IBhili yamaLungelo .-inyanga yokuqala elishumi yokulungisa amalungelo abantu. Inguwo yokuqala e-United States. Ime njengesiseko senkululeko yaseMerika. I-Ratimension, ezi zindululo zasungulwa ukuphendula uloyiko lwabo bakholelwa ukuba urhulumente omtsha ungaba namandla kakhulu kwaye bawacinezela amalungelo abantu. Abafundi kunye nabafundisi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo asiyondlela nje yemfundo yemfundo; kubalulekile ukuthatha imigaqo yesiseko eqhubeka ibumba inkululeko yabemi, ukucaciswa kwezahlulelo, kunye nobomi bezezezentlalo-ntle eUnited States. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi engokwembali, imiqathango ehlala ihleli, iziphumo ezihlala ixesha elide, kunye nolawulo lwe-Bill yamaLungelo, ukunikela umthombo opheleleyo wokwazisa indima yayo kumntu ofuna inkululeko yokukhusela.

Imbali Yamalungelo

Ibali leBhili yamaLungelo liqala ngexesha lengxoxo ephithizelayo yemibutho yokwahlula-hlula yowe-1787-1788. Emva kweNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yoquluno yarhuqa isakhiwo esitsha sorhulumente wesizwe onamandla, ulwahlulo olukrakrayo lwavela phakathi koManyano-manyeneyo Henry[FT:1] noMgaqo-siseko njengobhaliweyo, noNoyikis-Antifederalist, owayesoyike ukuba urhulumente osembindini ungabinazo ukhuseleko olwaneleyo lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. I-ADROFEdrals adverstings enjenge kunye nophetho olungekho ngqindilili luye.

Ukukhusela ulwahlulo, amaqela afana uJames Madison wathembisa ukuba umthetho wamalungelo uza kongezwa xa urhulumente omtsha wasekwa. Nangona uMadison ekuqaleni wayekholelwa ukuba isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko (neSindululo sawo sokwahlulwa kwamalungelo kunye nezingqinisiso) (ukukhusela kunye nezingqiniselo) kwanele ukukhusela inkululeko, kamva wavuma ukuba kufuneka kwezopolitistiki zilungiswe. Wafunda ngenyameko ngezo mvume yengqungqungquthela yamalungelo edityaniswe kwingqungquthela equzeneyo kwaye wacatshulwa yi-elwano [ iSindululo samalungelo amalungelo [)] (uqulut) kunye neSihlolo samaNgesi samalungelo owewaka angonyaka wama-1699.[10]

Iinkalo Eziphambili Ezixhasa Amalungelo

  • Jacob Madison: Nangona ekuqaleni wayengakukholelwa ukubekwa kwemithetho yamalungelo, uMadison waba ngoyena mmeli wakhe onamandla kwiNgqungquthela yokuqala. Waluyila ngobuchule olu lwimi ukuthetha olona hlobo luqhelekileyo lwe-Antià Federali ngexa eqinisekisa ukuba ukupheliswa akumiselanga mqathango rhulumente (umqathango kamva otshintshwa yimfundiso yoMphengululi weshumi elinesine). Ukhokelo lwakhe lwamnika isiqu esithi “UYise weBhishopu yamaLungelo.”
  • George Mason: Umthunywa waseVirginia owangavumiyo ukutyikitya umGaqo-siseko ngenxa yokuba wawungenawo umthetho wamalungelo, umsebenzi kaMason wangaphambili kwiSindululo samalungelo eVirginia wanika umzekelo ocacileyo. Waphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle kokhuseleko olucacileyo, urhulumente ungayiphelisa ngokuthe ngcembe inkululeko yobuqu.
  • Thomas Jefferson: Ngelixesha ekhonza njengomPhathiswa eFransi, uJefferson uqhagamshelana rhoqo noMadison, ebongoza ukuba irejista yamalungelo ifuneke ukukhusela inkxaso ethandwayo kwaye isebenze ‘ njengovavanyo lwasemthethweni” ngokuchasene nengcinezelo. Iincwadi zakhe ezithetha ngenkululeko zawuphembelela kakhulu umoya wentengiso jikelele.
  • [[NTL: 0] Patrick Henry: Umbhinqi onamandla olwa noNxulumaniso, uHenry wasebenzisa amandla akhe okuthetha ukukhuthaza inkcaso kumGaqo-siseko, enyanzelisa ukuba inike urhulumente wesizwe amandla agqithisileyo. Ukunyanzelisa kwakhe ekulungiseni izinto kwanceda amajoni asekuhlaleni afumana isithembiso.

