UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States waseka inkqubo karhulumente eyakhiwe kumgaqo wokwahlula amagunya, ukwahlula igunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo: uwiso-mthetho, ulawulo, kunye nezobulungisa. Isebe ngalinye linamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye neembopheleleko ezilungiselelwe kungekuphela nje ukuphumeza ulawulo olusebenzayo kodwa kwakhona ukuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekuqokeleleni ulawulo oluninzi kakhulu. Le nkqubo, ephuculiweyo, ephuculiweyo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, ihlala ililungu ledemokhrasi yaseMelika. Kubafundi nakubafundisi, ukuqonda iindima ezikhethekileyo zesebe ngalinye kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho, enyanzeliswayo, netolikwayo, nendlela inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelanisa egcina inkululeko. Eli nqaku lihlola ubunzulu obubo, ukujonga amandla awo, imisebenzi, kunye nokusebenza kwawo okuchaza urhulumente worhulumente wezwe.

Isebe Elisemthethweni: Lokwenza Imithetho Yohlanga

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, elinoxanduva lokuseka imithetho, linikwe imbopheleleko kwiKhonkxalane yaseUnited States. Ingqungquthela liqumrhu le-bameral elinamagumbi amabini ahlukeneyo: iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu zabameli. Esi sakhiwo sasilulalanisa phakathi kwezilangazelelo zamazwe amakhulu namancinane kwiNdibano yeMigaqo-siseko yowe-1787. Ngoxa omabini la maqela ekwabelana ngomsebenzi ongundoqo womthetho, ngalinye linamagunya neembopheleleko ezibonisa indima yalo.

IBhunga Leengqungquthela: Icandelo Eliphezulu

ICathenal ibunjwe ngamalungu ali-100, kunye nee-senator ezimbini ezinyulwayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi. Abaququzeleli basebenzisa amagama aneminyaka emithandathu, nesinye sesithathu sezihlalo eziphezulu zonyulo nyaka ngamnye. Eli gama lide nelishukumayo lonyulo layilwa ukunikezela ngozinzo kwaye livumele abaququzeleli ukuba bathathe ulawulo olude. IBhunga linamandla aliqela akhethekileyo alenza libe nempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo kwimicimbi yesizwe.

I-Advice kunye neNkqutyana yenye yawona mandla abalulekileyo eNdlu yeNdlu ye-Ofisi. UMongameli ubeka amagosa aphambili `kuqukwa ngamalungu eKhabhinethi, abagwebi besizwe, iijaji, iijaji, neejaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo , kwaye ezo zigqibo zifuna isiqinisekiso seBhathena-Ntlangathane ngobuninzi obulula. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo liqwalasela umgwebo wesebe lemithetho xa lizalisa izikhundla eziphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, iCandelo lunamandla okuphela kwezivumelwano zezizwe zonke, lifuna ivoti ezimbini-3-3. Oku kuqwalasela inkqubo yangaphandle intsingiselo yomnqweno wemibutho yamazwe angaphandle kwimicimbi yokuba ilizwe liphumele izivumelwano kwizivumelwano.

Elinye igunya leNdlu yeeNtsimbi egxekayo liqhuba iimvavanyo zokungagunyaziswa. Emva kokuba iNdlu yabameli isebenzisa ii-aseaches (izityholo ezizii-arhente) igosa lesizwe `njengeMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli, okanye ijaji ``Indlu yeBhunga isebenza njengenkundla yokungakhuthazi. I-3 ezimbini zovote ziyimfuneko ukuvalelwa nokususwa kwegosaseburhulumenteni. Le nkqubo isetyenziswe ngokuziintlawulo kodwa ineziphumo ezinzulu, njengoko zibonwa kwiimvavanyo zooMongameli uAndrenties Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump.

IBhunga likwanegunya kukumiselwa okuthile komongameli ngaphaya kwezikhundla zeKhabhinethi, kuquka iijaji zesithili kunye neenkundla zesiphaluka. NgokweKhontele yophando lweKhomishini, iQela laqinisekisa ukuba iijaji zesizwe ezingaphezu kwekhulu kwiKhomishini enye ngexesha lolawulo lweTrump, zibalaselisa ukubaluleka okuqhubekayo kwale ndima ([ Inkonzo yophando lwamaqumrhu [[FLTLT:1]). Ngaphezu koko, iCantenete inendima ekhethekileyo ekuqwalaseleni umthetho ngenkqubo yayo yeBhunga, equka amacandelo anamandla anjengeKomiti yeNtsimbi ye-Jadicatary neKomiti yeNtshulo Yesizwe.

