IRajiya Sabba, indlu ephezulu yePalamente yaseIndiya, inendawo eyahlukileyo kulwakhiwo lwemithetho yesizwe. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabhaha, iRajiya Sabha yindlu esisigxina enganyanzelekanga, enesithathu samalungu ayo arhoxa rhoqo. Oku kuqhubeka kuxhasa inkqubo yexesha elide yemithetho yepalamente kwaye kuvumela abantu abanolwazi olunzulu ukuba bajonge phambili kwiimeko ezizinzileyo, ngokubhekiselele kwimiba ephezulu kwemijikelezo. Ngokunjalo, iRajiya Sabha ibandakanya ukulingana kwemiba encinane. Ngexesha elincinane lidla ngokuqhuba imimiselo yemithetho ephambili, iRajiyaha's's dever religister, iqinisekisa indima echaphazela amalungelo entle amabhinqa, afumana ingcekelwe ngokucothayo, kwaye axhasa inkxaso-mali yesizwe, afumana inkxaso-mali yegunya-yokunye kwimigunya eliphantsi kwelizwe, apho athelela phambili kwimigunya eliphantsi kwegunya eliphantsi eliphantsi eliphantsi eliphantsi eliphantsi kwezeyo, eliphantsi kwegunya eliphantsi kwe

Ukuhlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko nokuphakanyiselwa ekulinganani

UMgaqo-siseko waseIndiya ufaka i-Raje Sabba onamagunya owiso-mthetho alinganayo njengeLok Sabhaha, ngaphandle kwemeko yamatyala emali. Oku kuthetha ukuba nawuphi na umthetho ojolise ekuqhubeni amalungelo amabhinqa ngezantsi (hukuba uthetha ngogonyamelo lwasekhaya, ukukhathazwa emsebenzini, ilifa, okanye indawo yezopolitiko) imele idlule kuzo zombini izindlu. Isikhundla esikhethekileyo sikaRajiya Sabba njengendlu yokuhlola imvume yokuphelisa, ukunyanzeleka, ukunyanzeleka, ukunyanzeleka kwamabhinqa, kwaye kwanolibazisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba anokufumana ityala ngokusemthethweni, isandi esinenzuzo kunye nokuhlala kunye. Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli akanakunyuswa kumalungu ali-12 kuRajiya Sabba ngenxa yemi, uncwadi, inkonzo yentlalo-ntlalo-ntle, kunye noncedo lwentlalo-ntlalo-ntle, uninzi lwamabhinqa athe alwayokuqinisekisa ukuba angene imigaqo-mthetho yezo zomthetho.

Iminikelo Yomthetho Engokwembali

Ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, iRaje Sabha iye yaba negalelo ekudluliseleni umthetho ophawulayo oye walungisa kwakhona ubume belizwe elisemthethweni lamabhinqa angamaIndiya. Iikomiti zawo namalungu akhe ziye zasoloko zityhalela phambili ukuze kukhuselwe ukhuseleko olomeleleyo, amalungelo angakumbi, kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho-mthetho okunempumelelo. Amacandelwana alandelayo achaza iinkcukacha ezithile zezona ziganeko zibalulekileyo zomthetho eziphunyezwe ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kweRajbya Sabra.

Ukukhuselwa kwamabhinqa kuMthetho woNyaka wasekhaya, 2005

Ngaphambi konyaka ka-2005, umthetho waseIndiya wanikela izicombululo ezisikelweyo zogonyamelo lwasekhaya, ngokufuthi uluphatha njengomcimbi wezemali. UkuKhuselwa Kwamabhinqa Kumthetho Wasekhaya yayingumthetho owenzakalisayo owachaza ugonyamelo lwasekhaya ngokubanzi ngokuquka ukwenziwa kwemithetho, okungokwasemzimbeni, ngokwesini, ngamazwi, ngokweemvakalelo, kunye nezoqoqosho, kwaye wanikela iingcaciso zonyango zoluntu njengemiyalelo yokukhusela, amalungelo okuhlala, kunye neyoncedo lwemali. Ikomiti yepalame ehlola umthetho, exhobisa i-wiswe yi-jaya Sabra, ilungu elilungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-Rha, elincomekayo, elikhuthaza ukuchazwa "iesona sithethe solwalamano" ukuquka ulwalamano lomtshato (njengolwalamano oluphilayo) kunye nokufihla amalungu emakhaya njengaodade, kwanawokusetyenziswa neentsapho. Oku kwaye kwakhuthazwa nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho elungele uluntu kunye ne-Syrab.

