Ukhuseleko lokhetho luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokugcina ingqibelelo yeenkqubo zedemokhrasi. Njengokuba ubugcisa kunye nebutho labantu ziguquka, zinjalo nezisongelo kunyulo. Ukuqonda ezi zisongelo nokuzalisekisa amanyathelo okhuseleko asebenzayo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni idemokhrasi. Kwixesha apho ukuhlasela kwamanani, ukuhluza, kunye notshintsho lomzimba kungenza abantu bangazithembi, ukubeka umgangatho oqinileyo kunyulo kuyinto efunekayo, kwaye ayiyomfuneko engundoqo kulo naliphi na ibutho elikhululekileyo.

Ukuqonda Ukhuseleko Lokhetho

Ukhuseleko lokhetho luquka uludwe lwezenzo, ubugcisa, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo eyenzelwe ukukhusela iinkqubo zonyulo ekuqhatheni, ekuphazanyisweni, ekugrogrisweni kwekhompyutha. Kubandakanya ukukhusela zonke iziseko zonyulo, kuquka oomatshini bokuvota, ii-database zovota, iinkqubo zokuchola, ukulandelela iirekhodi, ukuxela ngobusuku, kunye nenkqubo yolawulo jikelele. Injongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umvoti ofanelekileyo angafaka ibhola ebalwa njengenjongo, kwaye isiphumo sibonakalisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuthanda kwabantu.

Amalungu angundoqo okhuseleko lokhetho

Inkqubo yokhuseleko olubanzi yonyulo iquka ezi zinto zilandelayo:

  • [[Ukhuseleko:0] Ukhuseleko olunzulu: Ugcino olukhuselekileyo loomatshini bokuvota, ibhola, kunye nezinto ezichukumisekayo; amatywina abonakala e- project; alawulwa kufikelelo kwindawo zokuvota kunye nakumaziko ababalwayo.
  • ICybersecurity: Ukhuseleko lweenkqubo ezinenethwekhi (ubhaliso lweziko, iziphumo zokuxela, ulawulo lonyulo) ekunikezelweni okungagunyaziswanga, ukukhanyelwa kwentlupheko yenkonzo, kunye nokwaphulwa kogcino-lwazi.
  • Ukungaguquguquki kweNkqubo yokuvota: Ukusetyenziswa kwevoti yephepha elikhutshelweyo, ukukhululeka kwe-software, kunye nokuvavanya ngokucokisekileyo kunye nesiqinisekiso sezixhobo zokuvota.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukhuseleko lwePernonel: Ukhangelo lwesiqalo, uqeqesho, kunye nemithetho ecacileyo ukwenzela abasebenzi bonyulo namagosa ukuthintela izisongelo ezingaphakathi.
  • Ukudityaniswa noqinisekiso: Uphicotho-zincwadi lokhetho lwasemva, ingakumbi uphicotho-zincwadi olunomda womngcipheko (RLA), ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo ezixeliweyo zihambelana nomzila wephepha.

Isizathu Sokuba Unqabiseko Lokhetho Lubaluleke

Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lonyulo kubaluleke ngezizathu eziliqela ngaphandle kokubala nje iivoti:

  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Piloring Yogcino-lwazi: Abami kufuneka bakholelwe ukuba unyulo lulungile, lucace gca, luchanile. Kwanezityholo ezingaxhaswanga zobuqhophololo zinokuphelisa ukuthembana kumaziko edemokhrasi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukusungula uphazamiso: Ukukhusela ukungenelela kohlanga kunye nolwasekhaya kuyimfuneko ukuze kubekho ulawulo lwesizwe nokungaphazamisi kulawulo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukugcina ingqibelelo: Unyulo olukhuselekileyo lunceda ekuxhaseni umthetho nokusemthethweni kwamagosa anyuliweyo. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko, inkqubo yedemokhrasi iphela ingadityaniswa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhusela i Voter Asks: Amanyathelo okhuseleko kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba akukho nanye ivoti yomntu enokuthi ilandelwe emva kuyo, igcine ibhalothi yemfihlelo.

