Ukudityaniswa kweqela lezobupolitika kuye kwaba ngamandla achazayo ekulungiseni idemokhrasi yaseJapan, esebenza njengendlela yokudibanisa amandla kunye nesixhobo sokuzinzisa kwezobupolitika. Ukusuka kwisivumelwano sasemva kwemfazwe sokuqinisa imikhosi engaguqukiyo ukuya kulwanyo loweminyaka yowe-1990 kunye nowama 2000, ezi nxube ziphembelele kakhulu ulawulo, ukuqhubekeka kwemigaqo-nkqubo, kunye nokuvota. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwayo kutyhila kungekuphela nje indlela inkqubo yeqela laseJapan eliye lavela ngayo kodwa kwakwaneentengiso phakathi komanyano nolwahluka-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo lwedemokhrasi elawula ngayo namhlanje.

Imbali Yeqela Elidityanisiweyo EJapan

Inkqubo yeli qela lale mihla eJapan yavela emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi eyayikhuthaza ukhuphiswano oluninzi. Noko ke, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yasemva kwemfazwe kwabakho ulwahlulo lwelizwe lwezopolitiko kunye namaqela amaninzi amancinane, nto leyo eyakhokelela kurhulumente abanqolobi abadibeneyo. Esona sidibeneyo selizwe senzeka ngo1955 xa iLiberal Parti yeDemocratic Party kunye neJapan Democratic Par ediyo eyayayahlula-dibanisa ukubumba i- Iqela le-DLDP [FLDP] [1]. [1]

Ukuyilwa kwe-LDP yayikukusabela kwangabom kwisisongelo esicingelwayo esisuka ekhohlo, ingakumbi iQela lobuSoshiyali laseJapan, elalifumene amandla abalulekileyo okukhetha. Ngokudibanisa, amaqela abambeleleyo aqokelele ubuncwane, amaqonga adityanisiweyo, kwaye anikela ulungiso olumanyeneyo. Isiphumo saba siso siso sikhulu sezobupolitika esabangela ukuba iJapan ijolise ingqalelo kulwakhiwo-zakhiwo lwezoqoqosho nolwando. Abaphengululi badla ngokukhankanya oku njengenkangeleko ephambili kwimimangaliso yoqoqosho ekhawulezayo eJapan, njengoko isenza ukwenziwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo elungeleleneyo kunqamleze imigaqo-mthetho.

Amashumi eminyaka alandelayo angqinelwa ukudityaniswa okuqhutywa lutshintsho oluthe gqolo lwezinyuko, uxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho, kunye nokutshintsha kweengcamango. Ngo-1990, ukuwa kwenkqubo ye-“19955” kwakhokelela kuthotho lwezingqini. Ukwenziwa kweNew Frontialpolate Party ngo-1995, ngokomzekelo, kwadibanisa amaqela amaninzi aphikisayo azama ukuvavanya ulawulo lwe-LDP. Kutshanje, iDDEmocratic Party yaseJapan (DPJ) yavela ekudibaniseni kwamaqela akwi-centrist nasekhohlo, athatha amandla kancinane ngo-2009 ngaphambi kokuba i-dictive kunye ne-fision ibonise indlela amalungu ahlala ngayo ekwimeko yezobupolitika eJapan etshintshayo.

Indlela Abadibanisi beqela Abalulo Ngayo Uphuhliso Lwedemokhrasi

Ukumanyana Kwezobupolitika Nobuchule Bolawulo

Enye yezona mpembelelo zithe ngqo zeqela ekudityaniseni unciphiso lokwahlulwa komthetho. Xa amaqela amancinane edibene, asoloko efumana iinkalo zepalamente okanye ubuncinane imimandla emikhulu, inciphisa imfuneko yokudibanisana kwe-iyunigdy. EJapan, ulawulo olude lweLDP . Oluthiwe ngamaxesha ambalwa kuphela asuka kumandla. Ukudityaniswa okuqukunjelwa kwamaqela amancinci anokusetyenziswa ngokwesiseko somthetho. Olu zinzolo luvumela ukucwangciswa kwexesha elide kwiindawo ezinjengesakhiwo, imfundo, kunye nemithetho yamanye amazwe. Umzekelo, i-LDP inkxaso eqhubekayo ye-U.S-Japan ukhuseleko kunye neenkqubo zayo zolungiso zoqoqosho ukususela koo1980 ukuya koo1980 zaye zasetyenziswa ngokuzinziwa kweqela elinokumelana nokuchasana phakathi.

