Ukwazisa: Umsebenzi ongacaciweyo wokuhlola umnqamlezo 939

Uvavanyo lweCrossück kungaphezulu kakhulu kokwenza umgaqo-nkqubo wokuququzelela iindlebe; luyindlela ephambili apho abamisi-mthetho bavavanya khona ubunyani bobungqina obufungelweyo baze babhence ubuthathaka kwibali lobungqina. Ngokubeka iingxelo ezingqongqo, ukubuza nge-actrification, ukunqamleza kusebenza njengovavanyo lwamandla olawulo, ukhuseleko ekuchaneni nobuchule bokwenza imigaqo-mthetho. Kwixesha lokubekwa kwemithetho ebanzi, ukukhutshwa kwemiba elipheleleyo kwezobupolitika nokucazululwa ngokukhawuleza, ukuqonda iinjongo, ubuchule, kunye nokulinganiselwa kokunqumla kumbiso kuyimfuneko kuye kubaluleke kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela iBhunga lolawulo lwayo. Eli nqaku lihlola ngayo iingcambuko zembali, iingcaphulo, ii-adiacraccum, imizekelo ephawulekayo, ukugxeka okuqhubekayo kwe-Accustone, ukuchaza i-ocraclation, ukuchaza i-demo-democraclation, ukuphendula kwe-ocracla.

Isiseko Sembali Nesemithetho

Imvelaphi Yomthetho Oqhelekileyo

Ilungelo lokunqumla i-cross à exinamine amangqina alandela umnombo wawo ukuya kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, apho wawugqalwa njengokhuselo olusisiseko kubungqina obungathembekiyo. Ngenkulungwane ye-18, iinkundla zamaNgesi zaziseke ngokuqinileyo ukuba ukuncinwa kwemibuzo yeli qela liphikisanayo ```kukulawulwa liqela elichaseneyo'.' kwakubalulekile ukuvavanya ukuthembeka nokuchana kobungqina. Lo mgaqo wathunyelwa kumathanga-mazwe aseMelika kwaye kamva wafakwa kwiSindululo seSithandathu soMmiselo-Mgaqo-siseko we-siseko we-U., oqinisekisa ukuba abamangali betyala “ukujamelana namangqina akhe." Ngoxa iindlebe zombutho zobu bungezolwaphulo-mthetho, usebenza ngokufanayo phantsi kwengqiqo eqikelelweni: ngaphandle kobuchule bokuvavanyaza amangqina, abafaki bemingeni kwiimeko zomthetho, izigwebo ze-sba kwiimeko zobu komiti.

Ukukhuliswa

Iikomiti zeKhomishoni zaqalisa ukuququzelela iinkqubo zokuhlola ezisesikweni ekunqamleziseni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ingakumbi njengoko ulawulo lukarhulumente worhulumente lwandisiwe kwaye nemfuneko yokulawula okungqongqo ikhula. I-Legistative Regantation Act ka 1946 ingumthetho wenkqubo emininzi, kuquka ilungelo lamalungu ekomiti lokubuza amangqina. Namhlanje, igumbi ngalinye limile ````````````I-SANT'''' Imithetho ye-XVI kunye [FLT:] noMthetho we-XII-FLT] [FLT:] [5]] ummiselo wendlu wobucala, kuquka nemidathamo yexesha, ukudiza imo-adio-okanye nendima ye-ocembring. Le komiti yemfuno ye-'emfuno-yokulungisa.

Ukuxilongwa Kweminqamlezo 76 KweeNtengo Zengqungquthela

Ngubani Owenza Lo Mcimbi?

Ngokungafaniyo nenkundla yenkundla, apho igqwetha elinye linqumla igcisa elithile, ukuxilonga okuqukumbelayo kwenziwa ngamalungu amaninzi ekomiti. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iqela elininzi kunye neqela elincinane litshintshana ngemijikelo yokubuza, ilungu ngalinye lifumana ixesha elimiselweyo (ngokufuthi imizuzu emihlanu jikelele). Isitulo sekomiti sisenokukhetha amagqwetha ancedisa ekubuzeni, ingakumbi kwiindlebe ezintsonkothileyo ezibandakanya ubugcisa okanye imicimbi esemthethweni. Le ndlela yokuphendula i-andice ikhokelele kwimiba elipheleleyo kunye ne-empempe-mfo; ingqina lingajongana nabaninzi abancindinisayo, igosa nganye kwimbombo eyahlukileyo.