Indlu Yabameli: Indlu Yabantu

Indlu yabameli inamalungu angama-455, ngalinye elimele isithili sovotelo esilinganayo sabemi (malunga nama-761 000 abantu kwisithili ngasinye njengobalo-bantu lwama-2020). Amalungu asebenzisa amagama aneminyaka emibini, ewenza asabelele kakhulu kubanyuli. Umlinganiselo wendlu kunye namagama amafutshane ayenzelwe ukuyigcina isondelelene nabantu, kwaye amagunya ayo abonisa loo nkxalabo yedemokhrasi.

Indlu inamandla akhethekileyo ayo iqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zokuhlawula zemali ezihlawulwayo [. Ngokwecandelo I, Icandelo 7 lomGaqo-siseko, “Zonke iiBhili zokunyusa ingeniso ziza kuvela kwiNdlu yabameli.” Eli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zokuhlawula zisenziwa kwigumbi elikufutshane nabantu, njengoko abameli bejongana nonyulo rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini. Ngelixesha iNtsimbi inokuthi icebise ukupheliswa kweminxeba yengeniso, kufuneka ivele kwindlu.

Elinye igunya elipheleleyo leNdlu likukwazi ukusungula amagosa aseburhulumenteni . Ukumangalelwa kusityholo esisesikweni sobubi; akushenxiswa ligosa kodwa kubangela ukuvavanywa kweNdlu. Indlu iqalisile uhlolo ngokuchasene noMongameli Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump (twice), kunye namagosa amaninzi ekhabhinethi. Le nkqubo ayiqali kwi Home Judiary Committee kwaye, ukuba ivunywa ngumninzi oqhelekileyo, ihamba ukuya kwiNdlungela yevoti.

Ukongezelela, iNdlu inomthwalo wokunyulwa koMongameli ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti zonyulo. Esi siganeko, esisaziwa njengonyulo lwemivolo, senzeka kabini kwimbali ye-U.S.(ngowe-1800 kunye nowe-1824. Kwimeko ezinjalo, abathunywa borhulumente ngamnye kwiNdlu yeSizwe bavota kanye, kwaye ummeli ofumana inkoliso yamathunywa karhulumente uba nguMongameli.

Isakhiwo sekomiti yeNdlu sikhetheke kakhulu kwaye sisoloko sikhetha ngaphezu kweseBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi. Iikomiti ezibalasele ziquka Iindlela kunye neeNkqutyana (irhafu), iAppropriation (ukunyusela), neMimiselo (emisela amagama okusetyenziswa komgangatho wengxoxo). Ezi komiti yinjini yomsebenzi wowiso-mthetho, i-operation, igcina amatyala, kunye nenkqubo yokulungisa. Indlu ikwanamandla okugxotha amalungu ayo ngevota ezimbini, isenzo esinqabileyo kodwa esineziphumo.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: Ukunikela Nokulungiselela Imithetho

Isebe elilawulayo libekwa ityala lokunyanzelisa nokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhonkxa. Kwintloko yalo kukho uMongameli waseUnited States, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente. Isebe likwaquka uMongameli onguMongameli osisiGqeba, amasebe alawulayo (15), amasebe azimeleyo, kunye nesebe elikhulu lorhulumente. UMgaqo-siseko unika uMongameli amandla abalulekileyo, kodwa la maxa wavavanywa yiBhunga kunye neenkundla.

Amandla KaMongameli

UMongameli uphethe uludwe olubanzi lwamandla omgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho. Eyokuqala phakathi kwawo ngamandla . Xa iBhunga ligqithisa umthetho, uMongameli angawusayina umthetho, awuvumele ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo (emva kweentsuku ezilishumi), okanye u-veto. Aveto unokuba nentshongo ngesibini sesithathu soninzi kuzo zombini izindlu, nto leyo enzima ukuyifumana. Oomongameli baye basebenzisa iveto kumaxesha angaphezu kwama-2 500 kwi U.S. imbali, kunye noMongameli D. Rovelt, ubamba ingxelo nge 635 (kuquka iipopokonti).

