Ukwazisa: Isizathu sokuba ukulingana kungunobangela woMthetho womGaqo-siseko

Ukulingana kuthe kwangqinelana nowona mgaqo-siseko utshintshayo. Asingomgaqo nje ongekho ngqiqweni kodwa ngumgaqo osebenzayo onyanzela oorhulumente ukuba baphathe bonke abantu ngesidima esifanayo, intlonelo, kunye nenkuselo. Kulwazi olukhanyiselweyo oluqale lwachaza amalungelo emvelo kwiinkundla zanamhlanje ezichaza imigaqo elinganayo yokukhuselwa, ingcamango yokulingana iphembelele indlela ibutho labantu abagqiba ngayo ukuba bafumane imfundo, umsebenzi, okusesikweni, namandla ezobupolitika.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukubaluleka kokulingana komthetho womgaqo-siseko ngokulandela indaleko yalo engokwembali, ngokuhlolisisa imigaqo yalo engundoqo, nokuhlola impembelelo yayo esebenzayo kwiinkqubo zomthetho ehlabathini lonke. Sikwajongana nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo oluthintela ukuqondwa ngokupheleleyo kokulingana, kuquka ucalucalulo lwenkqubo, umahluko wezoqoqosho, kunye noxanduva phakathi kokulingana okusesikweni nokungalingani. Ekupheleni, kuya kucaca ukuba ukulingana akuyompumelelo eqinisekisiweyo kodwa kuyinto eqhubekayo efuna ukuqwalaselwa nokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo.

Imbali yokulingana koMthetho womGaqo-siseko

Isiseko sokukhanyiselwa

Imvelaphi yobuchule bokulingana komgaqo-siseko ikwiNkcubeko. Intanda-bulumko efana noJohn Locke zaphikisa ngelithi abantu abanamalungelo emvelo, ubomi, inkululeko, nempahla, ukuze kungabikho rhulumente onokuyisusa ngokusesikweni. UJean-Jacques Rousseau ’ ucebisa ukuba igunya elisemthethweni lezobupolitika lixhomekeke kwimvume yabalawulwa, abalinganayo. Ezi ngcamango ziphembelele ngokuthe ngqo iZindululo ze-United States zeNtshumpumpulo (17766), ezithi ngokudumile zivume ukuba i “ bonke abantu badalwe ngokufanayo, i” kunye nesindululo samaFrentshi samaLulathi samaLungelo samaLungelo samaLungu (1889), esivakalisa ukuba i-&ldquomen izelwe kwaye ihlala ikhululekile kumalungelo.”

Kanti la maxwebhu angaphambili ayenempazamo enkulu. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wawubala abantu abangamakhoboka ukuba bangamakhoboka, kwaye abafazi abazange bathatyathwe mthethweni ekuvoteni nasekuthatheni inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Ukungalingani kwaba lidinga kwabanye, kungekhona kubo bonke. Umzabalazo wokwandisa ukulingana ubengunobangela ophambili womthetho wesiseko.

IsiHlanzekiso seshumi elinesine noTshintsho loMgaqo-siseko waseMerika

EUnited States, eyona nkcazelo ibalulekileyo yezomgaqo-siseko ethetha ngokulingana yiSigqibo seshumi elinesine, esivunyiweyo ngo1868 emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya. I-Acimente Protection Claus iyalela: “ akukho Rhulumente iya kwenza okanye inyanzelisa nawuphi na umthetho oya kwenza ibrijijini okanye ugonyo lwabemi baseUnited States; okanye nawuphi na uMbuso ongamhlutha na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho; okanye ikhanyele nabani na kwigunya lakhe lokukhusela imithetho elinganayo. &quto; olu xwebhu lusisiseko lwamalungelo angenakubalwayo, kuquka [[FLT] kunye nomtshato ovunyiweyo.[5]

UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine aluphelanga ngesiquphe. Lwathatha phantse inkulungwane yelixa elisisigxina, intsebenziswano yentlalo, kunye nesenzo sombutho-ntlalo i— njengoMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi ka-1964 —to osuka ekulinganiseni okusesikweni ukuya kuqikelelo olunentsingiselo. Ukuqonda le mbali kubalulekile: ukulingana kumthetho wesiseko akumi ndawonye; kuya kubhenela kukhuphiswano.