Ngoko, ukuzinza akusoloko kufana nokusebenza kakuhle. Amaqela adityanisiweyo asoloko ezama ukuvisisanisa amaqela angaphakathi nokunyaniseka okungaqhelekanga kwembali. I-LDP ngokwayo isaziwa njengenyani, nenkokeli ezifuna ulungelelwaniso lwezilangazelelo zokukhuphisana ngoncedo lononophelo. Noko ke, isiphumo sokunciphisa uqhekeko lweqela siye sanceda ngokwesiqhelo kwiziphumo zokulawula eJapan.

Ulungelelwaniso lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nombono wexesha elide

Amaqela adityanisiweyo akwindawo engcono yokulandela iinkqubo ezilandelelanayo ukutyhubela imijikelo emininzi yonyulo. EJapan, oku bekubonakala ngokukhethekileyo kwinkqubo yoshishino lwezemizi - mveliso nakurhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ukhuthuzo lwe-LDP olungamashumi eminyaka olugqithisiweyo, oluxhaswa yiNkonzo ye-Economy, iTradenti kunye ne-University (METI), bekuya kuba nzima kakhulu ukuxhasa ukuba iqela liye lahlukana ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Iqela lidibanisa inkqubo yokukhusela i-freaute ukusuka kwii-triatmals zezobupolitika ezifutshane, ukuvumela ii-injini ze-injini e-injini, ivumela ulwandoqolo kunye nabefundisi ukuba basebenze kwiinjongo ezinokuthatha iminyaka elishumi okanye amashumi amabini ukuthwala iziqhamo.

Kwelinye icala, ukudityaniswa komgaqo-nkqubo we entrench irentia. Xa iqela liquka intsabelo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ulalaniso lwangaphakathi lungathambisa utshintsho olunamandla. Uloyiso lwe-DPJ lwango 2009, olwakhelwe kudityaniso lwamaqela amaninzi asekhohlo nangaphezulu, lwalandelwa bubunzima ekuzalisekiseni udweliso lwecandelo lwezoqoqosho ngenxa yemijikelezo yengqiqo engqubanayo. Ngalo ndlela, ngexa ukudibanisa kungakhuthaza ukuqhubekeka, kufuneka kupheliswe ngobuchule ekuphepheni ukukhubazeka komzimba.

Ukuzithemba Nokuthatha Inxaxheba

Amaqela amakhulu, adityaniswe kakhulu asoloko eveza umfanekiso wobunyani nonyuselo, onganyusa umvoti. Emva kwemfazwe yaseJapan, ulawulo lwe-LDP lwanxulunyaniswa nomlinganiselo ophezulu womvoti othabathayo. Ngokubhekiselele kumaqondo angamashumi amathandathu% okanye ngaphezulu kwiminyaka yoo1970 nangowe-1970, njengoko abemi bevakalelwa kukuba uvoti yabo ingaphembelela urhulumente. Ngokuchaseneyo, amaxesha okuqhekeka kweqela, njengasekuqaleni kowe-1990, babona ukurhoxa phantsi kwe-60% xa uvoti isuka yaphoxeka kwimivhozo engquthela.

Abahlanganisi bangacacisa ukhetho lwabavoti ngokunciphisa inani lamaqela ngeqonga elifanayo. Ngexesha lama 2000, ukuhlanganisa kwamajoni enkcaso kwi DPJ kwanika abavoti enye indlela ecacileyo kwi LDP, ifak' iganele kunyulo olumbali 2009 olwakhupha i-LDP kumandla. Noko ke, kukho ubungozi: ukuba ukudibanisa kudala inkqubo yedeo yecandelo amabini, abanye abavoti bangaziva iminqweno yabo ecacileyo ityeshelwa, mhlawumbi ukuthatha inxaxheba esezantsi phakathi kwamaqela amancinane.