Izisongelo Eziqhelekileyo Kukhuseleko Lokhetho

Ukuqonda ezi zisongelo kusenokuba linyathelo lokuqala lokuzikhusela.

Ukuhlaselwa Ngentsimbi

Ukungaqiniseki kweenkqubo zokuvota ezijoliswe kwixhoba, ii-database zobhaliso lovoti, kunye neziphumo zonyulo ezixela ii-website. Abahlaseli bangafuna ukutshintsha amavoti, iirekhodi zokubhalisa ezicinyiweyo, okanye babangele isiphithiphithi ngokusasaza ulwazi olububuxoki malunga nokungaphumeleli kwenkqubo yonyulo. Imizekelo engakho iquka ukujoliswa kwenkqubo yonyulo ka 2016 ngamaqumrhu karhulumente aseRashiya kwaye bazama ukungenelela ngexesha lonyulo.

Inkcazelo

Ukusasaza ulwazi olububuxoki ukuze kudibane iziphumo zonyulo okanye kukhutshwe iziphumo ezizingisileyo. Amaphulo okungagunyaziswa konyulo anokujolisa abantu abathile, asasaza amarhe malunga nokuguquka kweendawo zokuvota, okanye axoke ngokuqhatha okusasazekileyo. Amaqonga e-wentlalo-ntle aye aphambili ekuvezeni okuqulethwe yile ngxelo, njengoko kubonakala ebudeni bonyulo lwama-2016 nama-2020 e-U.

Ukuhlasela kokhuseleko Olusemzimbeni

Ukuphatha ngoomatshini bokuvota, iibhokisi zokuvota, okanye iibhokisi zokuvota ezingaphakathi kweposi zihlala zixhalabisa. Ukufikelela ngokoqobo kwizixhobo kungavumela umhlaseli ukuba afake i-software enobungozi okanye atshintshe amanani evoti. Ukunikezela ngemijelo yamatyathanga qhaza kuqaliswe ukuhlasela ngexesha lokwenza okanye ukuhambisa.

Izisongelo Zangaphakathi

Amagosa okhetho okanye abasebenzi abanenjongo enobungozi bangenza umonakalo omkhulu. Oku kungabandakanya ukusebenzisa isiseko sogcino-lwazi sobhaliso, ukuvuza ugcino-lwazi oluchukumileyo, okanye ukuphatha iibhola ezincinane. Izisongelo ze-intshir ziyingozi ingakumbi kuba abantu abanjalo basoloko benolwazi olufanelekileyo lwemithetho elandelwayo yokhuseleko.

Ukukhanyelwa Kwenkonzo Neentlaselo EzingeyoNtlobano

Uhlaselo oluphazamisa imisebenzi yonyulo losuku-lokukhetha − njengenkqubo yokukhangela ekhubazayo, iiseva ezongamileyo, okanye amandla okusika ukucinezela iindawo zokuvota ``inokuzicinezela indawo zokujika' kwaye ibangele isiphithiphithi. Ngexa ezi nhlaselo zingayitshintsha inkqubo yokuvota, zingayithoba kwaye zikhokelele kwiingxaki ezisemthethweni.

Ucelomngeni Lokunganqabiseki Kukhetho

Ukungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha yonyulo kulucelomngeni ngokukodwa ngenxa yokuntsonkotha kwenkqubo ebandakanyekileyo nokukhuselwa kakhulu. Ii-ofisi ezininzi zonyulo zisebenza ngoqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo kunye nobugcisa obulifa.

