Ukuqonda Inkqubo Elindelekileyo Njengesiseko Somgangatho

Imo yesiqhelo ingaphezulu kakhulu kunento esetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni, kwaye i-procebral bell apho isithembiso sokulingana sihlala khona. Kwibutho labantu ledemokhrasi, inkqubo efanelekileyo inyanzela urhulumente ukuba aphathe wonke umntu ngokusesikweni, ngokucace gca, kwaye ahlonele amalungelo awo asemthethweni. Ngaphandle kolu khuselo, umthetho uphelelwa ngamandla angenangqiqo, kwaye ukulingana kuba yintetho engenamsebenzi. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima engundoqo yenkqubo efunekayo ekukhuseleni ukulingana kwabo bonke, ukuqwalasela iingcambutho zalo zembali, ukuvavanya iizicelo zabo zale mihla, nokuthetha ngocelomngeni oluqhubekayo olusongela ingqibelelo yabo.

Imilinganiselo Engafaniyo Yenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Ukubuqonda ngokupheleleyo unxulumano phakathi kwenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokulingana, umntu kufuneka kuqala ahlule phakathi kwemilinganiso yayo emibini engundoqo: inkqubo efunekayo engokwengcaciso kunye nenkqubo efunekayo encinci. Inkqubo efunekayo yenkqubo yomthetho ifuna ukuba inyathelo likarhulumente elimiselweyo lilandelwe iinkqubo zomthetho/(norice), ithuba lokuviwa, umenzi wesigqibo ongakhethiyo, kunye nesigqibo sokuqiqa. Inkqubo efunekayo, kwelinye icala, ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko kwingxwabangxwangu likarhulumente, nokokuba imigaqo elungileyo isetyenzisiweyo. Zombini ezi ziyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukulingana akuvakaliswa kuphela ngendlela esesikweni kodwa kuqwalaselwe kakuhle.

Inkqubo eza Kuqaliswayo

Inkqubo efunekayo isoloko isetyenziswa xa ubuso bomntu buhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. . UMTHEws v. Eldridge[ [6] imisele uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo olulinganisayo olulinganisa izinto ezintathu: inzala yangasese echaphazelekayo, umngcipheko wokungaphazanyiswa phantsi kwemigaqo ekhoyo, kunye nomdla karhulumente, kuquka umthwalo wemiqathango kunye nomphathi wezikhuseli ezongezelelweyo. Olu vavanyo luye lwasetyenziswa kumo lwemeko olusuka kwiziphumo ezikhubazekayo ukuya kwi-paral556. Umgaqo-siseko sithetha ukuba imicimbi, kodwa njengokuthintela iziphumo ezingalunganga. Xa iinkqubo ezithe chatha, zimele zisetyenziswe, njengoko kumele zibekwe iingozi ezininzi, njengoko kumele zibekwe.

Inkqubo ePhakamileyo namaLungelo aPhambili

Inkqubo engundoqo efunekayo iye yaba semgangathweni kwizigqibo zokulingana kwengqili. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela kwelokuba ilungelo lokutshata liyinkululeko esisiseko ekhuselwe yi-Unit Programme Claus, iqinisekisa izibini ezizizo ezifanayo nezinxulumani ezisexesheni. Ngokufanayo, LAWREnce v. Texas [2003]] ibethelele phantsi imithetho ye-demoby njenge-ukungameleli inkululeko. Le mithetho ibonisa ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ayimiselwanga nje yemithetho ye-ebrool; ingumfundiso ephilayo kwisidima soluntu nolungelene.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nemigudu Yokulingana

Isiseko sembali senkqubo efunekayo sidityanisiwe kumzabalazo wokulingana. IMagna Carta (1215) yaqala ukufumanisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo ongohlwaywa “ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe.” Lo mgaqo wafakwa kamva kwiSindululo seFindp (1791) kwaye wadluliselwa kumazwe ngeMfungqwe yeGazelo yeshumi elinesine (1868). UMthetho weMithendeleko weWaneth weSinyulo u-Screate Process Clacesce, ecaleni koMthetho olinganayo ka-Classiaste, waba yi-injini yemithetho ye-Gcimbist Jim Crow kunye nezinye iintlobo zocanation.