Iingxaki Nokugxekwa KwamaQela

Ukuphelelwa Kweentlobo Ngeentlobo Zeengcamango

Xa amaqela edityaniswa, isiphumo sequmrhu sidla ngokwamkela iqonga elibanzi elidanyazayo imiphetho yeengcamango. Iintlobo zezobupolitika zeJapan, ezingokwembali ezityebileyo nezineemeko ezingafaniyo zokutsala ekhohlo, icentrist, kunye namazwi abambeleleyo, zinciphile ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yokuphindaphindwa komanyano. IQela lobuSoshiyali, kanye elinamandla amakhulu, lancitshiswa emva kokudibana namanye amaqela ukuze lakhe iDPJ, kwaye iQela lamaKomanisi lise umdlali okrwelo. Oku kunciphisa umgangatho wenkqubo yengxoxo yemithetho edityaniswayo kwaye kulinganisela umelo lwendawo efuna inkcubeko okanye ulawulo lwengingqi.

Abagxeki bathi idemokhrasi esempilweni ifuna ukhuphiswano olunamandla, hayi ukhuphiswano lweengcamango ezinamandla. Xa amaqela amakhulu edibana kwizikhundla ze-centrist, abavoti ababamba iimbono zokukhupha ipopulist, eziluhlaza, okanye ezifuna uluntu basenokuziva bedidekile. Ukwanda kwamaqela amatsha afana neQela lokuHlaziywa koMbutho weJapan woMbutho wama-2010 kungabonwa njengendlela yokusabela kwizenzo ezithelekelelwayo zamaqela adityanisiweyo.

Iingxabano Zangaphakathi Nezixakeko Zokunyathela

Amaqela adibanisa izithethe ezahlukeneyo zentlangano, iinkqubo zokhokelo, kunye nenkqubo ephambili. Imbali yezobupolitika yaseJapan izele yimizekelo yokudibanisa okukhawulezileyo ngenxa yengxabano yangaphakathi. INew Frontier Party, eyasekwa ngo1994, yaphela kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu ngenxa yokungavisisani phakathi kwamaqela ayo amabini amakhulu. Ngokufanayo, iDPJ yahlaselwa kukungavisisani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamaphiko ayo angaguqukiyo nanenkqubela, ekugqibeleni okukhokelela ekuphambuka nasekuweni kwayo kunye nokuwohloka konyulwa kwayo ngo-2012.

Ezi mfazwe zingaphazamisa ukwenza izigqibo kwaye ziphelise ukuthembana kwabantu. Iivoter zingabona amaqela adibeneyo njengangaqinisekiyo okanye eqhutywa lurhwebo lwamagumbi angasemva kunokuba asetyenziswe ngokwenkqubo. Ukuhlisa umngcipheko onjalo, amaqela amaJapan asoloko esebenzisa ukulungelelanisa okuntsonkothileyo /ukumisela ii-arhente zecabharbon ngokulinganayo kumaqela aphakathi kokudibanisa .

Ukuncitshiswa kokhuphiswano nokuziphendulela

Xa kudityaniswa kuveliswa iqela elilawulayo, njenge-LDP kwinkoliso yexesha lasemva kwemfazwe, ukhuphiswano lwezobupolitika lungaphiliswa. Iqela le-hegemonic lisenokungakhathaleli, lizifinyele ekumosheleni ukonakala okanye lityeshele uluvo lukawonke-wonke. IJapan yabona amanyala amaninzi orhwaphilizo phantsi komthetho we-LDP, ukusuka kwisenzo sokunyoba ngokunyoba sookta kwi-1970 ukuya kwihlazo leRecruit ekupheleni koo 1980, abanye abathi bancomela ukuswela kwempumelelo yokuchasa. Ngaphandle kokusongelo sokuphulukana namandla, amaqela aphambili awafuni kusabela.