Ukukhathazwa ngokwesini kwamabhinqa emsebenzini (Ukugxothwa, Ukugwetywa Nokubuyiselwa), 2013

Igunyaziswe ekuphenduleni isikhokelo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yeVishaka kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yehlabathi lonke # MeToo impikiswano yokuqala, lo mthetho wagunyazisa ukuba wonke umsebenzi ongaphezu kweshumi useke iKomiti yangaphakathi yokungcungcuthekisa ngokwesini. Ityala laziswa kwiLok Sabha kodwa lajamelana nengxoxo ebalulekileyo kwi-Rajiya Sabba, apho amalungu abuza ukuba athelekele abasebenzi basekhaya, abasebenzi bezolimo, kunye necandelo elingacwangciswanga kakuhle elingaphezulu elinomsebenzi. (apho uninzi lwamabhinqa asebenza ngaphakathi e-Indiya. uRajya Sabha, kuquka amalungu amaninzi e-MPs asuka kwiqela lamaqela ahlukeneyo, athelelanempumelelo ukukhunjululwa kwenkcazelo "indawo yomsebenzi" ukuquka nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na indawo etyelelwa kuyo ngexesha lomsebenzi, njengendawo yokuthutha kunye neendawo eziphezulu zendlulo. Imithetho ephambili yokuzimela i-Sya ephambili yemithetho ephambili yehlabathi ekhuthaza ukukhuthaza ukukhuthaza inkxaso yalo.

UMthetho wamaSilamsi (Ukhuseleko Lwamalungelo Omtshato) 2019 (Umthetho weSizwe)

Uqheliselo lokuhlala ngokuphandle kwamabhinqa angamaSilaq (italaq-ebiddat) lwavakaliswa njengolungenalucalulo yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo-2017, kodwa urhulumente wazisa umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ukuze woyise lo msebenzi, anikezele amalungelo okugcinwa kwamalungelo elungelo lokugcina inzala ukuze aqhawule amaSulumane. Lo mthetho wadluliswa okokuqala yi-Lok Sabhaha kodwa wajongana nobuchule obuqinileyo kwiRajeya Sabha, apho amalungu achasayo aphakamisa inkxalabo ngenkqubo yawo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye asenokusetyenziswa kakubi. URajiya Sabba wanya wanya unyanzelela ikomiti ekhetha ukuphenduku ekwayo izivumelwano eziliqela zokuphelisa ingxubeko: ulwano lwelungiselelo lokuzama ulwenzo oluthe kratya phambi kokuba kuqhubeke ngesenzo solwaphulo-mthetho, inkcazelo ecacileyo yendlela yokuziphazalela kwelungelo lomthetho wokuzibo. Nangona oko kwakuthe kamva, emva kokuba i-Rajiha yadluliselwa emva kwenkqubo enyanzwe, ixhoba elithe yavunywa ityala, ityala

Ezinye Iibhili Ezingundoqo

  • UmThetho wokuRemnelisa, 1976: Ikomiti kaRajiya Sabba ekusebenzeni nasentlalo - ntleni enconyelweyo ukunyuswa koMthetho wokugquma kungekuphela nje isantya somvuzo kodwa kwaneebhonasi kunye nembuyekezo, ukuqinisekisa ukunyanzeliswa kwentlawulo elinganayo ngomsebenzi.
  • Umthetho wokwethula i-Dimenation of Parentar (Amendment) Act, 2021: Ukwakhiwa ngokulungiswa okuyandisa ixesha lokumitha lokuphelisa iiveki ezingama-20 ukuya kwezingama-24 kwaye yasusa imfuneko yoluvo logqirha omnye xa kukhawulwa ukukhawulwa, iRapya Sabba yanya inyanzelisa ulwimi olukhusela ukuzimela kwasese kunye nokulawula kwamabhinqa angatshatanga kunye nabasindi ekudlwengulweni.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] UMthetho woTshenxiso Zingenelo (uMthetho) 2017: Ikomiti ekhethiweyo yendlu ephezulu yandisa ilungiselelo lenjongo lesakhiwo secrèche ukusuka kwisakhiwo esinabenzi abangama-50 okanye ngaphezulu ukuya kwabo bangamashumi amabini nangaphezulu, inkcazo ebanzi yoomama abasebenzayo.