Iingxoxo ezimalunga neBhili yamaLungelo zabonisa imbopheleleko enzulu yaseMerika kurhulumente olinganiselweyo nokukhuselwa kolawulo lomntu ngamnye. Zamisela nemizekelo yokuba umGaqo-siseko ungakwazi ukutshintshwa ukuze uphendule inkxalabo yabantu, --inkqubo eye yasetyenziswa izihlandlo ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe ukusuka ngoko.

IziHlaziyo Ezilishumi ZeBhili Yamalungelo: Uhlolisiso Olunenkcukacha

IBhili yamaLungelo asiloxwebhu olunye kodwa luyingqokelela yezilungiso ezilishumi ezahlukeneyo, nganye ithetha ngeendawo ezikhethekileyo apho isizukulwana esisekiweyo sasisoyika ukuxhatshazwa ngurhulumente. Ngeli nqaku luluvo oluneenkcukacha kwinguquko nganye, kuquka injongo yaso yembali, ukuchazwa kwale mihla, kunye namatyala angundoqo ezomthetho.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala: Inkululeko Esisiseko

Umbhalo: “Awuyi kwenza mthetho malunga nokusekwa konqulo, okanye ukunqanda ukuqheliswa kwalo ngenkululeko; okanye ukuphelisa inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yokushicilela; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo.”

Ngokucacileyo uHlaliso Lokuqala luyindawo edumileyo phakathi kwezorhwebo. Lukhusela inkululeko engundoqo emihlanu: unqulo (kokubini ukumiswa kwegama lika Claus nomthetho we-Free Express Claus), intetho, ukucofa, indibano, kunye nesibongozo. Ukumiselwa kuka-Claus kudala “udonga lokwahlula” phakathi kwecawa nezwe, ngoxa i-Free Exenition Classiade ithintela urhulumente ekungeneni ngokungeyo kwizenzo zonqulo. Inkululeko yokuthetha nokushicilela ingunothetho lwedemokhrasi, ivumela abemi balapho ukuba bagxeke iinkokeli zabo nabameli bengenakusoyika isohlwaywa. Ityala eliphezulu leNkuhlela ityala yeNkundla yeNtlanga.[FLD [10] i-196] i-1964] kunye ne-[FFFFFFFF] i-United CFFFF] i-ectivet [0] ngokuqhubekayo.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Unelungelo lokuthwala izixhobo

Umbhalo: “Umthetho olungelelanisiweyo ofunekayo kukhuseleko loRhulumente okhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha nelokuthwala izixhobo, awuzukuphazamisana."

ISigqibo sesibini soHlaziyo besingumbandela wengxoxo enkulu yale mihla. Kwimbali enkulu yase-U.S., iinkundla zachaza ukulungisa oku njengokukhusela ilungelo leqela elinxulumene nenkonzo yomkhosi. Noko ke, iDicolity of Columbia v. Heller [2008] [INkundla ePhakamileyo] (2008), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba iSicwangciso sesibini soMphetho sikhusele ilungelo lomntu lokuba nentshulu-mpu yakhe siqu ngaphakathi kwendlu. Ityala lamva le [[FLTLT:2] iNew York Rifle & Pistol Association vFLT] [2003] [202] i-d2] ikhuselwe ukuthwala imipulm kuwonke wonke oziweyo, isebenzisa imithetho engokobumbali yemipuljinga, ukuvavanyaniswa kwemipu ephambili, ukuvavanywa kwamapolisa, ukuvavanywa kwamapolisa, ukuqhubekeka kwamapolisa.