Iziganeko Ezibalaseleyo Embalini

  • [[UMTL:0] Magna Carta (1215): Isiseko solawulo lomthetho kwaye ibeke isikelo samandla omlawuli azimeleyo.
  • FINTPGUREment (1791): ifuna ngokusemthethweni inkqubo efunekayo ukwenzela izenzo zikarhulumente worhulumente.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlaziyo lweNkcubeko ye-Fourtenth (1868): Isetyenziswa inkqubo efunekayo kumazwe, ukuba sisixhobo sokulungisa kwakhona namalungelo oluntu kamva.
  • Iqela lamaLungelo elikwiCivil (1950s-1960s): izivumelwano zenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zasebenzisa iimpikiswano ezifanelekileyo ukuvavanya ukungabikho kohlanga, imiqathango yokuvota, kunye nehambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa.

IKravin Rights Movement yabonisa ukuba inkqubo efunekayo ayinikwanga ngokuzenzekelayo; kufuneka icetyiswa kwaye ikhuselwe. Abaququzeli abafana ne NAACP Legal Defense Fund baxhomekeke kwintsebenziswano ecwangcisiweyo ukunyanzelisa inkqubo efunekayo, iziphumo zoloyiso olunje Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954] [FLT] [2] Gideon v. Wainright[FLT:] [[FLT] [1963]], emisela ilungelo lokucebisa abagwebi.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo kunye nokulingana kwabemi abanokufumaneka

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ibaluleke kakhulu xa umntu ojongene negunya likarhulumente esele engekho semthethweni. Ngokwembali, iqaqobana lobuhlanga, amahlwempu, abaphambukeli, nabantu abaneziphene baye badibana nemiqobo yesixokelelwano eyenza ukuba ukuphathwa kakuhle kube nzima. Inkqubo elindelekileyo isebenza njengendlela yokuphikisana nezi zahlukaniso ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zomthetho zisetyenziswa ngokufanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba umntu unjani okanye ukhule kangakanani.

Ukulingana Kobuhlanga Nenkqubo Efanelekileyo

Uhlanga olukwinkqubo yenkqubo kwinkqubo yobulungisa bezaphuli-mthetho (kusukela ekugwetyweni kobuhlanga ukuya kulwabelo olungqongqo ) kumashumi asibhozo okubaluleka kokhuseleko olufanelekileyo. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi] Batson v. Kentucky[) (1986) yabambelela ekubeni abatshutshisi abanakungakwamkelwa mvanzi ubuchule bokugqibela kwisiseko sohlanga. Kodwa iBatson inzima ukungqinela, kwaye uphando luyaqhubeka lubonisa ukuba abamangalelwana nabambalwa basenokuba banokujamelana neengcalathiso ezimfakekileyo ezivayo. Ukuqinisa inkqubo efunekayo ekukhetheni izigwebi, imithetho ecacileyo, kunye nokuphendula kwamapolisa kuyimfuneko ekuvaleni umahluko wohlanga.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nokufumana Okusesikweni

Ngaphandle komelo olusemthethweni olufanelekileyo, amalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo aphuthileyo. Kwimicimbi yabemi, iimbambano zokugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugxothwa kweendlebe ezikhoyo, . "abantu abaninzi abafumanayo kufuneka bahambe ngeenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zoncedo lwasemthethweni kuphela. Umsantsa woluntu oluqhelekileyo uthetha ukuba umxhasi ngamnye osetyenziswa yiofisi yoncedo olusemthethweni, omnye ujikwa. Oku kungabi namdla wokwahlukana kuchasene nomoya wenkqubo efanelekileyo, kuba izityebi ziyakwazi ukuhlawula amagqwetha aqinisekisa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo, ngoxa amahlwempu esoloko ejongene nezigwebo ezingekho bulungisa. Ukwandisa uncedo olusemthethweni kunye nokuvelisa iprojekti eziphambili ezifana neenkundla ezisekelwe kwinkundla ziinguquko eziphambili eziphambili eziphambili.

