Imvelaphi Yembali YoMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Komhlaba

UHlaziyo Lokuqala aluzange luvele kwi-ast comment. Abaxhasi balo bafumana ngokuthe ngqo iinkulungwane zokulwa nokulwa nohlalutyo, intshutshiso yonqulo, kunye nolawulo lolawulo. IManghezi Magna Carta (1215) yatyala imbewu yokuqala ngokumisela ukuba kwanokumkani wayephantsi komthetho, kodwa yayiyiBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo (1689) eyaqinisekisa amalungelo athile epalamente akhululekileyo okuthetha. Noko ke, ama-Mamerika angena entlani anokuchatshazelwa ngokwethusa ngokungekho mthethweni kunye neecawaseko zikarhulumente. Amanani anjengoJohn Peter Zengenger, owavavanywayo ngowe-1735 ngokugxeka irhuluneli yaseNew York ngomvoluleki, wakhuthaza ukulindela kukawonke-wonke-wonke-onke amagosa abonakalisa ulwaphulo-mthetho abanovelw.

Isizukulwana esiFunyekayo saqonda ukuba ngaphandle kwenkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yokuhlanganisa, nokucela, le republic intsha ibiya kusuka nje isebenzise ubundlobongela eyayibushicilele. uJames Madison, umyili omkhulu weBhili yamaLungelo, wanyanzelisa ukuba ukhuseleko loMmiselo Wokuqala lwalunganikwa ngurhulumente kodwa amalungelo angokwemfuza yokuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuvala umthetho. Njengoko uMadison wabhala kwiConvention Raiving, "Inkululeko yomatshini ingomnye wezikhundla ezinkulu zenkululeko, kwaye ayinakuthintelwa kodwa ngurhulumente olawulayo." Le nkolelo ingulo ingumthetho owenziwe ngurhulumente: "IKhangekhe ingabi namthetho oza kwenza mthetho..." — umyalelo othi akukho ndawo ishiya indlu yokuzilawula okanye yokuzibamba phambi kokuba urhulumente.

Ukuqonda le meko yembali kubalulekile kubafundisi-mfundo nakubemi bale mihla. UHlomelo Lokuqala lwalungacetyelwanga ukuba lube lunento yokwenza nokukhululeka okanye lulungelweyo; lwaluyilelwe ukukhusela ukungavumelani, iimbono ezingathandwayo, kunye nocelomngeni kwigunya. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo kamva yaphawula kwi- iWest Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette [1933], "Ukuba kukho nayiphi na inkwenkwezi emiselweyo kwiqoqo lesiseko, kukuthi akukho gunya, likhulu okanye elincinane, linokuthi limisele oko kuya kubakho ngokwezobupolitika, ubuhlanga, ubuhlanga, okanye ezinye imicimbi yembono.""

Ukuqonda Inkululeko Entlanu

Enyanisweni uMphetho Wokuqala uquka inkululeko ehlanu eyahlukileyo kodwa edityanisiweyo: unqulo, ukuthetha, ushicilelo, indibano nesicelo. Ngamnye unemfundiso yakhe ephakamileyo engokwasemthethweni nezicelo ezisebenzisekayo. Ukuqonda le nkululeko kunceda abafundi ngabanye ukuba bakhokele abafundi ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo anzulu.

Inkululeko Yonqulo

Amacandelo onqulo anamalungiselelo amabini: ukuqinisekisa uClaus , okuthintela urhulumente ekumiseleni unqulo olusemthethweni okanye ukuxhasa olunye ukholo, kunye [ IsiKhuseleko sobuFame , esikhusela ilungelo labantu lokuqhelisela unqulo ngaphandle kokugxambukela kukarhulumente. Ezi zigaba zisebenza ngokumathisela phezulu, kodwa azinakuxhasa umsebenzi wonqulo, kodwa zimele zihlalise izithethelo lonqulo olunyanisekileyo ngaphandle kokuba zinenzala enyanzelisayo. Iimeko zelizwe ziquka [[FLTLD:4] e-Elgle.[FFFF:5] kunye nolur: [19], yaye azimele zikhusele i-1962], ezithi zikwazi ukuxhasa isikolo, kodwa azikwazi ukuxhasa isikolo, [2] kunye ne-Hobbyby] [bby] [ebby], ii-egroptmosting, ezithentingcracrive, ezithe zimele zinyuselwe ngoku