UMthetho Wesithathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamajoni

Umbhalo: “Akukho mbhinyisi-mkhosi oya kubekwa nakweyiphi na indlu ngexesha loxolo, ngaphandle kwemvume yoMnini, okanye ngexesha lemfazwe, kodwa ngendlela ekufuneka ichazwe ngumthetho.”

ISiHlanzo sesithathu asifane sichazwe, kodwa sibonakalisa izikhalazo ezithe ngqo ngokuchasene nezenzo zamarhamncwa zaseBritani ezinyanzelisa amajoni ukuba ahlale ehleli kunye. Siqinisa umgaqo wokuba ikhaya lomntu lizimele yaye alilawulwa ngurhulumente. Nangona amatyala angokwasemthethweni angoku atshayelela, aye akhankanywa kwingxoxo eziyimfihlo njengesiqinisekiso sokukhathalela okunzulu komgaqo-siseko wekhaya.

UMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa Komhlaba: Uphando Nezinto Ezithile

Umbhalo: “Ilungelo labantu lokukhuseleka kubantu babo, kwizindlu, kumaphepha, nakwiziphumo, ngokuphandwa okungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula, alizukophulwa, kwaye akukho bavumi barhoxiweyo abazakukhutshwa, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu esinokwenzeka, bexhaswa yiOath okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ichaza ngokukhethekileyo indawo eza kuphendwa, kunye nabantu okanye izinto ezizakuthinjwa."

UHlaliso lwesine lukhusela abantu ekungeneleni ngokwendlela yolawulo. Lufuna ukuba imvume isekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye ichaze indawo ekhethekileyo nezinto ezifuna ukukhangelwa. Umthetho we-pavary (ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuphengululwa okungekho mthethweni okungekho mthethweni ekusetyenzisweni enkundleni). I-Weeks v. United States [1914] [14] isebenzisa kumazwe [[FLT:]] imapp. [1961]]. [196].) Imingeni yangoku ibandakanya imicimbi yamanani: Ingaba ifuna imvume yokufikelela kwindawo yeselula yefowuni? INkundla Ephakamileyo ibhekisa ku-data [FLT] v.[5]

UMthetho Wesihlanu Ohlaziyiweyo: Amalungelo Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Umbhalo: “Akukho mntu oya kubanjwa ukuba aphendule kwikomkhulu, okanye ngenye indlela ulwaphulo-mthetho oludume kakubi, ngaphandle kokuba kubekwe ityala okanye kumangalelwa i-Jury enkulu, ngaphandle kokuba kuvela nakweyiphi na imeko yelizwe okanye yamajoni omkhosi wamanzi, okanye eMilitia, xa kukwinkonzo yokwenene ngexesha lemfazwe okanye kwingozi kawonke-wonke; okanye nabani na umntu akasayi kubekwa esichengeni esiphindwe kabini sobomi okanye isiqobo; okanye anyanzelwe nayiphi na imeko yolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba abe lingqina nxamnye naye, okanye ahluthwe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, engenayo inkqubo efunekayo yomthetho; okanye impahla yangasetyenziswa ngokusesikweni, ngaphandle kwembuyiselo.