Abafuduki nenkqubo elindelekileyo

Ityala lokungahlawulwa, nangona lingekho kwizaphuli-mthetho, lingaphumela ekuvalelweni nasekugxothweni kwenkululeko./ukukhuselwa ngokufanelekileyo kweenkundla zokufuduka kusoloko kubuthathaka kuneenkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho: akukho lungelo liqinisekisiweyo lokucebisa, ukufikelela kobungqina obulinganiselweyo, kunye nokuxinzelelwa kwamatyala okungxamisekileyo. Iintlangano ezinjenge American Civil Liberesties Union zibhale phantsi iimeko ezininzi apho abaphambukeli bakhankanyiweyo ukuchotshelwa okunentsingiselo. Ukuxhasa inkqubo efanelekileyo kwiinkundla zezezoburhulumente bokufuduko ngumbandela wobulungisa nobulungisa obusisiseko phambi komthetho.

Indima Yengoma Ekulondolozeni Inkqubo Efaneleyo

Ijudisi ezimeleyo, emiselwe kakuhle nguvimba opheleleyo wenkqubo efanelekileyo. Abagwebi kufuneka bachaze baze banyanzelise iimfuno zomgaqo-siseko, baqinisekise ukuba abadlali bakarhulumente (hokuba ngaba amapolisa, abalawuli, okanye abalawuli bemithetho) abasebenzi bemithetho-mthetho bayazimisela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Uhlolo lwejaji lunceda iinkundla ukuba zibethe imithetho engqubana nenkqubo efunekayo nokuyalela amayeza xa kuvela ukuphambuka kwenkqu.

Inkululeko Yogwebo Nentembelo Kawonke - wonke

Xa iinkundla zijongwa njengezingakhethiyo kwaye zizinikele kumthetho, uluntu lukholose ngenkqubo efanelekileyo eza kunyanzeliswa. Noko ke, ukuhlasela kwezobupolitika kwijaji `````ngokungakhuthazi''''''''''. Okufana nezisongelo zokuqeshwa, ukupakishwa kwenkundla, okanye ukuthotywa kwemithetho yenkundla ephezulu (ukuthemba nokuthoba imilinganiselo efunekayo. Ingcali eyomeleleyo nezimeleyo ayiyonto yolonwabo; yimfuneko yokwanela ukulingana.

Uhlolisiso lwamatyala: Ukwaphulwa kweNkqubo okuBekiweyo

  • HAmdi v. Rumsfeld [2004]: Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathi abemi base-U.S. kufuneka bafumane inkqubo efunekayo, kuquka isaziso kunye nethuba lokuviwa phambi komenzi wesigqibo sobundilele.
  • Goldberg v. Kelly (70): INkundla yayifuna ukuchotshelwa kwangaphambi kwexesha phambi kwengenelo zentlalo-ntle yomamkeli isenokunqunyulwa, iqonda ifuthe elibi lokupheliswa kwabantu abangamahlwempu.

La matyala abonisa ukuba ukungenelela kwesigwebo kunokulungisa okungekho sikweni okungokwemveli kuze kuqinisekise ukulingana.

Ucelomngeni Lokuqhuba Ixesha Elifanelekileyo

Phezu kwayo nje indima yayo yokuseka, inkqubo efunekayo ijamelana nezisongelo eziqhubekayo ngenxa yeenguqu zenkqubo, iinguqulelo zobugcisa neengcinezelo zobupolitika.

