Imimandla yokudlala isebenza njengeendawo ezichukumiseke kakhulu apho abantwana bakha ubuchule bomzimba, bahlakulele intembelo engokwentlalo, kwaye babangele iinkumbulo ezihlala zihleli. Kodwa phantsi kokuhleka kunye namandla kungumsebenzi onzulu: ukuqinisekisa yonke isakhiwo, umphandle, kunye nokujinga-jinga kuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko enzima. Imigaqo yommandla ingumthombo ophambili walo mgudu, ukuguqulela iinjongo ezibanzi zokhuseleko kwimithetho enyanzelekileyo ekhusela izigidi zabantwana imihla ngemihla. Ukuqonda indlela le mithetho esebenza ngayo, ezizinyanzelisayo, noko zikunika abantu amandla okudlala imimandla engeyo nje kuphela emnandi kodwa ekhuselekileyo ngokwenene.

Isiseko sokhuseleko lokudlala: Ukuqonda imithetho yasekuhlaleni

Imithetho yendawo ibopheleleka ngokusemthethweni yimithetho emiselwe ngumasipala, iphondo, okanye amagunya ephondo ukulawula uyilo, uhlolo, kunye nokugcinwa kwemidlalo kawonke-wonke kunye nenkoliso yobuqu. Ngokungafaniyo nemigaqo yokuzithandela, le mimiselo ithwala umkhosi womthetho, ithetha ukuba iziphumo zokuhlawulwa, imiyalelo yokuvala, okanye ityala kwisiganeko somonakalo. Ikhona ngenxa yokuba ukhuseleko lwabantwana ekudlaleni lubaluleke kakhulu ukuba lungashiywa ngethuba okanye ngoxolo kuphela.

Ngeli xesha imigangatho yesizwe enjengeyo evela kwiKhomishoni yoKhuseleko lwezeNtlanganiso yase-U.S. inika isiseko somgca, imimiselo yasekuhlaleni isoloko ihambela phambili. Ithetha ngeemeko zemozulu, ubunzima babemi, ukufumaneka kwenkxaso-mali, kunye nezinto eziphambili zoluntu. Umzekelo, imidlalo kwisixeko sasePasifiki Northwest enika imvula inokuba neemfuno ezithile zomphezulu otyibilikayo kunye neenkqubo zokukhupha amanzi amda, ngelixa uluntu lwasentlango lungagunyazisa izakhiwo zomthunzi kunye nezinto ezigcina ubushushu. Le ndlela yokuqhuba ingingqi yobulali iqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo yokhuseleko iluncedo kwaye iyasebenza kwimeko-bume nganye engaqhelekanga.

Isakhiwo somthetho esifumaneka ngokuya kumazwe abanzi okanye kwimithetho yephondo, kodwa imithetho kamasipala iyazalisa iinkcukacha. Imimandla eqhelekileyo egqunywe iquka imida yezixhobo, imigama yecandelo, iingcaciso zokhuselo, kunye nobunzulu. Imimandla emininzi ifuna iindawo zokudlala ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokufikelela phantsi koMthetho (ADA) onesiphene okanye imithetho elinganayo yasekuhlaleni, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantwana bazo zonke iikhono banokudlala kunye ngokukhuselekileyo.

Amalungu angundoqo emithetho yokudlala esebenzayo

Imigangatho yokhuseleko lwezixhobo

Imithetho yoyilo lwedilesi yesixhobo sokudlala, ulwakhiwo, kunye nofakelo lokunciphisa umngcipheko. Ii-ASTM F1487, umzekelo, kufuneka zibe neendawo ezicacileyo zokukhusela ungquzulwano. Iislayi zifuna amaqonga avalelweyo phezulu nangqukuva. Izakhiwo zokukhwela zifuna iintambo zesandla, izibambi-nyawo, nobuninzi obuphezulu obufanelekileyo kwiqela leminyaka ecetyiweyo. I-ASTM F1487 imigangatho ebhekiselwe ngokubanzileyo, ichaza yonke into esuka kwisiphumlisi esiphakathi kweleli ukuya kumandla angamashumi eembambo.