Ngaphaya kwevetos, uMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yokubulala ukukhokelwa kwemisebenzi karhulumente wezwe. Nangona imiyalelo yabalawuli ingekho semthethweni, baphethe umkhosi womthetho wamaziko karhulumente. Baye basetyenziswa ukuthetha yonke into esuka kwimigaqo yokufuduka (umz., iDefered Action for Childficals, okanye DACA) kukhuseleko lwesizwe. Kodwa ke, imiyalelo yabalawuli banokucelw'ucelo oluse enkundlani kwaye iphendulwe ngumongameli olandelayo.

UMongameli ukwanegunya kumthetho wobuGcisa wobuGcisa obungokwasemzini kunye nemicimbi yezomkhosi. NjengoMlawuli-oMphathi-oyintloko wemikhosi exhobileyo, uMongameli angasebenzisa amajoni ngaphandle kokubhengeza okusesikweni kwemfazwe, nangona iSigqibo semfazwe sowe-1973 sifuna ukumiswa kwesivumelwano kunye nommiselo wobude bexesha lomkhosi. UMongameli uququzelelana namanye amazwe, ephantsi kweBhange, kwaye angangena kwizivumelwano zolawulo oluphezulu ngaphandle kovunywa yiBhosa. Ngokungakumbi, uMongameli unegunya lokunika uxolelwa nokunikwa kwetyala, ngaphandle kobugxanduva bomthetho.

Amanye amandla abalulekileyo ngala Isivumelwano . UMongameli ubeka abagwebi besizwe, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye neenozakuzaku, iKhabhinethi, kunye namanye amagosa aphezulu amisayo. La magama afuna ukuqinisekiswa kweNtlanganiso, kodwa uMongameli ungenza amadinga xa iBhunga lingekho kwintlanganiso, nangona ezi ziphela ekupheleni kwentlanganiso elandelayo.

Umongameli onguMongameli noMphathiswa

Umongameli onguMongameli osisigxina ophezulu wesibini, ongowona msebenzi uphambili womgaqo-siseko wokongamela iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso nokuvota ngokuqhekeza iibonda. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, indima iye yanda ukuquka iimbopheleleko zobungangamsha kunye nezabelo ezikhethekileyo ezivela kuMongameli. UMongameli ongumongameli ukwanguwo kuqala kulandelelwano lomongameli.

IKhabhinethi ineentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15, njengeSebe leSebe loRhulumente, uBugcisa, uBulungiseleli, (obephethwe nguMphathi-mikhosi we-Athorney), kunye nabanye. Aba nobhala bamiselwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiBhunga leNtlanganiso, kwaye bakhonza kwiinkoliseko zikaMongameli. IKhabhinethi icebisa uMongameli ngemicimbi kwimida yabo ekwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kwaye ijongene nemithetho yolawulo karhulumente ngamasebe abo. Ngaphezu koko, kukho abameli nabameli abazimeleyo nabameli abazimeleyo, abanjenge-Ageomestivement Agement (EPA) kunye neFederal Reservereant, ezisebenza ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo e-OSPORD.

Iqumrhu elibizwa ngokuba “lisebe lesine,” lisebenzisa izigidi zamagosa asekuhlaleni aqhuba ulawulo lwemihla ngemihla. Ngeli xesha uMongameli emisela umgaqo-nkqubo, ukuphunyezwa kusoloko kubandakanya ukwenziwa kolawulo oluntsonkothileyo kunye nezenzo zonyanzelo. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, isebe eliphetheyo lakhupha imiyalelo emininzi yezolawulo oluphathelele impilo kawonke-wonke kunye nezoqoqosho, ebonisa ububanzi begunya lomongameli kumaxesha engxaki (USA.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika uMthetho nomGaqo-siseko

Isebe lejaji lichaza imithetho lize liqinisekise ukuba isetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo nangokungaguquguqukiyo. Libunjwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, iinkundla zamatyala ezisezantsi (kuquka iinkundla zesithili neenkundla zesiphaluka) kunye neenkundla ezikhethekileyo njengeNkundla yeMazwe Lorhwebo. Indima ephambili yejaji kukucombulula iimpikiswano, ukutolika umGaqo-siseko, nokuhlola ubugosa bomGaqo-siseko kunye nezenzo zesebe eliphetheyo `aa' yaziwa njengentlola yezogwebo zezahlulelo.

Inkqubo yenkundla yoManyano

Amandla okugweba eUnited States abekwe kwiNkundla enye ePhakamileyo kwaye kwiinkundla eziphantsi njengeNkundla enokuthi imisele. Kukho amaphondo angama-94 (iinkundla zamatyala), iinkundla ezili-13 zezibheno (isiphaluka ngasinye), kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo. Iijaji zeQumrhu eliPhakamileyo zisebenza ubomi “ngokubonakalisa ukuziphatha okuhle,” intsingiselo yokuba zingasuswa kuphela ngokungathobeli. Lo bomi bungamatyala kwiingcinezelo zezobupolitika, ziwavumele ukuba agqibe amatyala asekelwe kumthetho nakwiSigqeba kunokuba aqwalaselwe uluntu.

Iinkundla zesithili zingowona mbandela ungena kuwo onke amatyala karhulumente. Zisingatha imicimbi yasekuhlaleni neyolwaphulo-mthetho ebandakanya umthetho wesizwe, iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela asuka kumaphondo ahlukeneyo (ulawulo lolawulo loburhulumente), kunye namatyala abandakanya urhulumente wephondo. Izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili zinokubhencwa kwinkundla yesiphaluka yezibheno, ehlola ingxelo yokuchonga iimpazamo zomthetho. Iinkundla zesiphaluka zidla ngokumisela isalathisi esisikhomba phakathi kwegunya labo lengingqi.

INkundla Ephakamileyo: Elona Gunya Liphakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo ineeNkundla eziBalulekileyo ezisithoba: iJaji enye ePhakamileyo kunye neziSekela-bulungisa ezisibhozo ezimanyeneyo. INkundla inegunya lokuqala kwiintlobo ezimbalwa zamatyala (umz., iimbambano phakathi kwamazwe) kunye nemithetho elawulayo kwiinkundla ezisezantsi kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente xa kuqukwa imbambano. INkundla ikhetha ukuba ngawaphi amatyala anokuviwa ngelishwa le-certtiorari; kumawaka ezicelo ngonyaka, malunga nama-80-100 kuphela anikwa.

Awona mandla abalulekileyo eNkundla Ephakamileyo angoo uhlolo olubalulekileyo . [Igunya lokuphelisa imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezichasene noMgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lasekwa kwityala lengqimba ephawulekayo [ ukubeka imobury v.[[FLT:] [[3] [iiSigqeba] [18], apho iJaji eyintloko uJohn Marshall wabhala khona: “Ilibala elinamandla nembopheleleko yesebe lejaji yezomthetho ukuchaza oko kungumthetho." Ukususela ngoko, iNkube ityala ibethe amakhulu emithetho yorhulumente neyombuso. [[3] Imizekelo equkelelwa kumtshato oqhelekileyo, [3]

INkundla Ephakamileyo ikwawuchaza umGaqo-siseko kumatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente kunye neempikiswano phakathi kwamazwe. Izigqibo zayo ziyanyanzeleka kwaye zingapheliswa kuphela ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko okanye ngesigqibo samva seNkundla ePhakamileyo. Isigqibo seNkundla sibubumba ngokunzulu ubomi baseMerika, sibenza bubaluleke kakhulu ubunyani kunye nenkqubo yokuqinisekiswa. Indima yeNdlu yeeNtsimi zokuqinisekisa okusesikweni idla ngokubangela ingxoxo enkulu yezopolitiko, njengoko ibonwa kwiingxoxo eziphikisanayo zobulungisa ezingezomthetho zobuJaji Brett Kavaugh noAmy Coney Barrett.

Kubafundisi-lwazi, ukuqonda isebe eligwebayo kufuna ukuvavanya amatyala aphawula iziganeko zembali kunye nokucaciswa okujikelezayo kwemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. Amacebo avela kwi-webhsayithi ye- yase-U.S. anikela izinto zokufundisa ngendlela imisebenzi yejaji yequmrhu lesizwe nendima yeenkundla kwidemokhrasi.

Iingqinipho nolungelelwano: Inkqubo Elondoloza Inkululeko

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngokwawo akwanele ukuthintela ubundlobongela; isebe ngalinye kufuneka libe nezixhobo zokulinganisela ezinye. UmGaqo-siseko unika inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa evumela isebe ngalinye ukuba lixhathise ukungenelela kwamanye. Lo mdlalo unamandla ubalulekile ekusebenzeni korhulumente waseMerika.