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqulethe iinkuselo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo: ukugwetywa okukhulu kwabachopheli-tyala, ukukhuselwa kwingozi ephindwe kabini, ilungelo elichasene nolwahlulo (“ukungcelela okwesihlanu”), inkqubo efunekayo yomthetho, kunye nommandla ophezulu ngembuyekezo nje. I-Uself parandrenation Claus iyasetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zamapolisa zokuncina imibuzo, njengoko kumiselwe kwi- imanda v. Arizona [196]. Ulwimi oluthiwar Procession Claus /66] lubonakala kuMvumelo we-Gawulayo we-Gawulayo ye-1459]

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala Okufanelekileyo Nokukhawulezileyo

Umbhalo: “Kuzo zonke iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa uza kunandipha ilungelo lokumangalelwa ngokukhawuleza nakuluntu, liququzelela ityala elingakhethiyo leLizwe kunye nesithili apho ulwaphulo-mthetho luya kuba lwenziwe, esisiphi isithili esiza kuqinisekiswa ngaphambili ngumthetho, kwaye kuxelelwe ngendalo kunye nonobangela wetyala; ukumangalelwa ngamangqina amelene naye; ukuba abe nenkqubo enyanzeleka ukuba afumane amangqina ekholweni yakhe, kwaye abe noncedo lokhuselo lwakhe."

Oku kulungisa kuqinisekisa ukuba umntu otyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho unikwe ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuzikhusela. Amalungelo angundoqo aquka ukuvavanywa kwetyala elikhawulezayo nelinoluntu (ukuthintela ukumangalelwa kwasese kunye nokuvalelwa okungagqibekiyo), umgwebi ongakhethiyo, ilungelo lokujamelana nabamangaleli, nelungelo lokunika icebiso elingokwasemthethweni. Ityala lesazisi Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963]) lathi kufuneka kunikwe igqwetha elimele linikezele kubamangalelwa abangenakukwazi ukufikelela komnye, ukwandisa ufikelelo olufanelekileyo kwisigwebo.

Ukulungiswa Kwehlabathi: Iimvavanyo Zobugwebi

Umbhalo: “Kwizicwangciso zomthetho oqhelekileyo, apho ixabiso lempikiswano liza kugqitha kumashumi amabini eerandi, ilungelo lokuchotshelwa liza kugcinwa, kwaye akukho sizathu siza kuvavanywa ngabachopheli-mthetho, kuza kuphinda kuphindwa kwakhona 7620 kwiNkundla yeUnited States, kunokuba kulandele imithetho eqhelekileyo.

ISiHlayiso seSember sigcina ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala kumatyala asekuhlaleni apho inani lempikiswano lingaphezulu kwee-R2 000 (imali ebonakala ingeyonto namhlanje kodwa ibalulekile ngo1791). Kwakhona imisela amandla abagwebi okuphelisa izinto ezifunyanisiweyo zejaji. Nangona le mvume ingakhange ifakwe nxamnye namagunya, inkoliso yemimiselo yesizwe inikela ukhuseleko olufanayo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

Umbhalo: “Ibheyile yesixhobo ayizukufuneka, okanye ihlawulwe kakhulu, okanye isohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nesingaqhelekanga esisenziwayo."

UHlanganyelo Lomphetho ukhusela abantu ababanjwayo okanye abagwetyiwe. Luthintela ibheyile egqithisileyo (ukuthintela ukohlwaya umntu ngaphambi kokuvavanywa), intlawulo egqithisileyo, nesohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nesothulelo esingaqhelekanga. Uphatho noTshaniso olungaqhelekanga luka-Claus luye lwasetyenziswa ukucelw'ucelomngeni isigwebo sokufa (nakuba asikhange sithathwe njengesohlwayo esingumthetho-asehlabathini), ukuthintela isohlwayo esigqithisiweyo, kunye nokuthintela iimeko zokuvalelwa. Attins v.[FLT:] [[2001] [2002], ukubulawa kwabantu abakhubazekile ngokwe-gcustonic; Rhoper]

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesi - 1000: Amalungelo Angenazintlukwano

Umbhalo: “Ubalo kuMgaqo-siseko, lwamalungelo athile, aluzukuthathwa njengolukhanye okanye olucalulo abanye abagcinwe ngabantu.”