Imithetho yendawo idla ngokudibanisa imaleko eyongezelelweyo. Inokuthintela iindidi ezithile zezixhobo , ezifana nezijijini zetsheyina, ezibangela uxinzelelo lomngcipheko we-(okanye zifuna ukuba zonke iinxenye ezihambayo zivalelwe ukunqanda ukucutha. Zikwalawula izinto ezisetyenziswayo: umzekelo, amaplanga kufuneka anyangwe ukumelana nokuqhekeka nokubola, ngoxa isinyithi kufuneka sihonjiswe umgubo womgubo ukuze kunqandwe umhlwa nokutshisa. Ezi zicingisiso zinciphisa amathuba okungaphumeleli kwezixhobo kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba zonke iilungu zingamelana nokusetyenziswa okunzima ngaphandle kokuba nengozi.

Iimfuno ezifumana ukhuseleko

Umphandle ongaphantsi kwezixhobo zokudlala ngomnye wezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zokhuseleko. Ukuwa ukusuka phezulu kwityala lomonakalo wemidlalo, kwaye ukukhutshwa kwasekunene kunganciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ubungozi bomonakalo. Imithetho ifuna ubunzulu obuncinane bezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo njengemicu yeplanga, irabha, okanye ipetroli , ngokunjalo i-9 ukuya kwi12 yee-intshi/okanye ichaza umlinganiselo wokuhla kobude obubalulekileyo bokuthengwa kwerabha okanye iithayile zerabha.

Ikhowudi zasekuhlaleni zisoloko zigunyazisa uvavanyo oluthe rhoqo lobunzulu bomphandle kunye noxinzelelwano, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezikwindawo ezithe xhaxhe apho izinto zinokutshintsha okanye zithotywe. Zingafuna iinkqubo zokukhupha amanzi amdaka ukuze kuthintelwe ukuma kwamanzi, anokufihla iingozi okanye abangele imimandla ukuba ibe mtyibilizi. Kwimozulu ebandayo, imigaqo ingathetha ngemijikelo eshinyeneyo enokuthi iqhekeze imiphandle yerabha okanye ibangele ukukhutshwa komphezulu wokukhuselwa kwerabha okanye ilahleke iimpawu zayo zokukhusela.

Uyilo lobudala

Abantwana abakwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokukhula banobuchule bomzimba obahlukeneyo, ubuchule bokuqonda, kunye nobungozi. Imithetho eyahlulahlulweyo ngokweendawo zokudlala zabantwana abancinane (abaneminyaka engama-6-23), abantwana abakwisikolo samatsha (285-5-enyanga), kunye nabantwana abakwisikolo esitsha (iminyaka engama-5-12). Ummandla ngamnye kufuneka ubonise izixhobo kunye neengxaki ezifanele elo qela: amaqonga asezantsi kunye neeslide ezimfutshane zomntwana oselula; ukunyuka ngokufanelekileyo kunye neeslideridi ezikwindawo enye zesikolo sabatsha; izakhiwo ezingaphezulu, iileli, kunye nemisebenzi entsonkoliso yabantwana abadala.

Ukutyikitywa kophawu lweminyaka yokwahlula amacandelo omgangatho wonyaka kuyafuneka, njengokuba kuyimfuneko ukwahlukana ngokwahlukene emzimbeni okufana nokukhutshwa kwemingxuma okanye ukuhlaliswa kwemithi ukukhusela abantwana abadala ekungeneni ngokungalindelekanga kwiindawo ezincinane. Oku kunceda ukuthintela umngcipheko ongahambelaniyo .

Uvavanyo kunye nemithetho yokuziphatha yogcino

Nokuba ithe yacwangciswa kakuhle kangakanani ibala lemidlalo, iba yingozi ngaphandle kokuqhubeka inkathalo. Imimiselo yasekuhlaleni imisela uhlolo olubonakalayo qho ngenyanga kunye nophicotho-zincwadi olubanzi ngonyaka kunye nento emele ijongwe ngabahloli. Oku kufunyaniswe kubandakanya iinyawo zekonkrithi, izikhonkwane ezixeliweyo, iplastiki ezikrazukileyo, izilayishi, kunye nemiphandle eyonakeleyo.

Iingxelo zohlolo nolungiso zisoloko zifuneka ukugcina ixesha elincinane, elidla ngokugcinwa iminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu, ukubonisa ukuthobela kunye noncedo kwingozi xa isiganeko sisenzeka. Amanye amagunya ayalela ukuba abasebenzi abagcinayo baqeqeshelwe iinkqubo zokwenziwa-kolula, ezifana nezicaciso ezicaciweyo zendibano okanye iindlela ezivunyiweyo zokulungisa ibala elila. Le mithetho iguqula i-SCM ukusuka ekufakeni okukhoyo ukuya kwimpahla ephilayo esoloko ifikelela kwimigangatho yokhuseleko kwixesha.

