Imvelaphi yembali nesiseko somGaqo-siseko

Isifungo somongameli sesinye seempawu ezindala eziqhubekayo zegunya elilawulayo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje ledemokhrasi. Ekubeni izithethe zamandulo ezingokwasemthethweni nangokonqulo, ukufungela ukufungisa i-United States ngeminyaka engamawaka. ERiphabliki yamaRoma, amagunya afunga ukunyaniseka kwirepublic; eMpuma Ephakathi, ookumkani bakhupha izifungo zokuphakamisa umthetho nesiko. Abaseki beMelika, besebenzisa ingcamango yoMgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho oqhelekileyo, bafaka isifungo somongameli ngqo kumGaqo-siseko [[FLT: 0]], iSiqenduku II, iCandelo 1. Amagama athe ngqo ngala: “Ndiyafunga (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ndiza kuphumeza ngokuthembeka i-Ofini yoMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiya kukhusela umgangatho wam, kunye noMgaqo-siseko wam we-United States.

Lo mbhalo ubalasele ngokufutshane kwawo kunye nokugxininisa kwawo kumGaqo-siseko kunokuba kunyaniseke komntu ngamnye. Ngokungafaniyo nezifungo kwamanye amazwe athembisa ukunyaniseka kumlawuli okanye kwiqela, isifungo saseMelika sisekelwe kumthetho womthetho kunye nesiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ukufakwa “okanye ukuqinisekisa” yayikuvumelwa ngabom kuQuaker kunye namanye amaqela onqulo awakuchasayo ukufunga nguThixo. Oku kubonisa ukuzinikela komseki kwinkululeko yonqulo. Isifungo silawulwa nguMgwebi oyintloko we-United States, nangona umGaqo-siseko ungafuni semthethweni othile. Kwienkulungwane ezininzi, umongameli ngamnye osuka kuGeorge Washington kuqhubeke, usenza intlungela enamandla yokuba ulawulo ngalunye lunxulumene nolawulo lonqulo.

Indaleko yembali yomsitho wesifungo ikwafundisa. UGeorge Washington wongezelela ibinzana elithi “Ngoko ke ndincede uThixo” emva kwesifungo, nangona oko kungafunwanga ngumGaqo-siseko. Oomongameli abaninzi abalandelayo baye balandela esi siko, kwaye ibinzana ngoku liqhele ukuqukwa kwimibhiyozo yangoku. Noko ke, amagama angundoqo ahlala engatshintshanga ukususela ngo17. Ukuzinziswa kolawulo lwemithetho-siseko yaseMelika. Isifungo asiso nje isenzo esinyanzelisayo esinyanzelisa umsebenzi wesiseko somGaqo-siseko. Ukusilela ukuthatyathelisa isifungo ngokutshathath'''''''''''. Lobubunzima obusemthethweni bubonisa indima yesiseko sezopolitiko kunyaka weMelikan.

Ioath Njengesinyithi Sotshintsho Lwedemocratic

Kulawulo-mpukane, ukudluliselwa koxolo kwegunya kulolona luvavanyo lubalulekileyo lwengqibelelo yombutho. Isifungo somongameli sibonakalisa ixesha elichanekileyo xa igunya lidlula ukusuka kulawulo olunye ukuya kolulandelayo. Kubemi baseMerika, lo msitho sisiqinisekiso esinamandla sokuba akukho mntu ungaphezulu komthetho kwaye ukhokelo lungolokwexeshana kwaye lunetyala. Isifungo siguqula ukhuphiswano lwezopolitiko lube kukuqhubekeka komgaqo-siseko, sikhumbuza onke amasebe karhulumente noluntu ukuba inkqubo iyaqhubeka.