Indima Yamabhinqa KwiRaje Sabha

Imibandela emela amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho, kunye neRajiya Sabha ngokusuka embalini iquka abaphathi-palamente abaye bakhokela ekulinganiseni kwamabhinqa. Ngonyaka wama-2025, abafazi babamba malunga ne 13% yezihlalo zeRajiya Sabba (iipesenti leLakya Sabba), kodwa ngezantsi kwenani eliphantsi kweli. Nangona inani lemali encinane, ubunjani begalelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-palamente, ubunjani beli belilungu elibalaseleyo. Amalungu anjenge-Uniuni Sushma Swaraj (owawa esebenza kwimiqathango yeRajiya Sabha) (owawawawawawawaba iminyaka emininzi), umxhasi wepalamente uMargaret Awari AmKauri uninzi kunye nemeko oluphezulu lwezikomfashoni (ede amanani athenwa kakhulu) kwimiqatha yemiqatha yomthetho yemfundo yaseziko yomthetho, kunye ne-Garian Naulmalmarlaprap (ede propati) asebenzisa izitshixomi, imfutho

IKomiti yoNcedo yePalamente kunye noNcedo

Inkqubo yekomiti kaRaje Sabra iyinjini enamandla yophando notshintsho. Iikomiti ezimbini zibaluleke kakhulu kumalungelo amabhinqa.

IKomiti enika Amabhinqa Amandla

Le komiti ye-ad-hoc, eyamiselwa ngo1997 kwaye idla ngokubekwa isitulo lilungu lebhinqa leRajeya Sabha, ihlola ubume bamabhinqa kuwo onke amacandelo kwaye yenza ingcebiso ngesenzo sowiso-mthetho kunye nesolawulo. Iveze iingxelo zentsimbi kwimibandela efana nokuhla komlinganiselo wesondo lomntwana, iimeko zokusebenza kwamabhinqa kwicandelo elingalungelelanisiweyo, kunye nokuphunyezwa kocwangciso lwezorhwebo lwamabhinqa. Okufunyanwa yikomiti kusoloko kuyila isiseko seendleko zamalungu omthetho wabucala okanye ukuqulusela umthetho karhulumente.

IiKomiti ezinxulumene neSebe

Umthetho ngamnye obhekiselwa kwiRajiya Sabha uhlolwa ngokuzenzekelayo ngenye yeekomiti zayo ezinxulumene nesebe ezinamava. Umzekelo, iKomiti yoPhuhliso loLuntu, egquma imfundo kunye namabhinqa kunye nophuhliso lomntwana, iye yawahlola kakhulu amatyala akwindlela yokunyamekela abantwana kwasekuqaleni kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantwana. Ngexesha lokukhuselwa kwabantwana kwiScorence Ofences (POCSO) Awumthetho ngo-2012, uRajenya Sabha kwikomiti enyanzelela ukwandisa ingcaciso lokuhlaselwa ngokwesini kuquka izixhobo zekhompyutha kunye nokwenza ingxelo yamalungelo okungagqibelelisi njongo kubo bonke abantu abadala.

Raje Sabra vs Lok Sabha: Inzuzo Edibanisayo

ILok Sabha, xa inyulwa ngqo, idla ngokuqhuba ucwangciso lomthetho lukarhulumente ngesantya, ingakumbi kwimibandela engxamisekileyo yezobupolitika. Noko ke, iRajiya Sabha inika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo: ayinakuqalisa amatyala emali, kodwa kuwo onke amanye umthetho, amandla ayo ayalingana. Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho mthetho uchaphazela amalungelo amabhinqa onokuthi ubekwe ngaphandle kwe-Rajiya Sabba's commenterince. Inzuzo yendlu ephezulu iquka:

  • Umgama othe kratya: Amalungu asebenzisa amagama aneminyaka emithandathu, awavumela ukuba akhe ubuchule kwimiba entsonkothileyo njengotshintsho olusemthethweni ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka konyulo oluqhelekileyo.
  • Ubuchule obungasetyenziswayo: uMongameli angadibanisa abantu abanolwazi olunzulu ngamalungelo amabhinqa ```Ister Cyril''', unongendi osebenza nabasebenzi besondo, okanye abasebenzi be-Air Marshal P. K. K. umsebenzi omkhulu ka-Iyengar kubulungisa basemkhosini ." ozisa uluvo oluluncedo.
  • Umthetho wokwahlukana onzulu: Ngelixesha i Rajiya Sabba ngokuqinisekileyo ingumdibaniso osezantsi, ikhonkco layo elithe ngqo lisoloko livumela amalungu ukuba avote kwisazela ukwenzela imicimbi yoluntu. Umzekelo, ukudlula koMthetho we-Criminal (Amendment) Act, 2013, eyazisa izigwebo eziqatha zohlaselo lwesondo emva kwemeko ye-Nirbhaya, abona inkxaso enkulu enqamlezileyo kwi-Rajiya Sabha xa kuthelekiswa neengxoxo ezishushu kwiLok Sabha.