Inkululeko Yokuthetha

Inkululeko yokuthetha yeyona ndawo isoloko ibekwe inguMbetho wokuqala. INkundla Ephakamileyo isoloko ikholelwa ukuba uMphetho wokuqala ukhusela kungekuphela nje amagama athethwayo kodwa kwakhona amazwi okomfuziselo, anjengeflegi (.]], 1989) kwaye ukunxiba iingalo ekuvuthelweni ([[FLT:]]]] [iiii-Traffker v. Desines, 1969]). Kodwa ke, asizizo zonke iintetho ezizinandiphayo ukhuseleko olulinganayo. INkuhlela iyazi ukuba iindidi ezikhuselweyo [[FLT:] ikhuselwe intetho epheleleyo [[FLT] [FLT]] [5] imele ifumane iziphumo ezithenjiweyo, iingcebiso ezithenjiweyo, izityholo, ii-gno ezithenti, ukuchana kwabantwana, ukuthoba iintbulo ezithenjiswe ngomlomo, kunye nokuthetha okungagobeneyo.

Inkululeko Yephephandaba

Umatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo usebenza njenge "owesi-4th saa" ehlola igunya likarhulumente kwaye yazisa uluntu ngokubanzi. Uhlaziyo Lokuqala lukhusela zombini iintatheli zobugcisa nabavakalisi abangoonontlalo-ntle ekuvaleni kwangaphambili `````i-P56'''. Uvavanyo lukarhulumente phambi kokupapashwa. Umzekelo we-Pntagon Papers ([]] iNew York Times Co. v. United States[FLT], 1971] [iiindlela], iqinisekisiwe ukuba urhulumente uthwele umthwalo onzima ukuthethelela nakuphi na ukucinezelwa kweendaba, kwanaxa kuthenjiwe ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukhuseleko lwentlalo-ndaba oluzimeleyo, kunye nokukhuliswa kwemibuzo ngemibuzo ye-e-e-ethekiniki-yo. Abafundi kufuneka bafundiswe ukuvavanyanisa imicimbi ngokuchanekileyo

Ilungelo Lokuhlanganisana Ngoxolo

Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa lisisiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Iqela labantu `iqela labantu elinokubeka isiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi'. "ii-[FLT: 0] ixesha, indawo, kunye nendlela yokuqhuba. Iqukelela ukuxubusha ngemibandela, izenzo zokucwangcisa, okanye ukudibana. Eli lungelo liquka zombini iimbutho, njengokuqhankqalaza, kunye neendibano, ezifana ne-intanethi yogcino-lwazi. Urhulumente ungazimisela [[FLT:] ixesha, ixesha, kunye nemiqathango yendlela (umz., ufuna imvume yokuhamba okukhulu) logama benolwa nomnye umjelo ovulekileyo. Abafundi bamele balungele ukuphuma ngaphandle okanye ukudibana kwasekunene kwabo, kufuneka bazi ukuba bahlangane nemithetho esemthethweni yesikolo engahambisani.

Ilungelo Lokucela

Ilungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo maxa wambi libizwa ngokuba yi "Inkululeko elibalekayo". Ivumela abantu namaqela ukuba bacele ngokusesikweni urhulumente ukuba aphendule izikhalazo zabo / ngokubhala iileta, amatyala, amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, okanye ukukhuthaza. Kwimbali, eli lungelo lalibalulekile kumzabalazo wokulwa nobukhoboka, njengokuba abaphelisi babezalisa iiKhomishini ngezicelo. Namhlanje, isekela inkqubo efana ne "Thina bantu" isicelo kwiplatfocu emhlophe.gov kunye nelungelo lokuqhuba imikhosi karhulumente. Obefundisi banokukhuthaza abafundi ukuba basebenzise eli lungelo ngokubhalela amagosa anyuliweyo, ukuba bavakalise iindlebe, okanye bacwangcise utyikityo.

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo Kwizikolo Zasekuhlaleni

Izikolo zikawonke wonke zingamabala akhethekileyo amalungelo oMgaqo-nkqubo Wokuqala. Abafundi aba "wawaphelisa amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko enkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuchaza kwisango lendlu yesikolo," njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavakaliswa ngokudumileyo . Des Moines Independent Community School [1969]. Noko ke, izikolo zingakumisela umda ukuthetha okuphazamisa inkqubo yemfundo okanye ukuchasana namalungelo abanye.