Ukulingana komGaqo-siseko wehlabathi

Amabinzana okulingana axhaphakile ngoku kwimiGaqo-siseko yehlabathi lonke. UmGaqo-siseko wamaIndiya, owamkelwa ngo-1950, uquka iGatya 14 (ukungalingani phambi komthetho) kunye neGatya 15 (ukukhutshwa kocalulo ngezizathu zonqulo, uhlanga, ubuhlanga, isini, okanye indawo yokuzalwa). UMzantsi Afrika i’ iposi-parateds umGaqo-siseko ka-199 uqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ukulingana nomgangatho wesidima njengamaxabiso asisiseko. I-Allemavisquo; iSimiselo soMthetho osisiseko sinika ukuba i-“ abantu bonke baya kulingana phambi komthetho, i-” kunye neSicathi se-Canadian of Rights and Corporations iqinisekisa ukulingana ngaphandle kocalucalucalucalulo. Imbono echaza ngokucacileyo ukuba ulawulo ngalunye, ulawulo lobulungisa lobulungisa jikelele.

Imigaqo Engundoqo Yokulingana Kumthetho WomGaqo-siseko

Ukulingana komGaqo-siseko kuxhomekeke kwimigaqo emininzi edityanisiweyo eveliswe ziinkundla nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ekuhambeni kwexesha. Le migaqo iyalathisa ukuchazwa kokulingana kwaye imisela imilinganiselo yesenzo sikarhulumente.

Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Ubulunga phambi komthetho buthetha ukuba wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubutyebi, imeko, okanye amandla, uphantsi kwemigangatho kunye neenkqubo ezisemthethweni ezifanayo. Iyalela ukunika amaqela athile amalungelo akhethekileyo okanye ukugoma kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba akukho namnye ongaphezulu kwenkqubo esemthethweni. Lo mgaqo sisiseko somthetho. Umzekelo, [kungakhathaliseki ukuba umgangatho, umgangatho, okanye umkhosi, uphantsi, umgangatho] we-Marbury v. Madison [1803], inkundla ephakamileyo yenkundla yezomthetho, iqinisekisa ukuba kwanamasebe aphetheyo kunye nomthetho osemthethweni aqiniswa ngumgaqo.

Ungqubano

Umahluko ongowona mcimbi uphambili osetyenziswa kakhulu ekuhloleni ukulingana. Umthetho woMgaqo-siseko uyabalela oorhulumente ukuba bangacaluli abantu ngokwahlulahlulwa ngokweemeko — njengabo bangabarhanelwayo, ubuhlanga, unqulo, isini, kunye nemvelaphi yesizwe i-— ngaphandle kokunyanzeleka. Iinkundla zisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuvavanya ezo zicalulwa. EUnited States, iinkalo zobuhlanga ziphantsi kohlalutyo olungqongqo, intsingiselo yazo icingelwa ukuba azinamkhethelo ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente unokuba ungqina ukuba bakhonza inzala enyanzelekileyo kwaye zilungiselwe ngokumngcibeko.

Ngaphaya kwe-U.S., umthetho ongengowe-discrini uye wanda waquka imbonakalo yesondo, ubuni, ubulwelwe, kunye nobudala. INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu, ukutolika Inqaku 14 leNgqungquthela yaseYurophu emalunga namaLungelo angabantu, ikholelwa ukuba ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo lufuna uthetheleleko olunzulu. Umzekelo, i-Non-dicrictive kunye [i-FLT:0] nengxubevange , ingcamango eyaveliswa ngumphengululi wengcaciso yezomthetho yezomthetho, echaza ukuba abantu bajongene neentlobo ezigqithisileyo zocalucalulo — umzekelo, ibhinqa elimnyama linokuhlangabezana nekhethe elingabanjwangachatshanga ngokubhekisisela kwisizwe sohlanga okanye ngokwesini kuphela.

