Isiseko Soluntu Lwasekuhlaleni: Ukuqonda Ukubaluleka Kokuhlawula Irhafu

Irhafu ayiyonto nje efunekayo kwimpucuko yale mihla. Indlela nganye, isikolo, isibhedlele, nomnatha wokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke zixhomekeke kwingeniso yerhafu eqhubekayo. Ngokuhlawula irhafu, abantu kunye namashishini banikela kwiqumrhu elidibanisa imali eluncedo nezixhobo ezenza abantu bafumaneke, bakhuseleke, kwaye bachukumiseke. Eli nqaku lihlola indima eninzi yerhafu ephakathi kwabantu, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zerhafu, isizathu sokuba kuthotyelwe imicimbi, kwaye kwenzeke ntoni xa inkqubo iwohloka.

Yintoni Irhafu?

Irhafu yimali enyanzelekileyo ehlawulwa ngurhulumente kubemi bakhe, abemi, okanye amashishini. Ngokungafaniyo nentlawulo okanye iirhafu zokuzithandela zeenkonzo, irhafu iyanyanzeleka kwaye iyanyanzeleka ngokomthetho. Injongo ephambili yerhafu kukuvelisa ingeniso yokuxhasa iindleko zikarhulumente ngezantsi, kodwa irhafu ikwasebenza kwinjongo yesibini njengengeniso ekhutshwayo, ukulawula imijikelo yezoqoqosho, kunye nokuphembelela ukuziphatha (umz., ukurhafutha icuba icuba ukuphelisa ukutshaya).

Irhafu ingasetyenziswa kwingeniso, kwimpahla, kwimpahla, kwimisebenzi, kwintengiselwano, nakwilifa.

Imbali Yokuhlawulwa Kwerhafu

Iimvelaphi Zamandulo

Irhafu yakudala yafana norhulumente olungelelanisiweyo. I-Egypt yamandulo yayihlawula irhafu kwiinkozo nakwimfuyo. UBukhosi baseRoma baxhasa intsebenziswano yezomkhosi nezoluntu ngenkqubo entsonkothileyo yerhafu yephondo, imisebenzi yerhafu, nerhafu yelifa. Kumaxesha aphakathi eYurophu, irhafu yayisetyenziswa njengeeeefayi (irhafu zecawa) kunye nerhafu (isekelwe kwinani leendawo zokutshisa umlilo kwikhaya).

I-Evolution Yenkqubo Yangoku

Irhafu yale mihla yavela ngenkulungwane ye-19. IBritani yangenisa irhafu yengeniso yokwexeshana ngowe-1799 ukuze ixhase irhafu yemfazwe kaNapoleon, yaye iUnited States yamkela irhafu yerhafu yemali karhulumente ehlawulelwayo kunye noMphetho-Msebenzi we-16 ngowe-1913. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkqubo zerhafu zaya zisiba nenkqubela-phambili, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba abahlawulwa bahlawule intlawulo oluphezulu kakhulu.

Indima Yerhafu Equlunqweni: Ngaphandle kwentlawulo

Le rhafu ayithethi nje ukuhlawula izinto, kodwa ingunobangela wezona ndawo zibalulekileyo apho iminikelo yerhafu isenza umahluko:

Imfundo Kawonke-wonke

Iirhafu zepropati kunye nerhafu yengeniso zinika intsebenziswano enkulu yemali ezikolweni zeK-12 neeyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke. EUnited States, malunga 90% yemali yesikolo yasekuhlaleni ixhomekeke kurhulumente nakwirhafu yasekuhlaleni. Le mali iquka iirhafu zokufundisa, izinto zeklasi, izakhiwo zesikolo, iinkqubo zokufundisa ezikhethekileyo, kunye nemisebenzi yasemva kwesikolo. Ngaphandle kwerhafu, amathuba okufundisa axhomekeke phantse kwimali yobutyebi obuzimeleyo.

ISebe loKhuseleko lwezeNyolo

Kumazwe anenkqubo yonyango lukawonke-wonke − njengeKhanada, i-United Kingdom, kunye namazwe amaninzi aseYurophu — irhafu ixhasa izibhedlele, iikliniki, uphando lwezamayeza, kunye neenkqubo zeziyobisi ezigunyazisiweyo. Kwanakumazwe axhomekeke kakhulu kwi-inshorensi yabucala, njenge-United States, ingxowa-mali yerhafu yeMedicare, iMedicaid, iNkqubo yempilo yaBantwana ye-Inshorensis (CHIP), kunye nezenzo zempilo zoluntu ezifana nokusasazwa kwemichiza kunye nokujonga izifo.