  • Isithili seBethel yeSikolo No. 403 v. Fraser (1986): Ivumele izikolo ukuba ziqeqeshe abafundi ngezonocaphucayo okanye intetho engcolileyo kwiziganeko zesikolo.
  • ISithili seSithili seSikolo soKhuselo-mthetho v. Kuhlmeier [1988]: izikolo zanikela igunya elibanzi lokuhlola amaphephandaba abafundi aveliswa njengenxalenye yofundo, logama nje uhlalutyo lunxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nenkxalabo ye-padgagogis.
  • [FOLT:1] More v. Frederick (2007): Imvume yokuvumela izikolo zokohlwaya intetho yabafundi ekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa okungekho mthethweni kweziyobisi, kwanakwiziganeko ezingekho mthethweni.

Le mithetho yenza umgaqo-siseko: intetho yabafundi esikolweni iyakhuselwa ngaphandle kokuba ibekwe kwiindidi ezimxinwa (intetho engcolileyo, intetho egqwethekileyo yesikolo engqubanayo nosukelo lwemfundo, okanye ukukhuthazwa komsebenzi ongekho mthethweni). Intetho ye-campampus, ingakumbi kumaziko eendaba asekuhlaleni, iye yaba ngummandla omkhulu wokuthetha. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zahlulelwa xa izikolo zinokwahlulwa xa izikolo ziqeqesha abafundi ngee-intanethi zenziwe ngaphandle kweeyure zesikolo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ayikanika ukhokelo olucacileyo, ishiya abafundisi nabafundi bekwicandelo elingwevuba. Uqheliselo olukhuselekileyo lukufundisa abafundi ukuba bacinge phambi kokuba beqeqeshile kwaye baqonde ukuba ingqeqesho yesikolo yokuhlaselwa okanye izisongelo zinokuxhaswa ukuba ibangele ukudityaniswe kakhulu kwemfundo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuthetha Ngembopheleleko Kwigumbi Leklasi

Kunokuba baphephe imixholo ephikisanayo, abafundisi- ntsapho bafanele bawamkele njengamathuba okufundisa. Iingxoxo eziqulunqiweyo, iimfaniso, kunye nokuzilolonga kwentetho yoluntu kunceda abafundi bafunde ukucacisa iimbono zabo ngoxa behlonela iimbono eziphikisanayo. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zinokukhuthaza inkcubeko yeklasi ejongene nexabiso loMthetho wokuqala wokuHlonzeka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Iintlanganiso zobuSocrates ezikhuthaza ukubuza nokuhlalutya okunengqwalasela.
  • Iiyunithi ze-media zokufunda nokubhala ezifundisa abafundi ukuchonga ikhethe, uvavanyo lwemvelaphi, nokuqonda indima yomatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo.
  • Iimpapasho ezisetyenziswa ngokulandelelanayo (nolawulo olufanelekileyo lomhleli) olunika uqheliselo lokwenene lwehlabathi kugcino-lwazi olunenkathalo.
  • Imisebenzi yokuthembisana ebandakanya ukucela urhulumente wasekuhlaleni okanye ukulungiselela isikolo jikelele.

Uphawu lweNkundla Ephakamileyo Luyawuphazamisa UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Komthetho

Ngaphandle kwemeko yesikolo, amatyala amaninzi aye atshintsha indlela uMphetho Wokuqala osebenza ngayo kubomi baseMerika.

  • [FLT] Brandenburg v.OO [1969] ithathe indawo yengozi endala "icacile kwaye ekhoyo" uvavanyo olunomgaqo wangoku wesihlomelo, lungasohlwaywa kuphela ukuba "iyilwa ngokukhuthaza okanye ukwenza isenzo esisondeleyo sobumanyhala" kwaye "ingathi iyakhuthaza okanye yenza isenzo esinjalo". Le sigqibo sandisa kakhulu ukhuseleko lwempikiswano ye-dvoccacy, kuquka nomhlophe uthetha olude lungapheliyo.
  • [FLT] iNew York Times Co.V. Sullivan [1964]]: ukukhusela ukugxekwa kwamagosa kawonke-wonke ngokufuna ukuba amachaphaza axoki abonise "ububi obuqhelekileyo" ``Abenzi bevangeli''' besazi ukuba le ngxelo yayibubuxoki okanye yayenze ngokungakhathali. Esi sigqibo sasibalulekile kwi Free Rights Movement, ivumela amagosa aphambili ukuba athethe ngaphandle kokuthetha ngokuchasene namagosa orhoxisayo ngaphandle kokoyika iisuti zelibhu ezonakeleyo.
  • I-CIIINNNN CONUN (2010): yaqinisekisa ukuba inkxaso yenkampani yemiba yezosasazo ezizimeleyo zezobupolitika ayinakulinganiselwa phantsi koMmiselo wokuqala, ukudibanisa imali ngokuthetha. Oku kuhlala kusiso esinye sezigqibo eziphikisayo, ibonakalisa uxinzelelo phakathi kwentetho ekhululekileyo nemithetho yezemali yesehlo.
  • [FLT] v. Itown ka Gilbert (2015: Ingqungquthela phantsi kophawu lwedolophu olunophawu olwahlula phakathi konqulo, kwezobupolitika, kunye neminye imiqondiso, iqinisekisa ukuba imiqathango yentetho esekelwe kwisiseko ayingqinelani.