Isifungo — esidla ngokwenziwa kumanyathelo e-Capitol phambi kwamakhulu amawaka ababukeli kunye nezigidi zababukeli bakamabonwakude — sibethelela ingcamango yokuba umongameli lisikhundla senkonzo, kungekhona ukuba lixhoba lomntu siqu. Ngokufunga “ukukhusela, nokukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko,” umongameli ozayo uyakwamkela ekuhleni ukunyanzeleka kwesikhundla. Esi senzo sokuzithoba esithe ngqo kumthetho sichasene ngokupheleleyo nolawulo olulawulwayo apho iinkokeli zifumana igunya okanye isigaba esibonisa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ngaloo ke isifungo siba ngumqondiso womhlaba wonke wokuzinziswa kwedemokhrasi, ingakumbi ngexesha lecandelo lezobupolitika.

Ngaphezu koko, izifungo zinika imiqondiso yezobugqwirha, ijaji, kunye nenkonzo yasekuhlaleni yokuba ukunyaniseka kwabo kuxhomekeke kumGaqo-siseko, hayi kumntu okwisikhundla. Oku kuthembeka komGaqo-siseko kubangela ukusebenza ngokutyibilikayo kukarhulumente wezwe. Isifungo sikwangumzuzu xa oomongameli abakhululekileyo begxininisa ukubaluleka kotshintsho loxolo, ukumisela intsingiselo yolawulo olulandelayo. Imizekelo yembali iquka uJohn Adams ushiya ngokuzithandela indlu emhlophe emva kokuphulukana noThomas Jefferson ngo-1800, kwaye kusandula ukunikezela, uGeorge H. Bush ileta yobubele eya kuBill Clinnan. Ezi zenzo zibonakala kuphela ngenxa yokuba izifungo zisenza isiphelo segama elilandelayo kunye nokuqalisa kwesidima.

Ukukhuthaza Ikratshi Ngomkhwa Wasekuhlaleni

Umsitho wokufungela umongameli ungaphezulu kunemfuneko yolawulo; sisithethe sikawonke-wonke esibandakanya izigidi zabemi kumava ahlukeneyo. Ikratshi likhuthazwa xa abantu bebona iinkokeli zabo zithobela imiqathango ekwafanayo ebopha wonke ummi. Isifungo simenza abe ngumntu onegunya lodwa sisenjenjalo, sidala ixesha lokuqwalasela imilinganiselo yesizwe. Kubantu abaninzi baseMerika, ukulinda ukunikezelwa — kuquka nesifungo — sisithethe esixhasa ukunxibelelana kwabo nomanyano lwabo noluntu olusungulileyo.

Izikolo, amaqela asekuhlaleni, neentsapho zisoloko zibukela umsitho kunye, zixubusha ngentsingiselo yesifungo kunye neembopheleleko zobumi. Lo msebenzi ukhuthaza ukubonakala ukuba ungowabantu nokuzichaza. Esi sifungo sikwanika uphawu lokulinganisa ihambo yobumongameli: xa umongameli esenza ngendlela ebonakala ngathi uyawuchasa umoya wesifungo, abemi kunye namajelo-ndaba banokubhekisela kuyo. Ngoko ke isifungo sisebenza njengomqondiso wokuziphendulela ngokwesinyuko.

Ngaphezu koko, usuku lokunikezelwa luquka umboniso, iintetho, kunye nemisebenzi yenkcubeko, konke okukhulisa ukubaluleka komfuziselo kwesifungo. Ukufunga ngokwako kusoloko kuphindaphindwa kwimibhiyozo yangasese ukuba umntu uthe wawa ngeCawa, kodwa ukucaphula kwabantu kukuthintela ukucinga kwesizwe. Ukubona umongameli okukwisandla sakhe kweBhayibhile (okanye enye incwadi) — nangona kungafunwa ngumGaqo-siseko — kudibanisa umaleko wento ehloniphekileyo nesithethe esivakalayo kubemi abaninzi. Oku kubandakanya oku komthetho, unqulo, kunye nemisebenzi yoluntu kwenza isifungo sibe sivuthazo ezinamandla akhethekileyo abaqhubi belizwe.