Izakhiwo Nezothutho

Iindlela, iibhulorho, iinqwelo-moya, iinqwelo-moya, uthutho lukawonke-wonke, iziko lonyango lweziko lombane, kunye nentlawulo yombane zonke zixhaswa ngemali ngokuyintloko ngerhafu, ingakumbi iirhafu zepetroli, iirhafu zempahla, kunye nemali enikwa yimali yorhulumente. I-American Society of Civil Enginegers iqikelela ukuba i-U.S. ifuna ii-$2,6 ezigidi zezigidi zezigidi ekuvezeni izibonelelo zemali kwingeniso yerhafumfamenti ngeminyaka elishumi ezayo, ingakumbi enemali ekufuneka ivela kwiirhafuzo, iindleko zomsebenzisi, okanye ukuboleka.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Iinkqubo zemali zerhafu ezixhasa abakhulileyo (Ukhuseleko lweNtlango, umhlala-phantsi), abangasebenzi (i-inshorensi yokungasebenzi), iintsapho ezifumana imali encinane (uncedo lokutya, inkxaso-mali yezindlu), nabantu abaneziphene. Ezi nkqubo zinciphisa ubuhlwempu kwaye zinika ikhusi ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho. Ngokutsho kwe-ECD, iingxelo zokuthengwa kwemali ezikhoyo ngokwentlalo malunga nama-20% e-GDP kumazwe ahambelekileyo.

Ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke nokhuselo lwesizwe

Amasebe amapolisa, izitishi zomlilo, iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko, iinkundla, iintolongo, kunye nomkhosi zonke zixhaswa ngerhafu. Ngo-2024, urhulumente waseUnited States uchithe i-$1800 yezigidi zezigidi ekuzikhuseleni kuphela. Kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, irhafu yempahla ixhasa iinkonzo zamapolisa kunye nomlilo ezisabela kwiimeko zemihla ngemihla.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo

Kwakhona irhafu ixhasa iinkqubo zokusingqongileyo: ukwenziwa kwamanzi acocekileyo, iipaki zesizwe, ukugada ungcoliso, ukubuyiselwa kwemali esetyenziswayo kumandla avuselelweyo, nophando lwemozulu. Abanye oorhulumente basebenzisa iirhafu zemekobume .Njengokuba irhafu yekharbon-ukuhlisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi okuyingozi nokunyusa ingeniso yokutyalwa kwemali ngohlaza oluluhlaza.

Iindidi Zerhafu Ofanele Uzazi

Irhafu

Irhafu yengeniso yipesenti yengeniso yomntu okanye yeshishini elihlawulwa kurhulumente. Inkoliso yamazwe anerhafu yengeniso eqhubekayo, apho irhafu inyukayo ngezibiyeli zengeniso. Umzekelo, irhafu yengeniso ye-U.S. isuka kwi-10% ukuya ku-3% ixhomekeke kwingeniso ehlawulwayo.

Irhafu

Irhafu yentengiso ibekwa ekuthengisweni kweempahla neenkonzo. Le ngeniso idla ngokudityaniswa ngepesenti ethatyathwe kwindawo yokuthengisa. Kwiindawo ezininzi, izinto ezibalulekileyo ezifana nempahla kunye namayeza ziyakhululwa okanye zihlawulwa ngexabiso eliphantsi ukunciphisa umthwalo kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi.

Irhafu Yempahla

Iirhafu zempahla zisekelwe kwixabiso elithelekelelwayo lemali efumaneka kumhlaba nezakhiwo. Zingumthombo wengeniso ephambili kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kwizikolo, kwiindlela, nakukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Abanini-khaya bangayisusa irhafu yemfuza kwirhafu yengeniso yabo kumazwe amaninzi, nto leyo enciphisa iindleko zerhafu yomnatha.

Irhafu

Irhafu ye-openporanti ityala le-levy kwingeniso yeenkampani. Irhafu yerhafu yezorhwebo iye yehla emhlabeni wonke kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka adluleyo njengoko amazwe ekhuphisana ukutsala ishishini. I-OECD iye yakhokelela kwimigudu yokumisela umlinganiselo omncinane werhafu yehlabathi lonke we-15% ukuthintela "uhlobo oluya ezantsi"

Ikomkhulu Lifumana Irhafu

Ingeniso yerhafu yekomkhulu isetyenziselwa ukuthengisa iimpahla ezinjengemigcini-mpahla, amaqhina, umhlaba, kunye nezinto eziqokelelwayo. Ingeniso yemali yexesha elide (iifashoni ezigcinwe ngaphezu konyaka) zidla ngokuhlawulwa ngexabiso eliphantsi kunengeniso eqhelekileyo ukukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwemali.