La matyala abonisa ukuba umthetho wokuHlaziya kokuqala awumi; utshintsha njengoko ibutho litshintsha. Kwityala elininzi elineenkcukacha, i-website yase-U.S. inika ingqokelela ebanzi yezigqibo zemiqondiso.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala Kwixesha Lamanani

I-Internet inyuse amandla kunye neengozi zokuchaza ngokukhululekileyo. Iiqonga zezentlalo-ntle njenge-Twitter, Facebook, kunye no-YouTube ziye zaba sikwere sangoku sikawonke-wonke, kodwa zizithuba ezizimeleyo ngemibandela yazo yenkonzo. Oku kudala uxinzelelo olubalulekileyo: uHlaliso Lokuqala luthintela kuphela umsebenzi karhulumente, hayi iinkampani ezizimeleyo. Xa iplatfomu isusa iposi okanye ivala ityala, isebenzisa amalungelo ayo, ayiphulisi amalungelo ayo okuthetha ngokukhululekile komsebenzisi. Noko ke, amandla amakhulu ale migangatho okubumba ikhokelele ekubizeni intetho kawonke-wonke, njengengxoxo eqhubekayo phezu [[FLDF:] [FLD] [F] [1]

Ucelomngeni Olubalulekileyo

  • [[NTL: 0] I-Discope and Misformation: ulwazi lobuxoki lusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kunenyaniso kwi-intanethi, lucuthe unyulo nemigudu yempilo kawonke-wonke. Iplatform izama ukulinganisa ukususwa kobuxoki obuyingozi kunye nomngcipheko wokuvavanya intetho esemthethweni.
  • U-Anline Adnety and Trolling: Ukungaqondakali kwezithuba zamanani kwenza ukuba kuxhatshazwe, ingakumbi kumabhinqa, amancinane, kunye neentatheli. Izikolo kufuneka zithethe ngekhompyutha zijongene namalungelo abafundi okuthetha ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhutshwa kwemithetho-siseko: i-Platforms zoncomelo zemithetho-siseko zingalunyusi ngokungaziyo ulwaneliseko olugqithisileyo, ziphakamisa imibuzo yokuba urhulumente angalawula na iinkqubo ze-algorithm ngaphandle kokufumana isindululo soLuhlu lokuHlayisho lokuqala.
  • Ityala leNkcubeko yezobuNtlalo Media: Xa amagosa kawonke-wonke evala abagxeki kumaphepha abo e-media, iinkundla zifumanise ukuba baphula umthetho woMgqibo wokuqala ngokuvala ifomati kawonke-wonke (umz., ISimiwo sokuHlazisa soNyaka soNyaka soNyaka lbhlo lb. v. TRUmp, 2 Crir.19).

Amathuba Okubandakanyeka Kwizinto Ezibi

Nangona zinzima, izixhobo zekhompyutha zinika abafundi amandla okuba bathathe inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi engazange ibonwe ngaphambili. Zingathi:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Amaphulo akwi-intanethi kwimiba esuka kwimozulu ukuya kwimali yesikolo, esebenzisa izibongozo, i-hashtags, kunye namanxuwa okubonelela.
  • Yenza iiwebhsayithi zabafundi zeendaba okanye iiplagi ezichaza ngemiba yasekuhlaleni enenkululeko.
  • Iparicite kwiiholo zedolophana zenyani ithunyelelwa ngamagosa anyuliweyo, okanye inike amagqabaza asesidlangalaleni kumaqumrhu karhulumente ngokwemimiselo ecetyiweyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Sebenzisa izixhobo zonxibelelwano ezikhowudiweyo ukulungiselela nokukhusela amathuba abo obuqu ngexesha besebenzisa amalungelo abo ukuhlanganisa nokucela.