IOath Njengomfuziselo WePatriotism Nomanyano Lwesizwe

UbuPatriot asikokuphakamisa indwe; kukuzibophelela ukwabelana ngemigaqo. Isifungo somongameli siwubiza ngokucacileyo umGaqo-siseko njengenjongo yokukhusela, ngaloo ndlela sichaza ulawulo lwesizwe lwaseMelika njengokunyaniseka kwidemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko kunokuba kuthomo-siseko, ijikelezo, okanye ubuntu. Kuhlanga olwahlukileyo, isifungo sinika umgaqo omnye owedlula ukungavisisani. Xa umongameli efunga ukukhusela umGaqo-siseko, uthe okanye uqinisekisa amaxabiso angundoqo amanyanisa amaMerika: inkululeko, ukulingana, ukulingana, ulungelelwaniso, nomthetho.

Ngamaxesha embali engxaki yesizwe adla ngokubalaselisa amandla omanyano lwesifungo. Ngokomzekelo, uAbraham Lincoln wenza isifungo sakhe sokuqala ngo1861 njengoko i-Union yayiphela, yaye eyesibini ngowe-1865 njengoko imfazwe yamakhaya yayiphela. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, ukunamathela kwakhe ekuhleni esifungo — ingakumbi imbopheleleko yokukhusela iManyano — inkxaso kawonke-wonke kwaye yachaza injongo yemfazwe. Ngokunjalo, uFranklin D. Rooselt waqalisa ukufushaza ngesifungo sonyaka wama-33 ngo-1965 ngexesha loDepressure, yaye isiqinisekiso sakhe sokuba “uya kukhusela, akhusele, aze akhusele umGaqo-siseko” wanika abemi intembelo kumandla karhulumente okusebenza. Kutshanje, emva kokhuphiswano-ncomo loxolo lonyulo lwama 20202020, ulawulo lobuzwilalgosawo lwezizo lwelizwe.

Esi sifungo sikwalixesha xa oomongameli besoloko befuna umanyano lwesizwe. Kwidilesi zabo zokuvula, oomongameli abaninzi bacela isifungo ngokucacileyo ukuba bakhuthaze amaMerika ukuba abeke ecaleni izahlulo ezicalucalucalulo kwaye asebenze kunye ukuze alunge. Isifungo ngokwaso asifuni zindwendwe ezinjalo, kodwa umsitho ulungiselela iqonga elikhethekileyo lesigidimi somanyano. Esi sithethe sikhuthaza unxulumano olufuziselayo phakathi kwesifungo kunye nokuthand ’ izwe.

Imizekelo Yesityalo Kwimbali YaseMerika

  • George Washington (1789): Isifungo sokuqala saqaliswa sathatyathwa kwiveranda yeHolo yeFederal kwisiXeko saseNew York. Washington yongeza ngokuthi “Ngoko ndincede uThixo” kwaye ndange iBhayibhile, simisela umzekelo ohlala unempembelelo. Lo mzuzu wamisela isifungo njengesiganeko sikawonke wonke, esibalulekileyo.
  • Abraham Lincoln (1865): Isiqalo sakhe sesibini, esanikelwayo xa imfazwe yamakhaya yayiphela, sinye sezona zaziwayo. Lincoln wasebenzisa elo xesha ukuthetha “ngengozi kwicala ngalinye” kunye“ nomkhosi kubo bonke,” unxulumanisa ngqo isifungo kuxolelwano lwesizwe.
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933): Kubunzulu bokwehla koLawulo Olukhulu, isifungo seSokuqiniseka sikaRoosevelt nesibhengezo sakhe sokuba “kuphela kwento esimele sisoyike kukoyika ngokwayo” sibuyisela intembelo kawonke-wonke.
  • John F. Kennedy (1961): Isifungo sikaKennedy salandelwa sisifungo sakhe semifanekiso uKennedy esithi “ungabuzi ukuba ilizwe lakho lingakwenzela ntoni — buza ukuba yintoni onokuyenza kwilizwe lakho,” ukuchaza ukuba ubumi bomzi ngumsebenzi osebenzayo.
  • [[FLT: 0]Ronald Reagan (1981): Umsitho wasiwa kwiNtshona Front yeCapitol okokuqala, ifuzisela indawo entsha ekhululekileyo. Idilesi kaReagan yagxininisa urhulumente nomntu ngamnye olinganiselweyo.
  • Barack Obama (2009): Isihlwele esikhulu kwiSizwe samaMall sabonakalisa imbali yemeko kamongameli wokuqala waseAfrika-Melika osenza isifungo. Lo mbhiyozo wabalaselisa inkqubela kwicala lesiseko sokuseka.
  • uJoseph R. Biden (2021): uthathwe ngexesha lesifo seCOVID-19 nasemva kohlaselo lukaJanuwari 6 Capitol, isifungo sasiyingxelo enamandla yokuzinzisa komgaqo-siseko kunye nokuqhubekeka kwedemokhrasi.