  • [[FLT: 0] Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo: Isiseko sogcino-lwazi lobhaliso lwe Voter sisoloko sidityaniswa kwezinye iinethwekhi zikarhulumente, kudala iivekta ezinokwenzeka zohambiso lwasemva.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Software ekhutshiweyo: Ezinye oomatshini bokuvota kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lonyulo zisebenza kwiinkqubo zokusebenza ezingaxhaswanga (umz., i-Windows 7) okanye zisebenzise amalungu aphelelwe lixesha.
  • Ilack yokwenziwa kube semgangathweni: Ngaphesheya kwamawaka emithetho, kukho uguquko olubanzi kukhuseleko olunzulu. Abahlaseli bangahlasela uqhagamshelwano olubuthathaka.
  • Imithombo yemiqathango: Ii-ofisi zonyulo lwasekuhlaleni zisoloko zingenabasebenzi abazinikeleyo kwi-intanethi kwaye kufuneka zixhomekeke kwinkxaso karhulumente okanye kurhulumente.
  • Imposiso yomntu: Ukuhlasela kwe-pishing, iinkqubo zokungamiselwanga, kunye nokuvuza kwe-data ngengozi kuseyinto eqhelekileyo. Uqeqesho oluthe rhoqo kunye nemithambo efanisiweyo inganciphisa ezi ngozi.

Ukhokelo olunegunya kunyulo lwe-ibregiteri, i-[FLT] Cybersekity kunye ne-Ifrapublicture Security Agency (CISA) inika igqwesi ebanzi yezixhobo, kuquka i-Eudition Infident Response book kunye nesixhobo sokuhlola i-Crosfaed.

Amanyathelo okukhupha ukhuseleko lokhetho

Ukuze banciphise iingozi ezichazwe ngasentla, amagosa onyulo noorhulumente banokusebenzisa amanyathelo aqinisekisiweyo. Akukho mlinganiselo waneleyo; ukhuseleko lufuna ukhuseleko oluqinileyo.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Uphicotho-manani olunomda womngcipheko ngumgangatho wegolide wokuqinisekisa iziphumo zonyulo. Ngokungafaniyo noluvo lwesithethe, i-RL isebenzisa iindlela zokubala ukuqwalasela isampuli yephepha. Ukuba isampuli iqinisekisa isiphumo esixeliweyo, ukunqanda ukuphindwa; ukuba umahluko ufunyenwe, ulwandiso lophicotho-zincwadi de iziphumo ziqinisekiswe okanye zilungiswe. I-RL enokuqonda iimpazamo okanye iimpazamo ngentelekelelo ephezulu ngexesha ukugcina iindleko zilawuleka. IColoradorado, iRhode Island, kunye neGeorgia ziphakathi kwamazwe asebenzisa iRL njengempumelelo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka boncedo olukhuselekileyo

Zonke iinkqubo zokuvota kufuneka zivavanywe ngokungqongqo kwaye zinikwe isiqinisekiso. IKhomishini yoNnyuso yoKhuselo lweNcedo (EAC) igcina iKhomishini yeSikhokelo sokuzithandela sokuBonelela Ukukhupha Izixhobo (VVSG), emisela imigangatho yokhuseleko, usetyenziso, kunye nokufumaneka. Iphepha loonogalothi ngezantsi `iphawulo lwesandla okanye elishicilelwe kwisixhobo sokuphawula ibhola-oparts", ivelisa indlela yophicotha-phiconseko enokuthi isetyenziswe kuphicociso lokhetho lwasemva koshicilelo. Imatshini bomatshini bokuvota kuphela abakhuthayo bakhutshwa ngenxa yokungakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuvota ngokuzimeleyo.

Uqeqesho Nemithambo

Amagosa okhetho kunye nabasebenzi bokhetho kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho olubanzi kwimithetho-siseko yokhuseleko, kuquka indlela yokubona imigudu yokufumana uncedo, izithuba ezikhuselekileyo, kunye neziganeko ezibonisa iziganeko. Imithambo yetafile ephezulu kunye neqela elibomvu linganceda ekuboneni ubuthathaka ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke isiganeko sokwenene. ITafile yeCISA's Toptop kwibhokisi nguvimba ocetyelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukulungiselela iprojekthi yonyulo.

Izilawuli zokufikelela kunye noHlomelo

Uqinisekiso olunamandla, ulawulo olusekelwe kwindima, kunye nokugawulwa komthi okubanzi kubalulekile ekuthinteleni nasekufumaneni izisongelo ngaphakathi. Ukuqinisekisa ngezisongelo (MFA) kufuneka kube yeyona nto ifunekayo nakweyiphi inkqubo enokuchaphazela ugcino-lwazi lonyulo. Ukujongwa okuqhubekayo kweetrafiki kunye nemimiselo yokumisa kungalumkisa amagosa ukuba akrokrele ngexesha lokwenene.