Ixesha elibekiweyo kunye nokuLungiselela

Mhlawumbi ixesha lelona libalulekileyo. Xa amalungu amaninzi efuna ukuba nenxaxheba, iindidi zombuzo ngamnye zimfutshane, zisoloko zinyanzelisa amalungu ukuba afake isandi esilunywe ngokuhlola okunzulu. Ezinye iikomiti ziye zamkela “ukubekwa” iifomati zokubuza iifomati , umzekelo, zivumela ilungu elinye ukuba lisebenzise iindidi ezininzi okanye livumele ixesha elithe kratya kwisitulo kunye nelungu eliphezulu. Ucwangciso lungaphinda lwahluka phakathi kokuva kwe-e-ephroni, apho usukelo lune nesiqinisekiso, apho injongo ifumana iimfaneleko zokungamkeli nokuthembeka.

Ukuthelekiswa nokuxilongwa kweNkundla

Uvavanyo lweCongress Congregational Cross à system alulunganga ngendlela esemthethweni kunenkqubo yenkundla. Imithetho yokuphulaphula ayisebenzi, imibuzo ekhokelayo iyavunyelwa, kwaye amangqina ngokuqhelekileyo akanakuqinisekisa ukuchasa okucacileyo okufanayo. Noko ke, ukunqongophala komgwebi ukunyanzelisa isimilo kuthetha ukuba ukubuza kusenokutshintsha iintetho okanye ukuhlasela komntu ngamnye. Isitulo sekomiti sisebenza njengomchasi-mathisi kodwa ngokufuthi singenalo igunya lokunqumla umntu osebenza naye phakathi kwe-“devénce-/a amandla asetyenziswa rhoqo ngabagwebi. Lo mahluko wokwakha wenza ukuba ukudibana kuxhomekeke ngakumbi kukholo olulungileyo kunye nengqeqesho yabathathi-nxaxheba.

Imisebenzi Nokubaluleka

Ukuwabeka Esweni AmaNgqina

Umsebenzi okhawulezileyo wokuhlola kukugcina amangqina enobutyala ngenxa yeengxelo zawo. Umncinanisi olungiselelwe kakuhle angafaka ubungqina phantsi kwiintelekelelo ezithile, anyanzele ukuba axoxise iimpikiswano, kwaye abhence iisithuba zolwazi. Oku kuthintela amangqina ekunikeleni ubungqina obungachananga okanye obungaphelelanga, kuba ayazi ukuba amalungu eqela eliphikisanayo `okanye amalungu awo] azakusebenzisa kakubi nabuphi na ubuthathaka. Ngale ndlela, nqamleza u-presesion njengendlela yokuzibophelela enyanisweni.

Ukubhenca Iimpikiswano Nobuxoki

Uvavanyo lwe-Crossück ingumatshini ongenakuthelekiswa nanto wokutyhila ukungavumelani. Ngokufaka ubungqina bangoku bengqina kwiingxelo zangaphambili, amaxwebhu, okanye ubungqina obuvela kwamanye amangqina, umbuzi onobuchule angabonisa ukuba ubungqina busenokuba buphosakele okanye bulahlekise ngabom. Imizekelo ephezulu iquka Watertetete ukuva [[[FLT:]1], apho i-Sicator Sam Ervin's as active Crosstions[9] Survieces Ices evectives evectives, etyhile ipakethi ye-operation, kunye [[FLT]] Irantratrans, apho ubungqina be-Lietance ConverNames bavector buyenzile buveliswa ngokuvavanywa yi-bubungqina obu-proce.