Irhafu ehlasimlisiweyo

Iirhafu ezithengwayo zibekwa kwiimpahla ezithile ezifana notywala, icuba, ipetroli, kunye namathikithi enqwelo-moya. Zisoloko zifeza injongo ephindwe kabini: ukunyusa ingeniso nokusebenzisa izinto ezidimazayo.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Ukuhlawula Irhafu: Izizathu Ezintlanu Ezibalulekileyo

Uphuhliso loLuntu neZinto zoLuntu

Iipaki zerhafu, amathala eencwadi, amaziko oluntu, kunye namaziko enkcubeko. Ezi zizinto zikawonke-wonke ezinceda wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba unako ukuhlawula. ipaki kawonke wonke enyanyekelwe kakuhle iphucula imigangatho yempahla, inciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, inyusa nomgangatho wobomi.

2. Ukumanyana kwezoqoqosho

Ngexesha lokurhoxa kwemali, iingeniso zerhafu ziyahla, kodwa iindleko zikarhulumente ngeenkqubo ezifana neengenelo zokungaqeshwa nemisebenzi yezibonelelo zingayiqinisa izoqoqosho. Oku kubizwa ngokuba kukuzidibanisela ngokwayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ngexesha lentsika, iingeniso zerhafu eziphezulu zinokunceda ukuncitshiswa kwexabiso lerhafu.

3. Unikezelo nolungelelwaniso

Iirhafu eziqhubekekayo kunye neenkqubo zokudlulisa zinciphisa umsantsa phakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu. I IBhanki yomhlaba wonke [ iphawula ukuba amazwe aneenkqubo zerhafu ezihambela phambili athambeka ngokungalingani. Ngaphandle kwerhafu, iingenelo zonyuko lwezoqoqosho zinokugxininisa kwizityebi.

4. Ukuqinisekisa iinkonzo eziyimfuneko

Amagumbi exesha likaxakeka, iilori zomlilo, amapolisa ajikelezayo, nezikolo zikawonke-wonke zikhona kubo bonke ngenxa yokuba irhafu iqinisekisa ukuba ziyaxhaswa. Ezinye iindlela zokuhlawula irhafu zikhona kwezinye iinkonzo, kodwa azinakuthatha indawo yokufikelela jikelele okubonelelwa yinkqubo yerhafu. ukuhlawula irhafu kuqinisekisa ukuba umntwana ogulayo kumalungu entsapho afunyenwe kancinci usafumana unyango.

5. Imisebenzi karhulumente noMthetho

Irhafu ihlawulwa iinkundla, izindlu zowiso-mthetho, amaqumrhu olawulo, neenkonzo zolawulo ezibangela ukuba urhulumente asebenze. Ngaphandle kwengeniso eyaneleyo yerhafu, oorhulumente abanako ukunyanzelisa imithetho, ukugcina ucwangco, okanye ukumela abemi behlabathi lonke. Urhulumente osebenzayo uxhomekeke kwisiseko serhafu esithembekileyo.

Imiphumo Yokungahlawuli Irhafu

Ityala Elisemthethweni

Ukubhadula irhafu .(ukubhatala) ngokukhuselwa kwemali ehlawulwayo okanye izinto ezinokuphetshwa ukuze kukhutshwe irhafu (ukungahlawulwa kwerhafu) lulwaphulo-mthetho. Ityala liquka intengo, inzala yerhafu engahlawulwayo, ukuphangwa kwempahla, kwanokuvalelwa entolongweni. EUnited States, ukubhaxeka kwerhafu kungaphumela kwiminyaka emihlanu entolongweni yorhulumente. Kwanokungathotyelwa kwesohlwayo esibuyiselayo.

ISebe leMicimbi yoLuntu elincitshisiweyo

Xa inani elikhulu labantu okanye iinkampani ziphepha iirhafu, urhulumente uqokelela ingeniso encinane. Oku kukhokelela ekuncitshisweni kwemfundo, ekulungisweni kwezibonelelo, nakwiinkqubo zoluntu. Umzekelo, ukubhadula irhafu okusasazekileyo eGrisi ebudeni bee- 2000 kwaba negalelo kwingxaki yamatyala aphezulu elizwe kunye nemilinganiselo elandela impumelelo.