Ukuceba Ukusabela

Iofisi nganye yonyulo kufuneka ibe nesicwangciso esibhaliweyo sokuphendula iziganeko ezigquma intlaselo yekhompyutha, ukungachaphazeli, ukwaphuka komzimba, nezinye iimeko. Izicwangciso kufuneka ziquke iprotocol yonxibelelwano, unxibelelwano olusemthethweni, kunye namanyathelo okugcina ubungqina. Iinkqubo zokuqeqesha rhoqo ziqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi bakulungele ukwenza ngokukhawuleza. I-Cybersecurety Frames enika isakhiwo sokuphuhlisa izicwangciso ezinjalo.

Uphando Olusemgangathweni

Ukwazisa uluntu ngokubanzi ngokhuseleko lonyulo kubalulekile. Abavoti abafundileyo bayakwazi ukumelana nokurhoxa ulwazi kwaye banokuyithemba le nkqubo. Amanyathelo angundoqo aquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Imfundo epheleleyo:[ uthungelwano olusemthethweni malunga nendlela unyulo olukhuselwa ngayo, amanyathelo athathwayo ukunqanda ubuqhophololo, nendlela abemi abanokuqinisekisa ngayo ukubhaliswa kwabo kunye nemeko yokubhalisa.
  • I-Mediaslibring: umanyano nezikolo, amathala eencwadi, kunye nemibutho yoluntu ukufundisa ukucingela inkcazelo ye-intanethi. Iinkqubo ezichaza indlela yokufumana imithombo ethembekileyo nengxelo ekrokrelekayo zibalulekile.
  • [[NT.:0] Umlinganiselo: Itsheyina lokupapasha lemithi yetyala, iingxelo zophicotho-zincwadi, kunye nohlaziyo lokhuseleko lungakha ulweyiseko lukawonke-wonke. Ukusetyenziswa kwamaziko ababalo kunye neenkcazo zexabiso lophicotho kuyanceda.
  • Ukuchaza iziqhagamshelanisi: Indlela ezicacileyo ukwenzela abavoti ukuba banike ingxelo yoloyiso, ukudibanisa, okanye izinto ezingenzekiyo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo

Oorhulumente banendima ebalulekileyo ekumisweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo nomthetho wokomeleza ukhuseleko lonyulo. Oku kuquka ukuxhasa inkxaso-mali yobugcisa obukhuselekileyo, uphicotho-zincwadi olugunyazisayo, nokusebenzisa imithetho elawula inkqubo yokunyulwa.

Umanyano noManyano lweSizwe

EUnited States, ulawulo lonyulo luthunyelwa ngokuyintloko, kodwa amasebe karhulumente anikela inkxaso enzulu. Ukhuseleko lokhetho lwe-CISA lunceda ukwabelana ngolwazi phakathi korhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nemikhosi yasekuhlaleni. IKhomishini ye-EUction Affective Communcition (EAC) ivumela iinkqubo zokuvota zinikezele kwaye ibonelele. Imigudu yokhuthazo efana neEcolustrasts Infrastructure Information and Anctical Center (E-I-ISAC) ivumela ukuba imimandla yokwabelana nobuchule kunye nezenzo ezintle.

Imali neZibonelelo

Kwanangezona nkqubo zilungileyo, ukuzalisekisa kufuna inkxaso-mali eyaneleyo. UMthetho woncedo waseMelika (SAVA) kunye nokusetyenziswa konxibelelwano okulandelayo kuye kwanika unyuselo lwezigidi zezigidi zonyulo, kuquka oomatshini abatsha bokuvota, uphuhliso lwezibhedlele, kunye noqeqesho lwabasebenzi. Noko ke, iingcali ezininzi ziphikisa ukuba kufuneka inkxaso-mali eqhubekayo, ethe ngqo ifunekayo ukugcina isantya kunye nezisongelo ezingapheliyo. Brennan Center for Justicel ipapashe uphando olunzulu kwinkxaso-mali yokhuseleko lonyulo kunye noqheliselo olungcono.