Isenzo esizinzileyo nomgangatho ongaphantsi

Umlinganiselo oqhelekileyo — uqhuba wonke umntu ngokufanayo — ayisoloko yanele ukulungisa okungekho sikweni okungokwembali okanye ukungalingani okuzingisileyo. Oku kuphawula kwabangela ukuba kunyuke ukwamkela iinkqubo zesenzo (kwaye zibizwa ngokuba zizenzo ezifanelekileyo okanye ukuphathwa). Iinguqu zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia. Bakke[[FLT][1] [19978]), iNkuvo ephakamileyo yeNkulwanyana yesizwe yaxhasa ukuba imiba yezizwe yayingenayo imo yokwahlukana kwemfundo kodwa uhlanga lunokuba lumba omnye phakathi kweemeko ezininzi. Kamva . Bakke [FLT] v[FLT] [FT] [200] [200] [200]

Ingcamango yokulingana okungalinganiyo okungaphelelanga idlulela phambili. Ayifuni nje unyango olulinganayo kodwa ikwafuna iziphumo ezithi zifune ukuphendula imiqobo yesakhiwo. Inkundla yoMgaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika, kwi uMphathi weMali kunye ne-. Van Heerden [2004], yagqiba ukuba amanyathelo enzelwe ukubuyisela umva okungalungelelwani okudlulileyo akavunyelwa kuphela kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ayimfuneko ngokwemithetho-siseko. Ngokufanayo, i-India ’ isixokelelwano sabela imiba yemiba yecandelo eliseluntluntwini nezizwe zemfundo, imisebenzi karhulumente, kunye nemithetho elawulayo. Ezi ndlela zokufumana ukulingana zifuna unyango olwahlukileyo.

Impembelelo yomgangatho kwiinkqubo zale mihla zomthetho

Umgaqo wokulingana ngokusisiseko uye waguqula iinkqubo zale mihla zomthetho ehlabathini lonke. Iinkundla ngoku zisoloko zicela ukulingana xa zihlola umthetho, kwaye imithetho yowiso-mthetho ekhuselwe ngendlela efanayo. Nazi ezinye iinkalo ezibalulekileyo zokuchaphazeleka.

Imfundo

Inkcazo yemfundo v. Ibhodi yemfundo ifumene isigqibo sokuba ukuxhomekeka kwirhafu yempahla yelizwe kubangelwa kukungalingani. Esi sigqibo sabangela intabalala yemigudu yokuphelisa umanyano, nangona kusekho ukungalingani kunye nokungalingani kwezibonelelo. Imingeni kwimfundo ngoku ifikeleleka kwemali yesikolo, apho iinkundla kumazwe anjengeKhalifoniya naseNew Jersey zifumanise ukuba ukuxhomekeka kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni kudala ukungalingani kwemiqathango yemiqathango phakathi kwemimandla etyebileyo nehlwempu. I-Intelligatest School School ifuna umgaqo-Entellivest Antonio Antonio . Rodriguez, uNkundla yeNkundlalo ephakamileyo ye-U.U.S.

Umtshato Namalungelo Eentsapho

Ukulingana kwenkundla yomtshato yenye yezona inguqulelo zibalulekileyo zomGaqo-siseko kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu. .Isigqibo somthetho wesizwe wangaphambili (2015], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yagqiba ukuba izibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwaseSx zinelungelo elisisiseko lokutshata, esisekelwe kuzo zombini i-USTEClaus neSikhuseli-Silinganiyo sika Clausle. Isigqibo somthetho wangaphambili owiswe ngumthetho nozinziso sichaza umtshato njengomntu nebhinqa. Umthetho ofanayo uye wenziwe eTaiwan (207), uMzantsi Afrika (2005), kunye nakumacala amaninzi eYurophu. Ukulingana komthetho wentsapho kubandakanya nongangeni mvumelwano kokwamhlala umntwana, nokuhlala umntwana.