Imiqobo Ebangelwa Zinkqubo: Ubuhlanga, Ubuhlwempu Nocalulo

I-Bias kwi-politiki, iqhinga lomtshutshisi, kunye nesigwebo esichaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa imimandla yabantu emibalabala. Imfazwe yeziyobisi, izigwebo ezinyanzelekileyo, kunye neenkqubo zebheyile zemali ziveze inkqubo yokugweba enezingeni elibini: enye yemiqathango yabatyebi nenye yamahlwempu nabangathathi-nxaxheba. Inkqubo elindelekileyo iinguqu `ekukuphelisa i-appel yemali, ukwandisa iinkqubo zokuziphakamisi, nokufuna umgangatho ozimeleyo wamapolisa .

Umlinganiselo Wamanani: Inkqubo Elindelekileyo Kwixesha Lemithetho Yomthetho

Oorhulumente baya bathembela ngakumbi kwii-algorithm ukwenzela izigqibo ezichaphazela uhlolo lomngcipheko wolwaphulo-mthetho, intlalo-ntle yabantwana, kunye nokungenelwa kobungozi. Kodwa ezi nkqubo zisebenza ngaphandle kokubonakala, zivavanya iingcamango ezifanelekileyo zesithethe kunye nelungelo lokukhuphisana nobungqina. “ibhokisi emnyama” yemithetho-algorith yenza kube nzima ngabantu ukuba baqonde okanye bacel ’ umngeni izigqibo ezichaphazela inkululeko okanye ipropati yabo. Iinkundla ziqalisa ukumelana nezi ngxaki; umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- iStifastiens v. Loomis[ (20) imfuneko yokuba abamangali benziwe xa isixhobo sokuhlola iingozi zisetyenziswa. Noko ke, inkqubo yokuphendula okupheleleyo kwesigqibo se-almolm

Ukulungelelanisa inkqubo elindelekileyo nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Kwiziphumo zokhuseleko ezinje ngo-9/11, imilinganiso enjengokujonga ngokufihlakeleyo, kungekho zintlu-ntlu-ntlu, kunye namandla ogcino-lwazi anwebekileyo aye avavanya imilinganiselo efanelekileyo. Inkundla yezobuntlola bolunye uhlanga isebenzisa kakhulu ekufihleni, iphakamisa inkxalabo ngamandla abantu okukhuphisana nokuvavanya ukubandakanywa koludwe lwewotshi. Ngoxa ukhuseleko lululuhlu olusemthethweni lukarhulumente, inkqubo efanelekileyo ifuna ukuba nakuphi na ukuthotywa kwamalungelo kulungiswe ngokucutha kwaye kubekwe phantsi kolawulo olunentsingiselo.

Ukuxhasa uHlaziyo lweNdlela eQhelekileyo: Ubuchule Benkqubela

Ukukhusela inkqubo efanelekileyo kufuna ukuba ubuchule obuxhasiweyo kwimigangatho emininzi: imigaqo-mthetho, imigaqo-mthetho, kunye neengca. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zingqineke zisebenza ekuqiniseni ukhuseleko lwemichiza nokuhambelana.

Imfundo kawonke-wonke nokulumkiswa

Abantu abaninzi abawaqondi amalungelo abo afanelekileyo. Izikolo zemfundo zeCovic, amaziko oluntu, kunye ne-intanethi---8nat ziyakwazi ukunika abantu amandla okufuna unyango olufanelekileyo. Iintlangano ezifana neBrennan Center yeJaji zivelisa izikhokelo ezifikelelekayo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo namalungelo abantu.