Imigangatho kunye nolungelelwaniso

Imilinganiselo eyomeleleyo iyafuneka ukwenzela inkqubo yokuvota, i-software, kunye nokunikezela ngetsheyina. Imigangatho yeVVSG 2.0, efunyenweyo ngo-2021, ifuna uvavanyo olungqongqo kwaye iquka amalungiselelo okuzimela i-software, uhlolo lwekhowudi yemvelaphi, kunye nokuchanabeka. Abanye abameli babiza umthetho ukuba usebenze ngokuzithandela. Umthetho kumgangatho karhulumente ungafuna iingxelo zokhetho lwasemva kokhetho, iibhola zomjelo-mngeni, kunye nokuvavanya uvavanyo lwangaphambi kokhetho.

Uphando lwemeko lokungena kokhuseleko lokhetho

Ukuhlolisisa ukhuselo lwexesha elidluleyo lonyulo kusinika izifundo ezibalulekileyo kunyulo lwexesha elizayo.

Unyulo loMongameli wase-U.S.

Unyulo 2016 lwaphazamisa kakhulu, ngokuyintloko ngokuhlaselwa ngekhompyutha nangokwaziswa. Amagosa aseRashiya ajolise iinkqubo zonyulo zephondo, enza uhlaselo olunobuphishi nxamnye namagosa onyulo, kwaye azama ukufikelela kwii-database zovoti. Nangona kungekho bungqina bokwenene bokuvota kwatshintshwa, ukuhlasela kwaboniswa ukuba kuyinto ekhoyo kwinkqubo. Ukuphendula kwaquka ukumangalelwa korhulumente, ukusekwa kokhuseleko lonyulo lweCISA, kunye nokuxhaswa kwemali engakumbi yephondo. Isifundo esingundoqo yayiyimfuneko yokwabelana ngolwazi olungcono nococeko olunamandla lwe-ICISA kummandla wonke.

2020 Unyulo loMongameli wase-U.S.

Kunyulo lwama-2020, nangona kwaqatshelwa amaphulo okhuseleko emva konyaka ka-2016, anda kakhulu amaphulo obuxoki. Ukuqhatha kobuqhetseba obusasazekileyo, okudla ngokunyuswa ngamajelo eendaba kunye neenkokeli zobupolitika, kwayintsonkotha indlela yokukhetha. Amagosa okhetho ajongene nomgangatho ongazange ubonwe ngaphambili wokungcungcuthekiswa kunye nezisongelo. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukusetyenziswa koludwe lwephepha kunye nonyulo lwamaphepha (kuquka i-RLAse kumaphondo amaninzi) anika intembelo kwiziphumo. Ama-2020202020 agxininisa ukubaluleka kwemfundo kawonke kunye namaqhinga onxibelelwano anamandla okukhulula i-information.

Imizekelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Inkxalabo yokhuseleko lokhetho zisehlabathini lonke. ENetherlands, ukuqokelelwa kwephepha lokuvota kuye kwamiselwa, kwaye oomatshini bokuvota bashiywe kakhulu emva kokuba iimpazamo zifunyenwe kwiminyaka yowama- 2000. UBukumkani bomlotha obumanyeneyo buxhomekeke kwiphepha elibalwa ngesandla, ukunciphisa iingozi zekhompyutha kodwa usajongana neengxaki zokungangeni magama. Estonia, uvulindlela kwi-intanethi yokuvota, unemithetho eqinileyo ecacileyo kodwa uyaqhubeka nokuphikisana ngemigaqo yokhuseleko. Indlela yelizwe ngalinye inika izifundo zokulinganisela ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko, nokuthemba.

Ikamva Lokhuseleko Lokhetho

Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka buhambela phambili, ukhuseleko lonyulo luza kuvela.