Okusesikweni Kolwaphulo - mthetho

Imigaqo yobungangalingani ichaphazela kakhulu ubupolisa, isigwebo, nokuvalelwa. Imigaqo enzulu ye-uhlanga, isantya sokubanjwa, kunye nezigwebo eziqatha kubamangalelwa abambalwa ikhombe lenkqubo yokungalingani. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ithethe ngeminye yezi miba. . Kentucky [1986] [1986], iNkuvo yalela abatshutshisi ukuba bangasebenzisi ukukhuthuza ukukhutshwa kwemiqathango esekelwe kuhlanga. Mcleskey v. [1987], iNkundleko ayibulelanga ubungqina bobuhlanga kwiko elikhulu, ukumisela umqobo wokubonisa ukukhuselwa kwemali engundoqo.

Imisebenzi kunye neendawo zoluntu

Ukulingana komGaqo-siseko kusebenza ngqo kwimisebenzi karhulumente nakwindawo yokuhlala kawonke-wonke. Abadlali bephondo abanakukhetha xa beqesha, bekhuthaza, okanye benikela iinkonzo. UMthetho wamaLungelo waBantwana wowe-1964, nangona uwummiselo kunokuba uphelise umGaqo-siseko, wandisa lo mgaqo kumaqela ozisebenzelayo kunye neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke phantsi kweBhunga le-&rsquoo; amandla orhwebo. Iinkundla zikwamkele ukuba iinkqubo zokungathathi cala-nxaxheba zingenza impembelelo ekhoyo [[[FLT]:1] xa zisenza ucalucalucalucalucalucalulo olukhoyo, njengoko kumiselwe ku . [FLT]

Ucelomngeni Lokulingana Kumthetho WomGaqo-siseko

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela engenakuphikwa, imiqobo enzulu ithintela ukulingana ukuba kungaqwalaselwa ngokupheleleyo. Uninzi lwale mingeni ibangelwa kukungavumelani kwezobupolitika, nokungavumelani kwemiqathango engokwemvelo yonyango olusemthethweni.

Ubuhlanga obusisigxina kunye neebhiya ezipheleleyo

Ucalucalulo lwendlela yokusebenza ichaza iipateni zocalulo oluqaliswe kwimibutho, kwanaxa abadlali ngabanye bengacebi nto. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa umthetho ezinjengokumisa-funya-futh-frisk zaboniswa ngokwezibalo ukujolisa abantu abambalwa ngokungenakulinganiswa. Iinkundla ziye zazama ukucombulula ubuhlanga obusekwe kwinkqubo kuba umthetho wemithetho-siseko usoloko ufuna ubungqina bocalucalulo lweqhinga phantsi kwenjongo Shinton v. Umlinganiselo [7]. Xa imigaqo inguno inobundilele obungathangathathi-nxaxheba kodwa iziphumo, amatyala kufuneka abonise ukuba urhulumente wenza izinto ngenjongo yokucalula, nto leyo enzima kakhulu ukungqina. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ukuba kumbiwe iziphumo ezingaphezulu eziqwalaselwe ukudityaniswa kwe-active.

Ukungalingani Kwabantu Ngesiqendu kunye neLGBTQ+ amalungelo

Ngoxa ucalucalulo olusesikweni lwesini luncitshisiwe ngokuphawulekayo, ukungalingani kuyaqhubekeka kwintlawulo, umelo, kunye nolawulo lwempilo. UMthetho weSikhundla samalungelo abantu weSihloko se-VII] ululela ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi ngesiseko sesondo, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo iBostock v. IClayton County [2020]) ukhuseleko olo khuselo kwimbonakalo yesini nakuko ubufana. Noko ke, abantu abatsha bayalungela abajongenelo oluqhubekayo kwimiqatha oluqhubekayo, kuquka imiqathango yezo yezonyango neyokufikelela. Uxinezelelo lonqulo kunye nolwezo nxamnye nomthetho-lulwano-lulwe-LBTQ+ abantu bangumGronganiso omkhulu we-gracm.