ISindululo seNinth singumthetho wokutolika: kuba nje umGaqo-siseko udwelisa amanye amalungelo athetha ukuba amanye amalungelo asisiseko akakho. Iye yakhankanywa kwiimeko ezibandakanya ilungelo lokuzimela, njenge Griswold v. Connecticut[[FL:1] [1965] kunye [FL:2] Roe v. Wade[ [3] [3] [iiiiiiimeko] , (nakanye eyomva iphendulile)). Iqinisa ingcamango yokuba abantu bagcine amalungelo emvelo ngaphaya kwalawo abhaliweyo ngokucacileyo.

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi: Ulawulo Olugcinelwe EUnited States

Umbhalo: “Amandla awanikwanga iUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye awalelwe nguwo eUnited States, ngokulandelelana, okanye kubantu.”

ISindululo seshumi elinamashumi amahlanu sigqiba iBhili yamaLungelo ngokugxininisa umgaqo wolawulo. Sithi urhulumente wesizwe unezo gunya kuphela ezinikwe wona, ngoxa onke amanye amagunya ehleli kwimimandla okanye kubantu. Le njongo iye yasetyenziselwa ukucel ’ umngeni abaphangi besizwe kwimimandla enjengemfundo, unyango, kunye norhwebo.

Impembelelo YeBhili Yamalungelo Oluntu LwaseMerika

Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, iBhili yamaLungelo iye yaba nempembelelo enzulu kumthetho nakwinkcubeko yaseMerika. Isebenza njengesixhobo sokukhusela ukulawulwa ngurhulumente kwaye njengesikhokelo sokuchaza umlinganiselo wenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ezinye zeempembelelo ezibalulekileyo ziquka:

  • Imfundiso yokwahlula-hlula: ekuqaleni, iBhili yamaLungelo yasebenza kuphela kurhulumente wezwe. Kodwa emva koMphetho-weshumi elinesine (1868) waqinisekisa “inkqubo yomthetho ephambili” ngokuchasene namazwe, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokuthe ngcembe“ yafaka uninzi lwezikhuseli zamalungelo, iwenza abophelele kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Le nkqubo yaqala ngokunyanisekileyo kwi1920 kwaye iyaqhubeka namhlanje, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho qondo likarhulumente elinokuphazamisana nenkululeko engundoqo.
  • Ukhuselo lwamalungelo amancinane: IBhili yamaLungelo ibalulekile ekuthinteleni “iingxube zoninzi.” Uhlaziyo Lokuqala, umzekelo, lukhusela iimbono ezingathandwayo, amahlelo amancinane onqulo, kunye namaqela avukelayo. Izigqibo zeNkundla zeWest Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette[ [193]] [193], kunye [[FLT]] ne-Textas v. Johnson[[FL:] [19989]) waqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakunyanzela intetho yobuzwe okanye umlomo womqondiso.
  • Ukukhutshwa kwenkululeko yabemi: IBhili yamaLungelo yaseka isiseko semibutho eqhubela phambili amalungelo asekuhlaleni, amalungelo amabhinqa, iLGTQ+ amalungelo, kunye namalungelo abantu abaneziphene. UkuLamlelwa koMdalelo wokuqala noweshumi elinesine kunye kwanika isiseko esisemthethweni se-Civil Rights Movement, ukubetha phantsi kwe-interramyation kunye nemithetho yedesiki.
  • [[NKQUBO: 0] Impinda yeJonicial kunye nePredent: Iinkundla zisoloko zixhomekeke kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukumela impikiswano yeNkqutyana engokuziphatha kwamapolisa, ukuthetha ngenkululeko, kunye nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Izigqibo ezifana Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954]) kunye [[FLT:]] OGUSbergefell v. Hodges[[FLD:5] [20]

Ukuphakamisa iBhili yamaLungelo

Kunokuba ibe yinto engasekhoyo yenkulungwane ye-18, iBhili yamaLungelo ikwiziko leengxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni nezezobupolitika zanamhlanje.