Le nzuzo ingenawo umlinganiselo iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wokulingana kwesini esifana nesobufanasini awukhawulezi udlule ngaphandle kokuxilongwa ngokucokisekileyo. Ityala elidluliswa ngokukhawuleza kwiLok Sabha lingalibaziseka, lilungiswe, okanye lide loyiswe kwiRajiya Sabha, linyanzele urhulumente ukuba akhe imvume, qha inkqubo esoloko ikhokelela kwiziphumo ezingcono zemithetho-mthetho kumabhinqa.

Iingxaki Nendlela Engaphambili

Phezu kwayo nje iminikelo yayo, iRajiya Sabba ayigonyelwanga kukungalingani kwezihlalo zesini ezizizo ezobuni kwezobupolitika zase-Indiya. Ukumela kwabafazi endlwini akukhange kudlule kwi-15%, nto leyo elinganisela iingcinga ezahlukahlukeneyo kwimpikiswano yabafazi. I-Rajiya Sabha zenza izihlandlo ezithathu (ngonyaka ka-1998, kunye no-2009) kodwa iphinde yahluleka kwiLok Sabbaha ngenxa yokuchaswa kwezobupolitika. I-Rajiya Syaha ixhasa ngokuthe rhoqo ukuzinikela kwayo kwimithetho ebonakalisa ukulingana kweempawu zobufana, kodwa igobe eliphantsi kwendlela yokutshintsha kwengca.

Ngaphezu koko, amandla kaRajiya Sabra okulibazisa akasoloko esetyenziswa ngokwakhayo. Amanye amaphepha amalungelo amabhinqa aye agcinwa kangangeminyaka ngenxa yokuchasana ngokweengcamango kunokuba aqiqe ukuba aqwalaselwe. Umzekelo, i-Surculacy (Ukwamkelwa) Bill, ethetha ngamalungelo okuzala kwamabhinqa, ijongene nokulungisa okuphindaphindiweyo kwi Rajiya Sabra, lilibazisa ukudlula kwayo. Ukuqinisa indima yeRajiya Sabbaha ekukhuthazeni ukulingana kwesini, amanyathelo alandelayo ayimfuneko:

  • utshintsho lweqela levolution: amaqela ezobupolitika kufuneka asebenze ukuze athathe amanyathelo angakumbi amabhinqa afuna unyulo lukaRaje Sabha kunye nonyulo lwamabhinqa atyunjwayo oonolwazi bobumongameli.
  • Ikomiti eyomelezayo: IKomiti eMandla aMabhinqa kufuneka yenziwe ikomiti yesebe enxulumene nokuma kunye nabasebenzi bophando abazinikeleyo kunye noqingqo-mali.
  • Ukudlula ngexesha lommiselo wemali: Urhulumente kufuneka aqale abonise ukudlula kweNdlela yaMantokazi kwiLok Sabba, akhe kwi Rajiya Sabha ephinda-phindiweyo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Umelo lwekomiti ebanzi: luqinisekisa ukuba ubuncinane isithathu esinye samalungu ekomiti nganye emileyo eqwalasela umthetho onxulumene nobufanasini ngamabhinqa.

Isiphelo

Intsingiselo yeRajiya Sabba ekukhuthazeni ukulingana kwamabhinqa kunye namalungelo amabhinqa ayinakuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo. Indima yawo yomgaqo-siseko njengendlu yokuhlola, ukuqhubekeka kwayo, kunye namalungu ayo oogqirha kunye nabaququzeleli bepalamente abanamava iyenze yaba yinto ebalulekileyo ekuguquleleni iimfuno zamabhinqa kwimithetho enyanzelekileyo. Ukusuka kugonyamelo lwasekhaya ukuya ekuxhatshazweni emsebenzini, ukusuka kwiingenelo zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, iRajiya Sabha iye yadala omnye wemithetho eqhubekekayo kwimbali yeIndiya. Inkqubo yekomiti inikela uphando olunzulu lokuba ithathele iziphaza eziphotho ziphotho zizinto eziphoswayo kwindlu ephantsi kwe-packic, ukusetyenziswa kwayo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-ethenwa kwamandla ayo aphezulu. Kodwa ke, indlu ibonakalisa ukucelwa kwetyala elibanzi phantsi kolawulo lwesizwe sesizwe, ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwegunya layo.