Ngamnye kule mizekelo ubonisa indlela esi sifungo esisebenza ngayo njengesibopho sobuqu nesohlanga. Isithethe siqhelana namaxesha ngelixesha sigcina intsingiselo yaso engundoqo.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Inkcubeko Yomongameli Ehlabathini Lonke

Ngoxa isifungo somongameli wase-U.S. singenye yezona zidume kakhulu, ezinye iintlanga ezininzi zinemibhiyozo efanayo ebonakalisa imiyalelo yazo ekhethekileyo yomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, umongameli waseFransi ufunga isifungo sokuhlonela umGaqo-siseko kunye nokuthembeka kwelizwe leRiphabliki. Umongameli waseIndiya uthatha isifungo esifanayo sokukhusela, nokukhusela, nokukhusela uMgaqo-siseko. Kulo Mzantsi Merika, umlawuli ufunga isifungo sokulawula ngokomthetho nokulondoloza unqulo lwamaProtestanti. Umongameli waseJamani uthembisa ukunikezela ngemigudu yokulwela intlalo entle yabantu baseJamani.

Kumazwe amaninzi asemva kobuRhomanti kunye nedemokhrasi entsha, isifungo somongameli sifuziselwa ngokucacileyo kwinguqulelo yaseMelika, ngokufuthi kuquka amabinzana athi “ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko, kunye nokukhusela umgaqo-siseko.” Oku kubonisa impembelelo yehlabathi lonke yesithethe somgaqo-siseko wase-U. Noko ke, amanye amazwe aquka iindinyana zonqulo okanye afuna ukufunga kwincwadi engcwele, ngoxa amanye evumela ukuvunywa kwemithetho yezobupolitika — umzekelo, kwezinye iiparamente, isifungo sikamongameli sigxininisa ekubeni “sigqibo somanyano lwesizwe.”

Isifungo sase-U.S. singqinelana nengcamango yaso yolu xwebhu olunye — umGaqo-siseko — kunokuba iquke abantu, uhlanga, okanye uthixo. Oku kubonisa inkolelo yamaMerika yokuba umGaqo-siseko ngumthetho ophakamileyo nesiseko sobuzwe. Kwakhona kubonisa ingcamango yokukhanyiselwa yokuba urhulumente osemthethweni uxhomekeke kwisivumelwano sentlalo-ntle. Amanye amazwe asenokuquka ukunyaniseka kwilizwe okanye kubantu. Uhlolisiso oluthelekisayo lwezifungo lutyhila okuninzi ngempucuko yesizwe yezobupolitika.

Isigqumo Ngasemva Kokumiselwa: Ukunyamezela Okubalulekileyo

Isifungo somongameli asisosehlo esinye. Siyaqhubeka sibumba umongameli emva kwexesha elide emva kokunikezelwa. Isenzo ngasinye esiphetheyo, ukusuka kwityala lokusayina ukuya kukhupha imiyalelo yabalawuli, siqiqa ngokungeyomfuneko sigunyaziswa sisivumelwano somGaqo-siseko. Isifungo sisoloko sicelwa kwiingxoxo eziphezulu zamandla omongameli, ingakumbi xa izenzo zibonakala zichasene nemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, ebudeni behlazo leWatergate, abaninzi baphikisa ngelithi ukuthintelwa kwemithetho yokugweba, kukhokelela ekungaquququzeleli kwemi ngezo zesikhundla sakhe. Ngokufanayo, iingxoxo nxamnye namandla emfazwe, ukuchonga, kunye nelungelo lokuphatha impatho zithetha isifungo njengesibopho.