Indima Yabasemagunyeni Namaqabane Oluntu

Ukunyanzeliswa Nokuvunyelwa

Abaphathi bendawo `nawo amasebe eepaki, amasebe okwakha, okanye abahloli bemidlalo enikezelweyo , fumana amandla okuvumela iindawo zokudlala ezintsha nokunyanzelisa imimiselo ekhoyo. Le nkqubo idla ngokuqala ngemvume equka izicwangciso ezinenkcukacha, iingcaciso zezixhobo, kunye nemimiselo yokuveza. Xa ifakiwe, imidlalo mayidlulise uhlolo lokugqibela phambi kokuba ivulelwe uwonke-wonke. Le misebenzi yokugcina amasango ikhusela izicwangciso ezingakhuselekanga ekufikeni abantwana.

Ukunyanzelisa okuqhubekayo kungathatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye iindawo ziqhuba uhlolo lwendlela yokudlala kuzo zonke iimidlalo zowonke-wonke kumjikelo weminyaka emininzi, ngelinye ixesha ezinye ziphendula kwizikhalazo okanye kwiziganeko. Ithuba lokungahambelani nezilumkiso kunye nexesha elimiselweyo lokulungisa inyathelo lokulungisa okanye lokuvala okwethutyana. Kwimeko ezinzima, ukuphinda ukruthaz'uphulelo kungakhokelela ekususweni kwemvume okanye kwisenzo esisemthethweni ngokuchasene nequmrhu. Olu cwangciso lomthetho luqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo ayingomacebiso nje kuphela kodwa ayibopheleleli iimbopheleleko.

Ukubandakanyeka Kukhuseleko Loluntu

Umthetho wemidlalo osebenzayo usoloko udlulela ngaphaya kwee-ofisi zikarhulumente ukuze uquke inxaxheba ekhutheleyo kuluntu. Iikhowudi ezininzi zasekuhlaleni zikhuthaza okanye zifuna ungeno kuluntu ngexesha lokucwangcisa imidlalo emitsha, inika abahlali ithuba lokuthetha ngenkxalabo yeplani, indawo, kunye neempawu zokhuseleko. Le ntsebenziswano ingafumana izinto ezinokuthi onjineli baphoswe, njengemida engabonakali kakuhle evela kumakhaya akufuphi okanye ukungabi namthunzi kwindawo ekwindawo eshinyeneyo.

Iinkqubo zogcino lokuzithandela zesinye isixhobo esinamandla. Xa amalungu oluntu eqeqeshelwe ukuphawula iingozi eziphukileyo .5 njengeglasi ephukileyo, iglasi engenanto, okanye iintambo ezidibeneyo . Ziyinkqubo yesilumkiso sangaphambili phakathi kohlolo olusemthethweni. Abanye oomasipala banikela izicatshulwa zesikhululo kukhuseleko lwendawo ekudlala kuyo, ukufundisa abazali kunye nabakhathaleli indlela yokubona iingxaki eziqhelekileyo kunye nokuzichaza. Oku kwabelana ngembopheleleko kwakha ukuthemba kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba imidlalo yemidlalo ihlala ikhuselekile naxa oovimba bakarhulumente benciphile.

Ukongezelela, imithetho yasekuhlaleni isenokufuna ukuba iindawo zokudlala zibonise ulwazi olucacileyo lokunxibelelana kwimiba yokhuseleko. Inombolo yefowuni, i-imeyili okanye i-QR edibanisa ngqo nesebe lepaki inika abasebenzisi amandla okuba basebenze njengomgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela. Xa idityaniswe norhulumente osabelayo onikela iingxelo ngokukhawuleza, le nkqubo inciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ixesha iingozi eziseleyo ekudlaleni.

Iingenelo zemithetho yasekuhlaleni yokudlala enamandla

Imimiselo yasekuhlaleni enyanzelwe kakuhle inika uphuculo olunokufumaneka kukhuseleko lwabantwana. Ngokwe U.S. iKhomishini yokhuseleko loMngeniselo , ukubonakala okufanelekileyo kuphela kunganciphisa ubungozi bomonakalo onzulu wentloko osuka kwi 50%. Xa izixhobo ezicocekileyo zobudala obufanelekileyo, ukubekwa zithuba, kunye nokugcinwa rhoqo kuyafuneka, isantya somonakalo siyehla ngokuya phambili.