  • I-digital Askly kunye noMbetho wesine: Ukwanda okukhawulezileyo kwe-data yamanani (ii-Smartphone, amafu, i-media yentlalo-mbini, kunye nobugcisa bokuhlola, "inika imibuzo malunga noko kuyila “ukufuna” kwaye ziziphi na iimfuno ezifunekayo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Carpeent v. United States [2020]]) kwakufuneka isiqinisekiso seseli esibhaliweyo indawo ekuyo, ibonakalisa ukuba uhlazinzo lwesine loMphetho luziqhelanisa nobugcisa obutsha.
  • Inkululeko yokuthetha kwiXesha leNtlalo-ntle: IsiHlamli sokuqala sijongene noluvo olutsha olunemigangatho yengingqi equlathe amawaka ezigidi zabasebenzisi. Iingxoxo zokuthetha ngentiyo, inkohliso, kunye nolwaneliseko zivavanya ubungcathu obuqhelekileyo besenzo sikarhulumente kunye noogxabhabhabhabha. Isigqibo seNkundla sikwi- Pactingham v. North Carolina[ [2017]) (2017]) iqinisekisa ukuba uthetho lwezolwazi lwentlalo luyilo luyintetho kawonke wonke.
  • Izigqibo ezihlanganisiweyo kunye namalungelo e-GunFLT: I Heller kunye Bruen[ izigqibo zishenxise umhlaba, kunye namaphondo kunye neendawo ezilawula imida yemipu kwimiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Iingxelo ezimalunga nothintelo lwezixhobo, umthamo wamaphephancwadi, kunye nemithetho ye-redfrag ziyaqhubeka kwiinkundla ezisezantsi kwaye zinokufikelela kwiNkundla ePhakathi phezulu kwakhona.
  • [[NTL:0] Isigqibo se-piffth Amendment kunye no-Une-Intellive: Ngokunyuka kokuvula imiyalezo efihliweyo kunye nokuvula umnxeba (imiyalezo yomlomo, i-ID yoBuso), iinkundla ziphikisana ukuba ngaba umntu uyanyanzeleka ukuba avule umnxeba wakhe aphule ilungelo ngokuchasene nobuqu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ayikakhuphanga sigqibo esiqinisekisiweyo kule nkupho.
  • [[FLT: 0]] Ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-nkqubo kunye noTshintsho lweNtolongo: Inkxalabo ngokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi, ukugwetywa ngokugqithiseleyo, kunye neemeko zasentolongweni ziye zazisa ingqwalasela entsha kukwalela isohlwayo senkohlakalo nengaqhelekanga. Ityala elibandakanya ukuvalelwa wedwa, ukunyanyekelwa kwezamayeza, kunye nokufa ngaphandle kwe-8662 izigwebo zokulungisa ityala liyaqhubeka livavanya imida yoluvo.

Ucelomngeni Olulandelayo Kumalungelo Abantu

  • Inkululeko yokuthetha vs. Yithiyeni Intetho: Uhlaziyo Lokuqala lukhusela kwanentetho erhabaxa, kodwa amaqonga onxibelelwano olukwizikhuseli angoorhulumente. Ingxoxo emalunga “nokwenza umboniso” kwaye ulwaneliseko luphakamisa imibuzo ngekamva lentetho yesidlangalala.
  • Ukulawula kweGun vs. Ukhuseleko lobuqu: UMthetho-misi Wesibini usoloko ucelwa ngokuchasene nemithetho yemipu engqongqo. Ukudubula kwemikhosi kukhokelela ekufuneni uvavanyo lwesiqalo jikelele, amaxesha okulinda, kunye nezixhobo zokulwa.
  • [[NTL:0] Izicwangciso zolawulo lukaRhulumente kunye noKhuseleko lwesizwe: iinkqubo zobugoci-gosa, njengazo ezingaphantsi kweUSA PATRIOT Act neFISA, zingqubana namalungelo oMphetho-mda wesine. Abahlaseli kunye namaqela enkululeko yabemi baphikisa ukuba ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi oluninzi kugqitha imiqathango yesiseko somgaqo-siseko.