Ukwakha Izigqibo Zomthetho

Ngaphandle kokuphendula, ukuxilonga kunika iNgqungquthela ulwazi olunentsingiselo olufunekayo ekwenzeni umthetho osebenzayo. Ukuva ngokuchanekileyo kwimibandela enjengemithetho yemali, impilo kawonke-wonke, okanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe kusoloko kubandakanya iinkcukacha ezintsonkothileyo zobugcisa. Amandla obuchule bokubuza amangqina olwazi ukucacisa iintelekelelo zawo, ukukhusela indlela yawo yokusebenza, kunye nokumelana neembono ezichaseneyo. Ingxelo eveliswayo ngexesha lokunqamleza kwe-091/8-scripts, imiboniso, kunye noshicilelo lwevidiyo `ingumthombo oyalelwa abasebenzi bekomiti kunye namalungu ajongana xa kusenziwa iimfuno okanye kusenziwa iingxelo. Ngaphandle kolu vavanyo, iBhunga lingaxhomeke kwinkcazelo engaphelelanga okanye kulwazi olupheleleyo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukubonakala Kwabantu

Ukuva okuqulunqiweyo komthetho kunguwonke-wonke, kwaye ukuxilonga okuphakathi kwe-29 kunendima ebalulekileyo ekuziseni umnqamlezo onyuliweyo. Ukuhlola kweTelevice kuzisa isigqibo sikarhulumente ekwenzeni amagumbi okuhlala abemi, okubonisa indlela abenzi bomthetho ababuhlola ngayo ubungqina nendlela abasabela ngayo phantsi kwengcinezelo. Oku kukha intelekelelo yoluntu /okanye kwezinye iimeko, kubhenca ukungalungi komsebenzi owenziwa kakuhle, kubonisa ukuba kwanamagosa anamandla kufuneka aphendule ngezenzo zawo. Xa evavanya iinkxwa kwimibangxwaba, kungaphelisa ukuthemba kookquququzelo kunye namangqina.

Imizekelo Ephawulekayo Embalini

Ityala leWatergate (1973)

INdlu Yokukhetha iKomiti yeCampaignial Campaignore Accounting, ephethwe nguSenator Sam Ervin, waqhuba uthotho lwee-Spearts ezithi ekugqibeleni zabhenca ububanzi bomgqumo wolawulo lweNixon. Isiluleko seKomiti uSam Dishp nesiluleko esincinane uFred Thompson sakhokelela ekukhutshweni kwemibuzo emininzi, esebenzisa ubungqina bengxelo ebhaliweyo kunye nobungqina obungaphambili kumangqina asekona njengoJohn Dean. Umnqamlezo weDean uhlala engumzekelo wencwadi yencwadi yemfundo yolwazi obonisa indlela yokwakha ingxelo ngokweenkcukacha, ubungqina obungu-6driveng. Ubungqina obubo bukhokelela ngqo ekukhutshweni kwekhasethi le House kunye, ekugqibeleni, uMongameli Nix'uthon. I-ASCPrograph ifumaneka kwi-webhsayithi ye-[FFF:]

IIran haiyo Cantre Indlebe (1987)

Ebudeni bophando lweziqu ezidityanisiweyo lweNdlu yeeNdlu kunye nokuthengiswa kwezixhobo ngokufihlakeleyo eIran kunye nokusetyenziswa kwengeniso kuNicaraguan Contras, ukunqumla . Umphengululi we-Eutenant uOliver waseNorth wadibana nobungqina bengqwabalala obuvela kwisiluleko sekomiti uArthur Liman, owazama ukudibanisa umxokelelwano wasemntla kwintsalela wemvume. Ukutshintshisana kwabonisa amandla kunye nemida yokunqamleza u-Garka: Iimpendulo ezithinti zoMntla kunye nesibheno sokubheno kuMntla ziphazamisa ikomiti, kodwa ukuphikisana phakathi kobungqina bakhe kunye novavanyo kwavelisa isiseko sobungqina bakhe obulandelayo sokumangalelana.