Ikhonfomu ihlola isikhulu esiphetheyo ngeendlela ezininzi. Ingayigqitha i-veto ye-presidential nevoti ezimbini ezikwiziqu zombini. Inamandla engxowa-mali: akukho mali inokuchithwa ngaphandle kocalucalulo lweBhunga. IBhunga lingamqulunqa uMongameli okanye amanye amagosa aphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, iCanternal iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kwaye iqulunqe izivumelwano. Ikomiti yeBhunga lobukomrhu ikhokela ukuva nokuphengulula kwizenzo zolawulo, ezifana nokuva kwe-Gastruney 1970 neKomiti yokuKhetha 6

I-Arhente ephetheyo ihlola iBhunga ngamandla eveto nangokuncomela umthetho kwiLizwe ledilesi ye-Union. UMongameli kwakhona angabiza iKhomishini kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo kwaye abe negunya lokunyanzelisa (okanye ukunyanzelisa) imithetho enokuthi ikwazi ukumisela inkqubo yobume. Amandla oMongameli ukumisela abagwebi besizwe namagosa aphetheyo amvumela ukuba aphembelele ukutolika nokuphathwa kwemithetho.

Isebe lezomthetho lihlola zombini iiKhonkxane kunye nesebe eliphetheyo ngokuhlola kwezomthetho. Iinkundla zingavakalisa imithetho engekho sigqeba, njengoko yenzayo kwi- United States v. I-Lopez [1995], eyabulala umthetho wengingqi wephondo wemipu yephondo ekhululekileyo yorhwebo. Inkundla yephondo iyakwazi ukuphinda ihlole imiyalelo yesebe lezolawulo nezenzo, njengakwi Iheatton & Tube. v. Sawyer[FLD] [55] [195], apho iNkumbuso ephakamileyo ye-Mongameli esezantsi ye-Crimean Truegean isebenza khona ngexesha lemfazwe yemfazwe yemfazwe yemfazwe, i-Coljing, ijotoliki yezonga.

Le nkqubo ayimi ndawonye; ijika ngoqheliso kunye nomzekelo. Umzekelo, iSigqibo semfazwe se-Grand Powers ka 1973 sazama ukulinganisela isenzo somkhosi womongameli ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho, nangona impumelelo yayo ixoxwe. Ngokufanayo, i-'wite''''''''' i-'wite''''''''' iveto' yamiswa ngo-1996 kodwa yabethwa phantsi yiNkulwano ePhakamileyo njengengavumelaniyo kwi Clinton v. New York

Ubuncwane bemfundo obuvela kwimibutho efana ne Bhill yeZiko lamalungelo [ inikela uphando lwetyala lokuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenzayo, unceda abafundi babone indlela le migaqo engabonakaliyo edlala ngayo kwimfazwe yokwenene yezobupolitika. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kubalulekile kubafundi ukuba baqonde indlela amasebe asebenza ngayo kunye nendlela amalungelo abo akhuselwa ngayo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Kolwazi Oluyicompute

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente wase-U.S.(elegislative, isebe eliphetheyo, nelokugweba) aneembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo, kunye, edala inkqubo elungeleleneyo yokulawula. Isebe lemithetho lenza imithetho, isebe elilawulayo liyayinyanzela, kwaye isebe elilawulayo liyayichaza. Kodwa ngaphaya kwale misebenzi isisiseko, isebe ngalinye linee-checkingss, liqinisekisa ukuba amandla ahlala esasazwa kwaye ebuza.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda esi sakhiwo kusekelwe ekufundeni kwezemfundo yoluntu. Njengoko abemi abanolwazi bexhotyiswe bhetele ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi, bagcine iinkokeli zinokuphendula, kwaye bamele bafumane iziphumo zembali zovavanyo kunye nemizekelo yembali yezonyango, abafundi bayazi ukuba urhulumente usebenza njani na/nayiphi indlela abanokubandakanyeka ngayo. Njengoko uhlanga lujongene neengxaki ezintsha, ulungiselelo oluhlala luhleli lwamandla ahlukeneyo luyaqhubeka lukhokela ukuzama ukuzenzela i-Melika. Oothisha banokufumana iingcamango ezongezelelekileyo kunye nemithombo yemfundo eluncedo [FLT]]