuye wonke umntu. Enoba ngokucinga ngezikhalazo xa ucalucalulo lusenzeka, ngokukhuthaza ukukhuselwa ngamandla, ukufundisa abanye, okanye ngokuxhasa imibutho yamalungelo abantu, umntu ngamnye unokuba negalelo ekuhambiseleni phambili amalungelo abantu nasekuveliseni ibutho elinobulungisa.

Ngokufunda kwizinto ezidluleyo, ngokusingatha iingxaki ezikhoyo nangokulungiselela iimbambano zexesha elizayo, sinokuqhubeka siqinisa ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu size sisondele kusukelo lokusesikweni namathuba alinganayo kubo bonke.

Ulwazi oluninzi ngamalungelo abantu nendlela yokukhusela amalungelo akho, tyelela iRhulumente yeJaji yeCandelo lamaLungelo eSizwe , iKhomishini yeMsebenzi ye-, okanye uqhagamshelana nemibutho yamalungelo abantu kwingingqi yakho. Khumbula ukuba ukukhusela amalungelo abantu yinkqubo eqhubekayo efuna ukuba nenxaxheba kunye nozibophelelo lwabo bonke abakholelwa ekulinganani, esesikweni, nakwisidima soluntu.