Imizekelo Yakutshanje: Unyulo LweeNtlanganiso Lwe - 2020 NoJanuwari 6

Kutshanje, iKomiti eKhethelwe yiHouse Committee to Investigate the Desert on the United States Capitol yaxhomekeke ekuhlolweni kwamangqina angundoqo . kuquka ababesakuba ngamalungu eHouse kunye namagosa eTrump. Ikomiti yasebenzisa iividiyo kunye nobungqina obuphilayo ukwakha umlinganiselo weziganeko kunye nokuvavanya izityholo zobuqhetseba bonyulo. Umnqamlezo we-939 uncitshiswe iCassidychinson, owayesakuba sisinyuko kuMlawuli weStaff Mark Meadows, waba ngowodwanothu, njengoko wachaza iingxelo zobuqu zoxinzelelo lomongameli kunye nezenzo zikaMongameli ngoJanuwaria 6. Ezi zimphulayo zibonisa ukuba ukunqumla kweCassidy Hutchinston, isixhobo esibalulekileyo ekuhloleni ukuziphatha okubi.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Ukwahlula-hlula kunye nokuma

Enye yezigxeko ezixhaphakileyo zokuxilonga okuqhelekileyo kwe-cornional Cross vlare idla ngokusetyenziswa ukwenzela uncedo lwabaququzeleli kunokuba kusetyenziswe inyani enyanisweni. Amalungu angasebenzisa imizuzu emihlanu ukunikela ingxelo elungiselelweyo okanye ukuvinya isandi, kunokubuza ingxengxezo emfiliba, ukuphengulula imibuzo. Oku kunokuguqula ukuphulaphula kube ngumsebenzi weqonga, kujongele phantsi injongo yalo mdlalo. Xa omabini amaqela ebandakanyekile kukuziphatha okunjalo, uwonke wonke umntu angayijonga njengesixhobo sokuzibamba, inciphe inkxa-mbeko yeBhunga njengesakhiwo.

Ukulungiselela Okungalinganiyo Nezibonelelo

AmaNgqina abonakala phambi kweKhongongolo asoloko enesiluleko esingokwasemthethweni kunye nexesha elaneleyo lokulungiselela, kodwa umgangatho wokulungiselela uyahluka-hluka. Amagosa esebe elinolawulo, ngokomzekelo, adla ngokufutshaniswa ngamagqwetha esebe kwaye asenokufumana amaxwebhu. Abemi bomsholotho okanye abavuli-mali abanobuncwane obulinganiselweyo basenokuba abakulungelanga ukuqaqaqa uxanduva lwezinye iindawo, ukubeka ubomi esichengeni. Ngokuchasene noko, amangqina antsonkothile anokusebenzisa amagama afanelekileyo anokukhetha nokungaqondaniseki, okwenza kube nzima ukuba abacuphindi abangenamava bawafake phantsi. Oku kusenokugqwetha inyaniso (a) efuna ukuva.

Ingozi Yokungcungcuthekisa Abanye

Ukuxilonga okunganqamleza umgca ukusuka kuphando olunzima ukuya kuhlaselo lobuqu. Xa ubungqina bukhwazwa, buphazanyiswa, okanye busenziwa buvakalelwe, le nkqubo iyaphulukana nelungelo layo. Indlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu inamandla amakhulu okungahloneli, kodwa akukho mntu ujoliswe ekumiseni ilungu ekuncipheni ubungqina. Iingxelo zokuncina ngenkohlakalo ziye zakhokelela ekufuneni utshintsho, njengokufuna ukuba onke amalungu ekomiti anamathele kwikhowudi yehambo okanye anike isitulo sokunqumla amalungu achasene nemigaqo esisiseko ye-stable.

Amalungelo Okunikela Ingxelo Nenkqubo Efanele Inikelwe

Ngokungafaniyo nabamangalelwa abamangalelwa, amangqina ekuchotshelweni kwamatyala equmrhu awanalo ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokucebisana (nangona besenokubuzana negqwetha ngexesha lokhefu). Abakwazi ukulandula ukuphendula ngezizathu zokuzibeka ityala ngaphandle kokubeka engozini ingcinga yokungathobelwa, enokuthi ikhokelele kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kungabi nagunya kuphakamisa inkxalabo efunekayo, ingakumbi xa igama okanye umsebenzi wobungqina usengozini. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba iBhunga kufuneka lamkele imigaqo ecacileyo yokukhusela amangqina ekunqamleni okungalungisi .