Ukwahluka Kwezoqoqosho Nokufikelela Kokusesikweni

Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kudla ngokululaza ukulingana okusemthethweni. Abantu kunye nemibutho yobutyebi bayakwazi ukufikelela amagqwetha angcono, ukudityaniswa ixesha elide, kunye neziphumo ezilungileyo. Abakhuseli boluntu kwimimandla emininzi baxinzelelwe phantsi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekugwetyweni okungalinganiyo kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Inkundla ePhakamileyo eGideon v. I-Wainwright [ [1963] iqinisekisa ngesiluleko sabamangalelwayo kwiimeko ezimaxokelelwayo, kodwa abaphumeleli abasebenzayo basangaqondakali. Kwimicimbi yamakhaya, akukho mthethwe-mthethweni, akukho lungelo uninzi olungenayo oluntsonko lwezomthetho kuphela. Ukufikelela komthetho kulungele ukulingana komthetho phambi komthetho, sekunjalo kuselusaqhubeka lusasetyenziswa.

Ingxoxo Yomgangatho

Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi umthetho wale mihla wokulingana uphambukile kude kakhulu kwi “ ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ” ngakwi “ equity &xquo; okanye isiphumo sobulungisa. Iinkqubo zesenzo esiqinisekisiweyo, umzekelo, zicelw'ucelwa njengoluvo olugqwethayo. [[FLT:]] Izichasi ze-Fair Adgictss v. Harvard [2023], iNkundla ephakamileyo yezoluvo oluqhelekileyo lwe-U.S. yabetha phantsi ikholejini engaziwayo, ibambe into yokuba ichasene nokhuselo oluqhelekileyo Claus. Esi sigqibo sibangele impikiswano yokuba abantu baphathe abantu ngokokungakhathale ngokohlanga okanye ukuba bavumele amanyathelo angabonakaliyo ukuba balungise ingxubugqesho yangaphambili. Ingxoxo yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko yamashumi eminyaka.

Isiphelo

Ukubaluleka kokulingana komthetho-siseko kunzulu kwaye kuphikiswana. Ukusukela kwizindululo zokuqala zamalungelo ehlabathi lonke ukuya kumadabi anamhlanje eenkundla, ukulingana kusesisigxina sobulungisa. Kunika amaqela aphantsi asemthethweni ukunyanzelisa ukuba kubekho ucalulo, kwaye kunyanzelisa umsebenzi koorhulumente ukuthethelela ulwahlulo lwabo nemigaqo-siseko. Kodwa ukulingana akuze kufunyanwe ngokupheleleyo. Imiqobo yesixokelelwano, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, kunye nokungavumelani kwezobupolitika kusoloko kuvavanyanisa ukufikelela kwayo. Njengamagqwetha komgaqo-siseko, abagwebi, nabemi, kufuneka siqhubeke sicombulula intsingiselo yokulingana kwe-&mdasdas; sigweba ukuba asingomthetho nje olinganayo kwisikhumba kodwa asiyiyo isiqinisekiso esisigxina sesidima somntu ngamnye.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, kuhlolisiswe okubhaliweyo kwe- uHlaziyo lwe-FOLT , iZizwe ezimanyeneyo Isibhengezo esingahambelaniyo samalungelo abantu[, kunye nohlolo lothelekiso lwe- “ ubulingani kunye nongalinganiyo[[[FLT]] &quo; kwincwadi yencwadi yencwadi yeContext Castical Law. Ukuqonda ezi mithombo kunika uxabiso olunzulu ngendlela uthelekiso oluqhubekeka ngayo kumthetho womgaqo-siseko wehlabathi jikelele.