Ukuwohloka Kwezoqoqosho

Ukungahlawuli kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yerhafu. Xa ukuthobela iphantsi, oorhulumente badla ngokunyusa isantya kwabo bahlawulayo, bebangela umthwalo onzima kubemi nakumashishini athintelayo umthetho. Oku kunokudimaza ukusebenza notyalo-mali, nto leyo ephazamisa ukukhula kwezoqoqosho.

Ukungalingani Kwabantu

Ukuphepha irhafu kuxhaphakile kakhulu phakathi kwezityebi, ezikwaziyo ukuthenga ii-akaunti zobungcaphephe nee-akhawunti ezikumgangatho wangaselunxwemeni. Xa izityebi ziphepha iirhafu, amahlwempu nabangamahlwempu aphakathi afumana intlawulo eninzi kakhulu yeendleko zeenkonzo zikawonke-wonke, ukungalingani okukhulayo.

Ukuphelelwa Kuthemba

Isithethe sokungahlawulwa okusasazekileyo kunciphisa ukukholosa ngorhulumente nangesivumelwano sentlalo. Abahlali baba ngabangafuni ukuhlawula iirhafu ukuba bakholelwa ukuba abanye abahlawuli. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuthothobeni kwengeniso ehlayo, iinkonzo ezihlwempuzekileyo, nokungahambelani nokungahlawulwa.

Ukugxothwa kwerhafu. Ukuphepha irhafu: Yintoni umahluko?

Ukuqonda umahluko kubalulekile. [[FLT: 0] ukunciphisa irhafu kungekho mthethweni, kubandakanya ulawulo lwerhafu, ukukhutshelwa kwemali, okanye ukungaphumeleli ukubuyisela ifayile. S] unqanda uphando [ lusebenzisa iindlela ezisemthethweni zokunciphisa ityala lerhafu, umzekelo, ukufak' ufak' ungenelo kwityala lomhlala-phantsi, ukusebenzisela uncedo lwemali kunye netyala, okanye ukurhweba ngemali ekhutshwayo ukufezekisa ixabiso eliphantsi. Ngelixa ukuphepha okusemthethweni, amaqhinga okuxhaphaza okuxhaphaza okudla ngokugxekwa ngokungekho mthethweni kwemithetho esezantsi kwaye okungalungisi. Adrulelse ngokucwangcisa irhafu emfazweni.

Ukhuphiswano Olukhuthazayo Lwerhafu: Imigaqo Ekhuthaza Inkqubo Ephilileyo

Imfundo nokulumkiswa

Abemi badla ngokuthobela xa beqonda indlela esetyenziswa ngayo irhafu. Oorhulumente kufuneka bapapashe iingxelo ezicacileyo nezifikelelekayo eziphathelele irhafu. Amazwe amaninzi anika abahlawuleli berhafu ifashoni ebonisa indlela imali yabo esetyenziswa ngayo, umzekelo, "Nihlawule iiyure zemfundo ne-Z zomgama wendlela."

Ukucaca kwengxelo nokuphendula

Xa abemi bebona ukuba ingeniso yerhafu isetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo nangaphandle kokonakala, ukuthobela iinguqu. Uphicotho-zincwadi oluzimeleyo, amanyathelo ohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali avulekileyo, kunye neekomiti zolawulo lwabami zinceda ukwakha ukuthembana. Imali yemali yehlabathi lonke idwelise amazwe ekuboneni uhlahlo-mali.

Ukukhuthaza nokuxhasa

Imithetho entsonkothileyo yerhafu ikhuthaza iimpazamo nokuphepha. Iifomu zokwenza lula, ukunikela uncedo lwefashoni, kunye nokunika ukhokelo olucacileyo kunciphisa umthwalo kwirhafu. Ngoku amazwe amaninzi anika iimbuyekezo zerhafu ezaneleyo ezisekelwe kumqeshi nakwi-data yebhanki, okwenza kube lula ukuthobela.

Ityala

Imivuzo yentlawulo efike ngexesha elifanelekileyo . "njengenzala okanye ukungena kwilottery" ivavanywe kwezinye iindawo. Kwangaxeshanye, unyanzeliso olunamandla, kuquka ukukhangela umnqamlezo we-data (umz., uthelekiso lwengeniso exelwa ngabaqeshi kwiminxeba ethile), ukwandisa umngcipheko wokufumana.