Ngaphezu koko, ukudibanisa ngamaxesha athile kwenza imeko apho omnye umbutho mkhulu kangangokuba ulawula ngokunempumelelo uDio, ukunciphisa umsebenzi wongamela iikomiti zepalamente. EJapan, ulawulo lwe-LDP lowiso-mthetho lwaludla ngokuthetha ukuba amatyala agqithwe ngokuzinzisa kancinane ingcebiso yedemokhrasi. Noko ke, utshintsho olukhethiweyo lonyaka ka1994, olwavelisa inkqubo yolwahlulo-maqumrhu oludityanisiweyo, lwenzelwe ukulwa koku ngokukhuthaza ukhuphiswano olungakumbi kwicandelo amabini elinobuchule bokwenza ukhuphiswano.

Iqela elinokuphawulwa elidibanisayo kwimbali yamaJapan

IFomation of the Liberal Party Democratic yowe - 1955

Ukudityaniswa kweLiberal Party (yahlanganiswa ngu Shigeru Yoshida) kunye neJapan Democratic Party (eyenziwe ngu Ichirō Hatoyama) yadala iLDP, eyaya kulawula phantse ingaphazanyiswa de kwango1994 kunye kwakhona. Oku kwadibanisa kwadibanisa imikhosi engaguqukiyo kwaye ngoku ngokuphumelelayo kwaphelisa ukunokwenzeka kokuthatha indawo yasekhohlo. Yaseka ipateni yolawulo oluthe lwabumba imigaqo yezoqoqosho neyokhuseleko yaseJapan kamashumi eminyaka. Okuninzi kwiNkqubo yonyaka ka19559, bona le ngxaki ye-WFLT .

IQela Elitsha Lemimandla Ezimeleyo (1994 - 997)

Ukuphendula ekugxothweni kweLDP okwethutyana ngo-1993, amaqela amaninzi enkcaso aquka iQela Elitsha laseJapan, iKomeito, kunye neJapan Socialist Party yahlukana--------------medives ukuvelisa iNew Frontier Party (NFP) phantsi kokhokelo lukaMorihiro Hosokawa kwaye kamva iIchiro Ozawa. Nangona yayiliqela elikhulu lenkcaso, i-corionism yakhokelela ekuphelweni kwayo ngo1997. Ukusilela kwe-NFP kwabonisa ukuba impumelelo iyodwa ayinakuqinisekisa ukuba impumelelo; ukuxhasa kwe-mcimbini kunye nokhokelo olunamandla kubaluleke ngokufanayo.

Iqela ledemokhrasi laseJapan (1998-2016)

Yathi yakhutshwa ekudityanisweni kweDPJ Party yeDemocratic (ukwenziwa konyaka ka-1996) kunye namaqela amaninzi amancinane, ekugqibeleni i-DPJ yakhula yaba yenye ethembekileyo kulwando lwe-LDP. Yaphumelela uloyiso lwelizwe lobungquzulwano ngo- 2009 kodwa yazama ukulawula ngokunempumelelo, ithintelwa yizahlulo zangaphakathi kunye nenyikima ne-tsunami yowama-2010. Ukuncipha ekugqibeleni nokufunxeka kweParti yethemba ngo-2017 yabalaselisa ukuthamba kwamaqela adityaniswe kwisivumelwano esingalunganga (LDōhoku ) kunokuba kuvumelaniswe inkqubo elungileyo.

Iziqinisekiso Zakutshanje: IQela Lethemba neleMigaqo - siseko

Kumjikelo wonyulo ka-2017, i-Yuriko Koike’s Party of Hope yazama ukuqinisa imikhosi yenkcaso kodwa endaweni yoko yabangela ukwahlulwa phakathi kwamalungu e-DPJ. Amaninzi athelekelelwayo okanye asekhohlo aseka umGaqo-siseko weDidemocratic Parti yeJapan (CDP), eyathi kamva yadityaniswa namanye amaqela ngo-2020 ukuze ivelise i-CDP enkulu. Oku kwenza imithambo ibonisa ulwelo oluqhubekayo lwenkqubo yeqela le-DP. Kumgca wexesha lombutho wakutshanje, ibone eli nqaku laseJapan .