Ukuxhasa uNcedo loMgaqo-nkqubo woMgaqo-nkqubo kunye neeNkonzo ze-ProBono

Ukwandisa ukufikelela kumelo olusemthethweni yenye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo zokunyanzelisa inkqubo efunekayo. Ukunikela kwimibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, njengoMbutho weeNkonzo zasemthethweni, okanye ukuzinikela ngokuzithandela kumsebenzi weprobono kunceda ekuvaleni umsantsa wobulungisa. Ngo-2022, i-American Bar Association yanikela ingxelo yokuba amaMerika angenayo ingeniso incinane afumana angenelwe ngokufanelekileyo okanye akukho ncedo lwasemthethweni kwiingxaki zawo zomthetho. Eli nani libonisa ungxamiseko lwemali yoncedo olusemthethweni.

Umthetho

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho edibanisa ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kungenza ukhuseleko oluhlala luhleli. Imizekelo iquka uMthetho weInnocence Protection Act (2004), onceda ekuthinteleni ulweyiseko oluphosakeleyo ngovavanyo lwe-DNA, kunye neendleko zomgangatho karhulumente ezifuna uphando oluzimeleyo lokudubula kwamapolisa. Abameli banokunyanzela ukuphinda baguqule umgaqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu olawulo olulawulayo .

Imisebenzi yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi exhaphakileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo iqatshelwa emhlabeni wonke ngezixhobo ezifana ne Isibhengezo esingavumelaniyo samalungelo abantu (iNkqutyana 10) kunye ne-International Parant on Common and Politic Rights (Izi ngxelo zinikezela ngesiseko sobugqeba ngaphaya komthetho wasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi kubaphambukeli neembacu. Imibutho yamalungelo abantu isoloko ikhankanya le milinganiselo xa inyanzela oorhulumente ukuba bathobele inkqubo efanelekileyo.

Imodeli

Ukubaluleka kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yokukhusela ukulingana kwemida yamazwe. Kwinkqubo yomthetho emininzi efunekayo, inkqubo elawulayo okanye etshintshayo, ayinamandla okanye ayikho, kwaye ukungalingani kuxhaphakile. Ingcinezelo kunye neenkqubo zoncedo zezizwe ngezizwe zisoloko zimisela inkxaso kwinkqubela kwintsebenziswano yezomthetho nemigangatho yamatyala esesikweni. Umzekelo, iNkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungu ikhuphe imithetho eqingqiweyo eyandisa amalungelo afanelekileyo kumazwe angamalungu, ibonisa ukuba umgaqo-siseko wezizwe ngezizwe unakho ukukhuthaza ukulingana.

Izifundo Zokuthelekisa

  • Ezantsi Afrika: umgaqo-siseko wePost-apartheid uquka icandelo elifanelekileyo lenkqubo, kwaye iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko iye yabetha imithetho elula ukuthoba iziphumo ezilungileyo, ebonisa indlela inkqubo efanelekileyo enokuxhasa ngayo ukulingana kwezizwe.
  • Iindia: INkundla ePhakamileyo yandisa ilungelo ukuya kwityala elikhawulezileyo njengenxalenye yenkqubo efunekayo phantsi kweGatya 21, inceda izigidi ezilindele ukuvavanywa kwiintolongo ezixineneyo.

Le mizekelo ibalaselisa ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ayiyonto ifaneleke yaseNtshona kodwa iyimfuneko yehlabathi lonke ukuze kubekho okusesikweni.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Oqhubekayo Wenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Imodeli ayiyongcamango emileyo; iyaguquka njengoko ibutho labantu lijongene neentlobo ezintsha zokungalingani kunye nobugcisa obutsha bolawulo. Isithembiso sokulingana phantsi komthetho sixhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni ngokuthembekileyo kweenkqubo zobulungisa kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo asisiseko. Kodwa esi sithembiso sisoloko siphantsi kwesoyikiso ```kwindlela yobuhlanga', ukungabikho siseko, ubuchule bobuzwinakude, kunye nokuphazamisana kwezobupolitika. Ukukhusela ukulingana kwabo bonke, kufuneka sihlale siphaphile, sixhasa utshintsho, kwaye sixhase amaziko azimeleyo.