Ukufundisa Amalungelo

Abafundisi banembopheleleko ebalulekileyo yokunceda abafundi baqonde iBhili yamaLungelo, kungekhona nje njengoxwebhu lwembali kodwa njengesithembiso esiphilayo esibumba ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Ubuchule bokufundisa obuphumelelayo bungaphaya kokukhumbula nokukhuthaza ukucingela ngokunzulu ngenkululeko, okusesikweni, kunye nembopheleleko yoluntu.

  • Izifundo Ezingatshintshiyo: Indima edlala iingxoxo kwiimeko ezicingwayo `````Isikolo''' njengendlela yokuvala iphephandaba lomfundi''' okanye ukukhangela kwamapolisa i-locker'. Imisebenzi yenkundla esekelwe kukwenza lula amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo, ikwayandisa ukuqonda.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izifundo zomfundi: ihlolisisa amatyala enkqubano yembali yeNkundla Ephakamileyo (umz., [[FLT: 2]] . Des Moines kulwazi lwabafundi, [[FLT]] imanda v. Arizona kulwahlulo lwesiqu sakho) inceda abafundi babone indlela amalungelo angaqhelekanga atolikwa ngayo ekusebenzeni. Iproject (oyez.org) inikeza isandi esifikelelekayo kunye nokushwa kwamatyala.
  • I-actiney Invocation: Ukumema amagqwetha, abagwebi, okanye amagosa omthetho ukuba athethe ngeBhili yamaLungelo enyanzelisayo inokwenza izinto zibe zezona ziqinileyo. Ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba baye kwiintlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko okanye bagcine izindululo zenkundla kwakha ukuphanda kwezentlalo-ntle yabantu.
  • [[NTLL:0] Izibonelelo ze-Digital: Ugcino-lwazi lwesizwe (amanqanaba.gov/billpref́rights) lunika imifanekiso ephezulu yenkqubano yoxwebhu lwantlandlolo kunye neeplani zesifundo. IBhili yeZiko laMalungelo (i-billerightsitute. ) inikezela ngesisa, izincoko, nemidlalo edityanisiweyo ehlola i-andoo yokulungisa.
  • Ukudibanisa kwiziganeko zangoku: Abafundi abayabele ukufumana amanqaku eendaba abandakanya iBhili yamaLungelo ``Imiba yoqhankqalazo, ihlazo lobumfihlelo, okanye umbalo wompu] unceda bona babone ukuba luyaqhubeka lusebenza. Ingxubusho yeklasi ingathelekisa umbhalo wokuqala kwiinkcazelo zale mihla.

Ukuqondwa ngamandla kweBhili yamaLungelo kunika abafundi amandla okuba abemi abanolwazi abanokuxhasa amalungelo abo nokuhlonela amalungelo abanye.

Isiphelo

Kusukela kwimvelaphi yayo kwimpikiswano ekrakra yonyaka ka-1789 ukuya kwindima yayo ekulungiseni ama-21stûity umthetho, iBhili yamaLungelo iselukhuselo olubalulekileyo lwenkululeko yaseMerika. Ingqinelana njengobungqina bobulumko bomseki wobulumko benkundla yolawulo-moya ekuqondeni ukuba kwanorhulumente wedemokhrasi umele abotshelelwe ngemida ecacileyo, enyanzelekile. Iintsebenzi zolawulo zedemokhrasi ezilishumi zikhusela yonke into elungelwayo ekuthetheni kwengqondo yakho, ekuthetheni kwamalungelo okhululekileyo kwisohlwayo; ikhusela imfihlo yekhaya, ityala elisesikweni lenkundla, kunye nokulungele ukulingana phakathi korhulumente onegunya. Njengoko ubugcisa obutsha, imibutho emitsha yoluntu, kunye nocelomngeni luvela, uBill wamalungelo oluntu ayaqhubeka ekwazi ukuvelisa ukusetyenziswa kwenkcazelo yomthetho-mthetho kunye nezenzo zikawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.