Ubungqina

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kuqingqo-mali, ngezantsi apho abemi bemi bevota indlela yokusebenzisa inxalenye yerhafu, -- inika abantu inkcazelo ecacileyo ekusebenziseni imali kawonke-wonke. Le ndlela iye yasetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo kwizixeko ezifana nePorto Alegre, Brazil, neNew York City, USA.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngerhafu

Iinkqubo zerhafu ziyahluka-hluka ehlabathini lonke. Amazwe aseScandinavia anjengeDenmark neSweden anerhafu ephezulu (iii-55% kubangeni-mali abaphezulu) kodwa kwakhona anikela iinkonzo ezithe kratya zikawonke-wonke, kuquka imfundo ephezulu, ikhefu lesisa lobuzali, kunye nenkxalabo yempilo yehlabathi lonke. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amazwe afana neSingapore kunye nama-Arabhu angama-Arabian anayo irhafu encinane okanye angenayo irhafuzo kodwa axhomekeke kweminye irhafu yerhafu (iVT, irhafu yeshishini, imisebenzi yemali yemali, imicimbi yemali yemali, imicimbi yemali, kunye nemisebenzi yemali yemali encinane.

Amazwe asakhasayo asoloko etsala nzima ngenxa yoqoqosho olukhulu lwerhafu, ulawulo olubuthathaka, kunye norhwaphilizo. Ngokutsho kwe- International Monetary Fund [, ukuphucula ukuqokelelwa kwerhafu kumazwe afumana imali ephantsi kubaluleke kakhulu ukufikelela kusukelo oluzinzileyo.

Ikamva Lokuhlawulwa Kwerhafu: Imikhwa Nocelomngeni

Ukwenziwa kwamanani kunye neNkcubeko

Njengoko umsebenzi uhamba kwi-intanethi nakumaqonga afana ne-Uber, i-Airbnb, kunye neentengiso ezikhululekileyo, oorhulumente bajamelana neengxaki zokufumana irhafu kwintengiso.

Irhafu encinci yezomthetho

Ngo-2021, amazwe angaphezu kwe- 130 avumelana nomlinganiselo ophantsi werhafu yehlabathi lonke we-15%, ejolise ekuthinteleni ukuguquka kwengeniso ngamaqumrhu amazwe ngamazwe. Ukuzalisekisa kuyaqhubeka, kwaye kumela olunye lwezona nguqulelo zerhafu zibalulekileyo ehlabathini lonke kwinkulungwane.

Ukhuthuzo lokusingqongileyo

Iirhafu zekhabhoni kunye nenkqubo yekhafti kunye netrade ziya zixhaphaka njengezixhobo zokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ingeniso evela kule rhafu ingaxhasa imisebenzi yombane ehlaziyekayo okanye ibuyiselwe kubemi njengeenzuzo zekharbon. IWorld Bank inikela ingxelo yokuba ngokonyaka wama-2024, amanyathelo okuhlasela ikharbon angaphezulu kwama-70 ezinto ezikhoyo emhlabeni wonke.

Irhafu Yobutyebi

Amanye amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu anerhafu eliphezulu, nangona amaninzi aye ahlawula ngenxa yeengxaki zokunyanzelisa nokulawula ikomkhulu.

Isiphelo: Ukubizelwa Kwemali Kwabanye Kwikamva Lethu

Ukuhlawula irhafu asiyombopheleleko esemthethweni kuphela, kwaye kungummiselo osisiseko owenziwe kwibutho labantu esifuna ukuphila kuwo. Ierandi nganye eqokelelwe ngerhafu imela imbopheleleko yokwakha izikolo ezingcono, abantu abakhuselekileyo, izibonelelo ezomeleleyo, kunye nendawo entle engqongileyo. Nangona iinkqubo zerhafu zingaze zifezeke, kwaye iimpikiswano ngexabiso kunye nokungabi nabulungisa ziya kusoloko zikho, umgaqo osisiseko uhlala uhleli: ibutho labantu lisebenza kakuhle xa wonk ’ ubani enikela ngokoko kusemandleni abo kwaye efumana iingenelo ngokwemfuno yabo.[ Ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kwerhafu nemithetho yerhafu, abemi namashishini adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhaseni izinto ezinokusetyenziswa nguluntu namhlanje.