Isifungo sikwasebenza njengesikhokelo kwihambo kamongameli. Oomongameli abaninzi baye bathi izigqibo zabo zemihla ngemihla ziphenjelelwa yinkumbulo yesifungo sabo. Abanye bafaka isandla kumGaqo-siseko ngexesha lokufunga, okanye bagcine ikopi kwi-Oval ofisi njengesikhumbuzi. Esi sifungo sikwakhokelwa kwimimiselo esemthethweni ethatyathwa ngabasebenzi bezomkhosi, nabagwebi — bonke abafunga ukuxhasa nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko. Oku kudala idemo yokunyaniseka komgaqo-siseko ephantsi korhulumente wonke.

Ngaphezu koko, isifungo sikwimo engaphandle korhulumente. Sibonakala kwimifanekiso eshukumayo, kwiimifanekiso ehlekisayo yezobupolitika, nakwintetho yesidlangalala njengesifutshane kwimbopheleleko yobumongameli. Izikolo zifundisa isifungo njengenxalenye yezifundo zelizwe. Amaqela anomdla adla ngokukhuthaza oomongameli ukuba baphile ngokuvisisana nesifungo sabo kwimibandela ethile. Ngale ndlela, isifungo siba luxwebhu oluphilayo, olusoloko luchazwa lukhuthazwa. Intsingiselo yaso isenokuguquka, kodwa indima yaso ephambili kwizithethe zezobupolitika zaseMelika iyaqhubeka ikhuselekile.

Isiphelo

Isifungo somongameli singaphezulu kakhulu kunokucaphula nje amagama. Sisenzo esisisiseko esimisela ilungelo lesebe eliphetheyo, sibonakalisa ukudluliselwa koxolo kwegunya, kwaye sibopha umlawuli kumGaqo-siseko. Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, isifungo siye sakhuthaza iqhayiya lesizwe ngokunikela ubungqina obuselubalaleni kwidemokhrasi. Siye sasebenza njengomqondiso omanyanisayo wokuthand ’ izwe, ingakumbi ngexesha lengxaki. Ukusukela ekunikezelweni kokuqala kweWashington ukuya kowona mGaqo-siseko, isifungo siye sabangela ukuba kuqhubekeke kwaye kuhlale kusinze umanyano kuhlanga oluguqukayo.

Njengoko abemi bebukele umsitho rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine, bakhunjuzwa ukuba akukho mongameli ungaphezulu komthetho. Isifungo sinxibelelene nexesha elidlulileyo nekamva, siqinisekisa ukuba inkokeli nganye yamkela imbopheleleko enye. Kwixesha lokubekwa ngokwahlukene kwezobupolitika, isifungo somongameli sisoloko sisisikolo somgangatho kunye nokunyaniseka komgaqo-siseko. Sisithethe esifanele ukulondolozwa nokuqondwa, hayi nje njengobugcisa obusemthethweni, kodwa njengesantya sedemokhrasi yaseMelika.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona umbhalo we- womGaqo-siseko we-U. ovela kugcino-lwazi lwesizwe, uhlalutyo lwe- Imetricle II[ ukusuka kwiZiko loMgaqo-siseko weSizwe, kunye nocatshulo lwembali lwezifungo ze- uluquluko olunoluquluko oluqhelekileyo [lusuka kwimbali yembali yoMgaqo-siseko USA. Iimbono ezithe ngqo zinokufunyanwa kugcino-siseko somGatho-siseko wemimiselo]