Izenzo Ezibalaseleyo Neenguqu

KuBahlalo beKomiti

Ukuxilonga okusebenzayo kuqala ngokhokelo olunamandla lwe-procedtural. Izihlalo zekomiti kufuneka zinyanzelise imida yexesha ngokungaguquguqukiyo, zivumele icala ngalinye libe nemibuzo emininzi elungileyo, kwaye zingene xa imibuzo yelungu ingasebenzi okanye ixhaphakile. Ezinye iikomiti ziye zasebenzisa umkhwa wokuvumela “abasebenzi abaqeshwa” ukuba babuze imibuzo entsonkothileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagqwetha aqeqeshwe kwiindlela zokuhlola anokubuza imibuzo eqwalaselwe ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukuchonga kwezobupolitika. Iingcinga kufuneka zipapashe imigaqo ecacileyo yehambo yokunikela ubungqina nokufikelela kumaxwebhu.

Kumalungu Engqungquthela

Amalungu anqwenela ukuqhuba ukunqamleza okuphumelelayo kufuneka alungiselele kakuhle. Oku kuthetha ukuqwalasela ubungqina bangaphambili, iingxelo zikawonke-wonke, kunye namaxwebhu anxulumeneyo, aze achaze ulandelelwano lwemibuzo eyakhayo ukuze kufikelelwe kwisigqibo esisengqiqweni. Obona bancinwa baphumelelayo babuza imibuzo emifutshane efuna ewe okanye hayi, baphephe iintetho zempikiswano, baze baphulaphule ngenyameko impendulo ngaphambi kokubuza umbuzo olandelayo. Ukuqhelisela ezi ndlela zokuphulaphula ngokuhlekisa kungenza ukuba ilungu likwazi ukulawula incoko.

KumaNgqina

AmaNgqina angalungiselela ukuxilonga ngokuyiqonda imithetho yekomiti kunye nemigca esenokuhlaselwa. Kufuneka athethe ngokucacileyo, aphephe ukunikela ulwazi olongezelelekileyo, aze acele ukucaciswa ukuba umbuzo udibene. Ukuba necebiso elingokwasemthethweni likho, nokuba kucetyiswa kakhulu ukuxilonga. Nangona ukuva kusenokuba kudinisa, ingqina eliyiliweyo eliphendula ngokunyaniseka nangokungaguqukiyo lingamelana nokubuza ngonyanzelo ngaphandle kokwenzakala.

Utshintsho Lwenkqubo

Iziphakamiso eziliqela ziye zaphuhliswa ukuphucula ubulunga bobungquzulwano. Ezi ziquka ukufuna ukuba iikomiti zifumane imithetho esesikweni yobungqina kunye nenkqubo efana neMimiselo yoBufakazi Yomanyano, ukwenza umqwalaseli ongengo ngqaka yeparatis, mhlawumbi okhutshwe kwi-ofisi yokuQela yoRhulumente; kwaye umisela imida engqongqo kwinani lamalungu anokubuza ubungqina obunye. Enye ingcamango kukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwe “amaqela enzululwazi” apho amangqina amaninzi angqinelanayo ngexesha elinye, ukuvumela ukunqumla ku-[6] ukuqwalasela iindawo zokungavumela ukuphenduliswa kwempikiswano kunokuphindaphindwa.

Isiphelo

Uvavanyo lweCrossück asilogama elidala elisemthethweni; sisixhobo esiphilayo, esijikelezayo solawulo lwedemokhrasi. Xa sisetyenziswa ngobuchule nangokholo olulungileyo, sibhenca ubuxoki, sicombulula umgwebo wemithetho-siseko, kwaye sibonisa ukuba akukho namnye ongaphezulu kokuqwalaselwa. Xa isetyenziswa kakubi, ibeka engozini yokuguqula iKhontekoste ibe yiqonga yeholo elikwizikomfa kunye nesoyikiso. Ucelomngeni lwabalawuli bale mihla kukukhusela amandla okunqamleza ngokunqamleza ngokunqanda kwayo. Ukufumana olu mlinganiselo kufuna utshintsho kunye nozibonda olutsha kumaxabiso obulungisa, ubuchule, kunye nokuhlonipha. Lo gama iBhunga-Ongresko kuhlala kunegunya lokuhlola, ukunqumla okunamandla okuza kunakho, kwaye uninzi lwawokufumana inyaniso.