[[UMTL:0] I-Electronic Foundation inika ubuncwane obubalaseleyo bokuqonda amanqaku okuthetha okukhululekileyo, kuquka izikhokelo kubafundi abafuna ukhuseleko lwenkcazelo yabo kwi-intanethi.

Imbono Yasemhlabeni Wonke Ngentetho Ekhululekileyo

UHlomelo Lokuqala lukhusela intetho ngokungaqhelekanga xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iidemokhrasi. Umzekelo, iKhanada kunye namazwe amaninzi aseYurophu ayalwalela intetho yentiyo kunye nokukhanyelwa koBulawa bamaNazi, nangona la mabinzana anjalo enokuthi akhuselwe eUnited States. Imithetho yeJamani echasene nemiqondiso yamaNazi kunye nokukhanyelwa koBulawa Besizwe ibonakalisa imbopheleleko yasemva kwemfazwe yehlabathi II yokulwa nemfazwe yoburhulumente, ngoxa iFransi ivala intetho yentiyo nentetho etshabhisa isidima sohlanga. Le ngxoxo ibalaselisa impikiswano engundoqo: ngaba inkululeko epheleleyo yokuthetha isebenza kakuhle kwidemokhrasi, okanye iyazimisela imiqathango ekhusela amaqela akhuselekileyo kunye nozinzo lwentlalo?

Abafundi bayangenelwa kuphando lothelekiso kuba lubanyanzelisa ukuba bathandabuze iintelekelelo. Imodeli yaseMerika asiyondlela yodwa esemthethweni; ukuqonda isizathu sokuba amanye amazwe enze ulungelelwano olwahlukileyo kunceda abafundi baqonde imilinganiselo kunye norhwebo oluzuzwe kulawulo olukhululekileyo lokuthetha. Kwakhona ibalungiselela ukunxibelelana kwizithethe kwihlabathi elimanyeneyo.

Ukulondolozwa Kokuqala Komchiza Wezizukulwana Zexesha Elizayo

Igunya loMphengululo wokuqala lixhomekeke kwimfundo eqhubekayo kunye nokuphaphamisa. Kwixesha lokubekwa kwemiqathango kwezobupolitika, amagumbi eentloko ze-algorithic, kunye nokungathenjwa kwamaziko, ukufundisa uHlaziyo lokuqala kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini na ngaphambili. Oothisha kufuneka bathathe inyathelo lokukhumbula inkululeko ehlanu endaweni yoko bancede abafundi babambe imibuzo enzima: Simele sithintelwe nini isigqeba esikhululekileyo kwihlabathi lenkohliso? Kuthetha ukuthini ukuhlanganisana ngoxolo ngexesha lemivo?

Eyona ndlela ingcono yokuzikhusela koMphetho wokuqala yiyo eyiqondayo kwaye ixabiseke ngayo. Ngokusebenzisa izifundo zobunyani, iimfaniso, kunye nezicelo zehlabathi lokwenene, abafundisi- ntsapho bangaxhobisa abafundi kungekuphela nje ngolwazi kodwa ngemikhwa yobumi bedemokhrasi. Njengokuba iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaphawulwa Whitney v. California [1927], "unyango olufanelekileyo lweziluleko ezibi lulungile" ukukholelwa kumandla okuthetha okuninzi, hayi kuncinane, ukulwa nobuxoki nentiyo lukholo oluhlala luhleliyo loMhlazisombululo wokuqala. Ukuhlola okunzulu indlela intetho ekhululekileyo ekhuthaza ngayo ulawulo-demokhrasi, [[FLT] [FLDict2] [FFOLD]]

Ekugqibeleni, uHlaziyo Lokuqala asiyomithetho engekho ngqiqweni `ingumthetho ophilayo worhulumente ozimeleyo. Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sifunde ukusebenzisa le nkululeko ngokufanelekileyo, hleze ibe yindawo yokuqala yedabi lokufunda, kwaye bonke abafundi abafunda ukuphikisana nobungqina, ukuhlonelana, nokuphatha igunya bamele bagcine idemokhrasi.