Ngapha koko ukuthintelwa kwengozi, imimiselo eyomeleleyo yenza abantu baqiniseke. Abazali badla ngokusebenzisa iipaki kunye nemidlalo xa beyazi imilinganiselo ekhoyo kwaye ixhaswa. Oku kusetyenziswa okunyuliweyo kukhuthaza umsebenzi womzimba, kulwa nokutyeba kakhulu kwabantwana, kwaye komeleza ulwalamano phakathi kweentsapho. Okuquka imfuno zokwakha. Zifana nezixhobo zokulungisa, izitishi ezidluliswayo, kunye nokudlala ngezixhobo zokusebenza kweziva-mvo, okubangela ukuba abantwana abashiywa, ukukhuthaza imvakalelo yokuba ngamalungu omzimba nokunciphisa ukuhlazeka.

Imithetho yendawo ikhusela uluntu kwiimfanelo. Xa imidlalo idibana nazo zonke ikhowudi ezifanelekileyo kwaye igcinwa kakuhle, umngcipheko wokumangalelwa ngokunempumelelo kwingozi ebangelwa yingozi ephawulekayo. Iindleko ze-inshorensi kuomasipala kunye nezikolo zihla, zikhulula imali enokubuyiselwa kwimidlalo ephezulu okanye kwezinye iimfuno zoluntu. Ngale ndlela, umthetho awungomthwalo kodwa ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kwixa elizayo nakuzinzo lwemali.

Ekugqibeleni, imithetho iqhubela phambili inkqubela phambili. Njengoko uphando olutsha lunyuka , umzekelo, kwiingozi zempahla ezifakelwe imitya okanye iingenelo zeziqalelo zokudlala zendalo-ikhowudi zingahlaziywa ukuze zibonise ezona ndlela zilungileyo. Iikomiti zolwazi lokhuseleko, abafundisi-lwazi, kunye neenjineli zisoloko zihlola imimiselo rhoqo kwiminyaka embalwa, ziqinisekisa ukuba imidlalo ivela ngolwazi lwethu lwenkqubela-phambili yomntwana kunye nokuthintela ukonakala.

Ucelomngeni ekuthobeleni imithetho yokudlala yasekuhlaleni

Ngaphandle kweenzuzo ezicacileyo, ukubeka umthetho ekusebenziseni akusoloko kulula. Omnye wemiqobo emikhulu yimali. Uluntu oluninzi, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni okanye ezihlwempuzekileyo ngokwezoqoqosho, luzama ukuhlawula ixabiso lokuqala lezixhobo zokuthoba kunye nokubonakala. I-slide enye edibana nemigangatho yale mihla ingabiza amawaka eedola, kwaye ithabathel' indawo yemidlalo ephela inokuba ngamakhulu amawaka. Ngaphandle korhulumente okanye inkxaso yorhulumente, ukhuseleko lungalibaziseka iminyaka, lushiye abantwana bedlale kwizixhobo eziphelelwe lixesha neziyingozi.

Olunye ucelomngeni kukungalumki. Kwanaxa kukho imithetho, abazali, iibhodi zesikolo, kwanabaphathi basepaki basenokungazi ukuba zinjani na. Isikolo sisenokuthenga iislayidi ngaphandle kokuhlola imida yobude, okanye icawa isenokufaka iplanga elimisiweyo ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuba kufuneka kuqukiswe imigaqo ecacileyo. Amaphulo emfundo kunye nezikhokelo ezenziwe lula zibalulekile, kodwa oomasipala abaninzi abanalo ixesha lokuvelisa nokuzisa.

Ukungavumi ukutshintsha kudlala indima. Iindawo zokudlala ezime ixesha elide zisenokuba zikhululwe, zikhutshwe kwiimfuno ezintsha zokhuseleko. Amaqela abamelwane asenokuchasa ukuthatha indawo yenqaba ethandekayo yeplanga ngesakhiwo esithe chatha sorhwebo, nokuba esidala asisadibani nekhowudi. Ukusebenzisa le miqobo ingokweemvakalelo nesebenzisekayo kufuna unxibelelwano olungoonobuchule kubaphathi basekuhlaleni, abamele bachaze iingozi zokhuseleko ngokwendlela ezinxulumene nabemi.