Ubuchule bobugcisa obutsha

Ubugcisa obuqhamisayo bunokuvelisa ukhuseleko lonyulo, nangona bukwavelisa iingozi ezintsha:

  • I-'mtchain Vont: Abanye bacebisa ukusebenzisa iblokochain ukwenza ingxelo esezantsi yamavoti. Noko ke, i-blockchain iyodwa ayiyisombululi ingxaki yoqinisekiso lomvoti okanye isixhobo sokuyekelela, kwaye isenokuzisa ubuntsonkotha. Iprojekthi zePilot, njengaseNtshona Virginia ukwenzela amavoti aphesheya, ibonise iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo.
  • Ubuntlola obuzenzekelayo (AI) bokufumana isoyikiso: I-AI ingahlalutya itrafiki yenethwekhi, ichonga imigudu yokufakelwa, kwaye ifumane ii-anomalie kwinkqubo zonyulo. I-Al ingasetyenziswa ekulweni nokuqulunqwa kokungachananga. Ngokuphikisanayo, i-IA- amandla akhutshwayo (ii-efakes) ibangela isisongelo esikhulayo.
  • Quantam-Resant Cryptography: Njenge nkqubela phambili ye contarum, iindlela zokuguqulela ezikhoyo zingaba buthathaka. Utshintsho kuquanta-ssion algorithm kulawulo lokuvota luzakuba yimfuneko kumashumi eminyaka ezayo.
  • I-software e-Open-Source Vont: Amanye amagunya ahlola iinkqubo zonyulo ezivulekileyo ezinomthombo ukuvumela uhlalutyo oluzimeleyo lwekhowudi. Noko ke, umthombo ovulekileyo ufuna ulawulo olunamandla nokumiselwa kwenkqubo yoluntu.

Inkqubela Eqhubekayo Nokuzinzisa

Ukhuseleko lokhetho asiloxesha elinye lokulungisa kodwa yinkqubo eqhubekayo. Uvavanyo oluthe rhoqo lokungena, imithambo ebomvu, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwemithetho elandelwayo kubalulekile. Ingqiqo “yokhuseleko oluninzi isebenza: imaleko yokhuseleko yenza kube nzima kumhlaseli ukuba aphumelele. Ukongeza, ukwakha ukuphumelela kuthetha ukucwangcisa iiplani zokungaphumeleli kwezixhobo, uhlaselo lwekhompyutha, kunye nentlekele zendalo. Ukunqamleza kweqela leqela , "ukusebenza kunye" okufana nomanyano phakathi kwamagosa onyulo, ulawulo lomthetho, kunye nabahwebi bezobugcisa `strengthens' is everseat syst.

Ngelixa lamva kuphando lokhuseleko kunye nemigaqo encomelayo, inika isiseko sokunika uhlalutyo lobulumko kunye nokukhutshelwa kwenkqubo yonyulo olusekelwe kwiphepha, oluphicothwayo. Ukongeza, i-CISA Ukhuseleko lweZibonelelo zeZibonelo inika abaphathi bonyulo, izikhokelo, kunye nezinto zokuqeqesha iimpahla zonyulo kuwo onke amanqanaba.

Isiphelo

Ukhuseleko lokhetho lulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo olufuna intsebenziswano, ulwakhiwo, nokuhlala uphaphile. Ngokuqonda ulwahlulo olupheleleyo lwezisongelo zekhompyutha kunye nokungachaphazeli komngxuma womzimba kunye nomngcipheko ongaphakathi (kodwa sisenza sisebenze siqinile, sifake amanyathelo okhuseleko, singayikhusela inkqubo yedemokhrasi kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Ukuthembana kwabantu kusisiseko sedemokhrasi, kunye nokukhusela oko kuthelelwa kwentelelo kukhuselwa ukuba lonke uqhagamshelwano olukwitsheyina lwenyulo lukhuseleke. Ngoklomelo oluqhubekayo, imfundo, kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi korhulumente, norhulumente, kunye nemikhosi yasekuhlaleni, singaqinisekisa ukuba unyulo luhlale lukhululekile, lulungile, lulungile, luthembekile.