Ingqikelelo enxulumeneyo: iJapan vs. Ezinye iiDemocraccaes

Iqela alidityaniswanga kuphela eJapan. Iidemokhrasi ezininzi zepalamente, ezifana ne-Itali, iIndiya, kunye neJamani, ziye zafumana iinkqubo ezifanayo zokuqinisa. Noko ke, imeko yeJapan yahlukile ngobungakanani apho iqela elinye (LDP) liye lalawula khona nangamaxesha athile. Ngokomzekelo, i-Indiya National Congress nayo yanandipha ulawulo olude kodwa yakhiwa kwisiseko esahlukileyo sembali. Okwangoku, inkqubo yeqela lemfazwe yaseJamani iye yabona imodeli eqinileyo (CD/CSU, SPD, Greents, Greens, Greeks) kunye nomsebenzi owenziwe ngamacala amabini ahlukeneyo, ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yokulungiselelana kwendlela yokuxhasa loo maqela amancinane.

Inkqubo ye-Japan exubeneyo yamalungu ayintloko (efakwe ngo-194) yayijoliswe ekukhuthazeni inkqubo yecandelo elibini kodwa endaweni yoko iphumele kwi-LDP elawulayo enenkcaso ekhawulezileyo. Imigudu ephindaphindiweyo yokudibanisa kunye nokuchasana icebisa ukuba ukwenziwa kwequmrhu kukodwa akuqiniseki ukuba ukudityaniswa kweqela; impucuko yezobupolitika kunye nombandela wokhokelo kukhulu kakhulu. Uhlalutyo lwezifundo ngendlela iinkqubo zokhetho ezichaphazela ngayo ukuhlangana, bona le maphepha ePalitiki yehlabathi (imvume ephezulu isenokufuneka).

Amathemba Nesiphelo Sexesha Elizayo

Ubume bezobupolitika baseJapan buyaqhubeka buguquka. I-LDP, phezu kwako nje ukuhla kwentlonipho yokonakala nokungathembani kwabantu, ihlala ilawula ngenxa yokungakwazi kwenkcaso ukuxhasa enye indlela ethembekileyo edityanisiweyo. Noko ke, unyulo lwama-2021 lwabona iCDP ibambe isiseko sayo, kunye namaqela amancinane afana noKomeito (iqela eladityaniswa kwi-LDP) kunye neQela lamaKomanisiti laseJapan lisenokugcina izihlalo. Ikamva lingasenokubangela ukudityaniswa, mhlawumbi umbutho omkhulu ochasa okanye i-agnomethingi ekwayo ekwaphula ukuphatha kwe-LDP.

Ukubaluleka kokudityaniswa kweqela lezobupolitika kwinkqubela-phambili yedemokhrasi yaseJapan akunakuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo. Baye balungiselela ukuzinza nokuqhubekeka, benceda ucwangciso lwenkqubo yexesha elide kunye nolwando lwezoqoqosho. Kodwa banciphisa ukwahlukahlukana kweengcamango, bakhokelela kwimbambano yangaphakathi, kwaye maxa wambi baxakeka. Ucelomngeni lwamaJapan/a xa kukho nayiphi na idemokhrasi ```a') iza kubetha umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo phakathi kokuhlanganisana nokuzalana kunye nokuzidibaniselana. Njengoko ilizwe lijongene noqoqosho, ukunqongophala, kunye neengxaki ze-aTBPS, amandla enkqubo yalo lokusebenzisana kwamaqela ukudibanisa izinto kunye nokudibanisa.

Ekugqibeleni, ukudityaniswa kweqela akulungile okanye akukubi ngokwalo; ixabiso lazo lixhomekeke kumongo. EJapan, zombini bezisisixhobo sozinzo nomthombo wobungqongqo. Ukuqonda oku kudityaniswa kobu dimokhrasi kunika izifundo eziluncedo xa kungqubana nokwahlulwa-qhekeka nokufuna ulawulo olusebenzayo.