Unyanzeliso ngokwalo lungatshintsha-tshintsha. Isebe lepaki elinye elinomhloli omnye kumabala emidlalo angama-50 alinakuyibamba nyani yonke into. Ezinye iindawo zixhomekeke ekuzixeleni ngokwazo ngeqela eligcinayo, elinokubeka indawo yokuqala yolungiso kulungiso lokhuseleko. Ngaphandle kwesixokelelwano esiqinileyo sokulandelela izalathiso ezicacileyo zokungagqibeleli, imimiselo inokuba ziileta ezifileyo.

Icala lexesha elizayo lokuphinda ukhuseleko lomgangatho wokudlala

Ummandla wokhuseleko lwendawo yokudlala awumi ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Intsingiselo yokudibanisa ifuna iimpawu ezifana nemiqathango yesihlalo sasekuhlaleni, ijolise ekufakelweni, ekuhombiseni kogcino-lwazi, kunye nenkqubo yokuyila ugcino-lwazi. Iindawo zokudlala eziquka abantwana abasebenzisa umzimba, izimvo, kunye nezithintelo zobuchule zisuka zibe yinto eqhelekileyo kunokuba zingabi zezodwa. Imimiselo emitsha ifuna iimpawu ezifana nezikhombisi zesitulo esinamavili, imimandla ezolileyo ebantwaneni abanamaval-autism, kunye neendawo zokudlala abantwana abanemiqobo yokubona.

Ukulondolozwa kwendawo engqongileyo kuyinto ephambili ekhulayo. Imithetho iqala ukukhuthaza okanye ukugunyazisa izinto eziphinda-phindiweyo zokukhutshwa kunye nezixhobo, ukwakhiwa kwebala lomda wokulungisa ibala ukuze kusetyenziswe ikhukuliseke kunye nokukhukuliseka, kunye nokukhanyisa okunamandla elanga ukuze kusetyenziswe ingokuhlwa. Amanye amaziko afuna ukuba imidlalo ngoku yenziwe ngeliso elijongene nokuzinziswa kwemozulu okugqithisileyo.

Ubugcisa budlala indima. Izixhobo zohlolo lwamanani, njengee-apps ezikhokela abahloli abahamba nemeyile kwimiqathango yoluhlu kunye nobungqina bokufota, zenza ukuba umsebenzi usebenze kakuhle. Ezinye ii-QR zibonisa iikhowudi ngoku ezidibanisa ii-'''''''''''' ezigcina iiplagis', zinika abasebenzisi ulwazi-xesha lokwenene xa iceba lesixhobo ligqiziwe. Kwixa elizayo, imimiselo isenokufuna ukuba bacace gcaluke njengemeko yokusetyenziswa nguwonke-wonke.

Umgangatho we-FGOM uyahlaziywa ngamaxesha athile, kwaye ikhowudi zasekuhlaleni kufuneka zigcine isantya. Umzekelo, uhlaziyo lwakutshanje luye lwathetha ngobungozi bokungena kwimijelo ekunyukeni kwenetha kunye nemfuneko yokuwa ukhuseleko kumaqonga aphezulu. Ukuhlala ngoku kufuna imfundo eqhubekayo kubahloli, abayili, nabasebenzi abagcina izakhiwo (a) ukuvavanya ukuba imibutho yasekuhlaleni enjenge Inkqubo yokhuseleko lwesizwe yokhuseleko olusemgangathweni. kunceda ukunikela intetho ephezulu kunye noncedo oluphuma kuqeqesho.

Isiphelo

Imimiselo yendawo yokudlala ekhuselekileyo ingaphezulu kakhulu kunemithetho yemidlalo ekhuselekileyo. Imela imbopheleleko yoluntu ukukhusela amalungu asezantsi ngeli xesha kukhuthazwa indawo ehlala kuyo imidlalo. Ngokumisela imilinganiselo ecacileyo yezixhobo, ukukhutshwa, ukukhula, nokugcinwa komgangatho, nangokuseka iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu uya kuphendula, le mithetho idala isiseko sokhuseleko esinceda abantwana, iintsapho, kunye nabantu njengeqela. Iingxaki zisala, ulwazi, ukungakwazi ukufikelela kwizixhobo, kwaye ukumelana nokutshintsha kwezixhobo, ukutshintsha konyaka, ukuma, nokulungisa imigaqo-nkqubo egcina abantwana befanelwe yingozi engekho mthethweni. Ukuva iAdcawa, ukuva iikhowudi eziphambili zokuphulaphula, nokuzikhusela kusenokusetyenziswa nabani na onokuzikhusela. Xa kusenziwa i-Sconetracces, kumele ukuba kubekho ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha.