Isivumelwano saseBelfast, esaziwa ngokusemthethweni njengeGood Wear Agreement, satyikitywa ngoAprili 10, 1998, kwaye simi njengenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zezopolitiko kwimbali yale mihla ye-Irish neBritane. Kwiminyaka engamashumi eminyaka, imfazwe yaseMntla Ireland(iibizwa ngokuba yiNyaka-(iii) ebangele ukubandezeleka okunzulu, ibulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-3, ishiya abantu behlukene kunye nemigca yezopolitiko. Isivumelwano saphelisa ugonyamelo olukhulu, samisela urhulumente olawulayo kuMntla Ireland, kwaye samisela isiseko soxolelwano, amalungelo abantu, kunye nentsebenziswano enqamlezayo. Noko ke, sinweba ngaphaya kwesiqithi sase-Ireland. Kuqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-70 zabantu base-Ireland abahlala kwamanye amazwe, i-Belptst Advest imela indawo enkulu yokuhlala kuyo; i-ith-ith, i-ethey, i-ethenwa yenk, i-ethey, i-ethey, i-e, i-ethey

Ukuqonda Iingxaki Nendlela Yokuya Kwisivumelwano

Ukuze siqonde isizathu sokuba iBhunga leMithetho laseBelfast liyilwe kakhulu kangaka i-diaspora, umntu kufuneka aqale aqonde uhlobo lwemfazwe eyayiyicombulule. IiNkcukacha zaqala ekupheleni kwee-1960, zaqala kwiingxaki ezixhaphakileyo phakathi kweenkulungwane ezininzi zomanyano lwamaProtestanti, ezazifuna ukuhlala ziyinxalenye ye-United Kingdom, kunye noluntu lwamaKatolika olunobuzwe, olwalufuna ukuba kubekho i-Ireland emanyeneyo. Imfazwe eyayibandakanya amaqela omkhosi womkhosi kumacala omabini, imikhosi yokhuseleko yaseBritane, kunye nesiphithiphithi-mthetho sabemi. Ngoo 1990, abantu nenani elingunoxandulo lobuProteko lobuProteinstani labe abenzi bezo mkhosi bezopoliti belizwe lazifuna imfuneko zokulungisa imicimbi.

Inkqubo yoxolo yayinde kwaye ibandakanya ubuchule. Yayibandakanya imisonto emininzi yengxoxo phakathi koorhulumente baseBritane nabase-Ireland, amaqela angoorhulumente asibhozo aphambili ezobupolitika eNorthern Ireland, kwaye ekugqibeleni amaqela omkhosi awayesele etshisile. I-United States yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekudibaniseni, nowayenguMphathi-mikhosi uGeorge Mitchell ephethe iintetho. NgoLwesihlanu u1998, la matheko afikelela kwisivumelwano esasungula iNdibano ehlahlela eNyakatho Ireland esekelwe kumandla, yasungula amaziko anqamlezileyo adibanisa iNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki yeIreland, kwaye amisela iinkqubo zokuqhuba amalungelo abantu, i-crobist, kunye nokuquqululisa izixhobo.

Esi sivumelwano savunywa yi-arhentements kuMntla Ireland nakwiRiphabliki yaseIreland, ngemvume egqithisileyo evela kubavoti. KuMntla Ireland, ama-71% abavoti avuma; kwiRiphabliki, eli gunya ledemokhrasi laliyi- 94%. Eli gunya ledemokhrasi lanika esi sivumelwano ligunyazekile kwaye labonisa ngokucacileyo umnqweno woxolo phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo kumacala omabini omda.

Amalungiselelo Ayintloko Esivumelwano SeBelfast

Iinguqu Zedemokhrasi

Isivumelwano sakha isakhiwo esintsonkothileyo kodwa esisebenzayo sikarhulumente. INdibano yaseMntla-ntshona Ireland inyulwa ngomelo olulungelelanisiweyo, yaye izikhundla eziphezulu zabelwa ngokusekelwe kumandla eqela, kuqinisekiswa ukuba omabini amaqela amaqumrhu anxulumene nesizwe anendima. UMphathiswa wokuqala kunye nesekela lomPhathiswa wokuqala banegunya elihlangeneyo, icebo lobugqeba boMntu. IBhunga loMntla-Mzantsi-Olongameli linceda intsebenziswano phakathi kweNorthern Ireland neRiphabliki yase-Ireland, ngelixa iBhunga le-Irashishishini lidibanisa oorhulumente be-UK, i-Ireland, iSiQhingi seMandla soMntu, kunye neziQhangelwano.

Amalungelo Abantu Nokulingana

Isivumelwano esingundoqo sesivumelwano sasikukukhusela amalungelo abantu nokukhuthaza ukulingana. Sakhokelela ekudalweni kweKhomishini yamaLungelo oLuntu yaseMntla Ireland kunye neKhomishini yokuLungisa abantu, kwaye safuna ukuba urhulumente we-UK afake iNdibano yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu kumthetho waseMntla-ntla Ireland. La malungiselelo athetha izityholo ezikudala zikho ngokucalucalulwa nokuphathwa ngokungekho sikweni, ingakumbi ngokuchasene noluntu.

Ukuyeka Nokuqhuba Iintlobano

Esi sivumelwano safuna ukuba kukhutshwe izixhobo zomkhosi, inkqubo eyayicotha yaye ithanda ukuxambulisana kodwa ekugqibeleni yagqitywa ngo-2005. Yayalela ukuba kulungiswe iRoyal Ulster Constabulary, eyathiywa kwakhona igama lokuba yiNkonzo yamapolisa yaseNorthern Ireland (PSNI) yaza yaphinda yamiselwa ukuba ibe ngummeli ongakumbi wozo zombini imimandla.

Ukuba ngummi Nokuzichaza

Ibinzana elibalulekileyo lavuma ilungelo labantu abazalelwe kumntla Ireland ukuchaza njenge-Ireland, iBritane, okanye zombini. Lo mgaqo-siseko wokuvuma . "ukungaguquguquki komGaqo-siseko wasentla Ireland" kuphela ngokuvumelana kwabaninzi. Kuyo idiaspora, oku kwaqinisekisa ukufaneleka kolwazi lwase-Ireland kuNyakatho Ireland kwaye kwasusa nayiphi na into engacacanga malunga nendawo yelizwe lase-Ireland kummandla obekunengquzulwano enkulu.

Amazwe Angaphandle Ngaphambi Kwesivumelwano: Uluntu Olungavisisaniyo

Uluntu lwase-Ireland olunee-ama-diaspora luye lwabakho kangangeenkulungwane, lubunjwa yimijelo yokufuduka eqhutywa yindlala, ubunzima bezoqoqosho, nokungazinzi kwezobupolitika. Ngexesha leMiba enzima, la maqela (eUnited States, eKhanada, e-Ostreliya, eBritane, nakwezinye iindawo) ayesele enxulumene kakhulu ne-Ireland ngamaqhina entsapho, imibutho yenkcubeko, kunye nezenzo zobupolitika. Noko ke, ungquzulwano lwaseNyakatho Ireland lwadala ingxabano phakathi kwamaqela e-diapora. Amanye axhasa ityala le-riphabliki, amanye axhasa isikhundla somanyano, kwaye abaninzi baziva bengenancedo olujongelwano lwengxube-a, imibutho yezelo yezopolitiko, kunye neyopolitiko yezopolitiko, kunye neyopolitiko, kodwa benzile ibangele iingxube zobuzwe-antlu ntlalo-ast .

Kanti kwanangexesha lobumnyama, abantu base-Irish-Melika basebenzela uxolo. I-Internet yokwamkela i-Melika, ingakumbi ngemibutho efana ne-Friends yase-Ireland kwiKhomishini yase-U.S., yenza indima enzima ekucinezeleni oorhulumente baseBritane ne-Ireland ukuba bafune ukuqhutyelwa ityala. Abahambi base-Ireland eBritani baseka amaqela anqamlezayo kwaye baxhasa uxolelwaniso. Ukutyikiselwa kweBelfast Agreption kwafika njengomzuzu wokukhululeka nokugunyaziswa kwaba baxhasi. Kwangqina ukuba imigudu yabo yayingeyo eyokuba lilize yaye uxolo lunokufumaneka.

Impembelelo Yokuzichaza Nokuziphakamisa Kwabantu Bangaphandle

Umqondiso Wethemba Nomanyano

Kuluntu lwe-diaspora, i-Belfast Agreement yaguqula ukuvalwa kwe-Irish ukusuka kolo lwemfazwe kunye nolwahlulo ukuya kololoxolo kunye nolwethuba. Imisitho yoNyaka kaPatrick kwizixeko ezifana neNew York, iBoston, iSydney yaqalisa ukuthatha intsingiselo entsha, njengoko yayingasakhutshelwanga ngeendaba zokuqhushumbisa nokubulala. Esi sivumelwano saba luphawu lokuzinzisa nokusebenzisana, sivumela inzala yase-Ireland ukuba yamkele ilifa layo ngekratshi elitsha. Iziganeko zenkcubeko, njengokuba imibhiyo emininzi ye-Ireland yayenzelwa emhlabeni wonke, yaqalisa ukugxininisa imixholo yoxolelwano nembali ekwabelana nje kuneengxaki phakathi komntla nomzantsi.

Ukunxulumana Nekhaya

Ulwahlulo loxolo lwabangela ukuba ukwanda kohambo nonxibelelwano phakathi kwe-Ireland kunye nonxibelelwano lwayo. I-Tourshi ukuya kutsho kuMntla Ireland nakwiRiphabliki yakhula kwiminyaka emva ko-1998. Abantu base-Ireland ababemadolw ’ anzima ukutyelela ummandla onxulumene nengozi ngoku baziva bekhuselekile ukuba bahlole iimvelaphi zabo. Oku kuphinda kudibane kwabangela ukuba kubekho utshintshiswano olutsha lwezoqoqosho nenkcubeko. I-diaspora yabandaka ngqo ekuxhaseni ingisweni kwengingqi yasekuhlaleni eIreland ngemibutho yoshishino, urhwebo, kunye neenkqubo zemfundo.

Ubandakanyeka Kwezobupolitika Nobudlelane

Impumelelo yenkqubo yoxolo enikwe amandla amaqela afumana iidiaspora ukuba athathe indima ephambili ekukhuthazeni izilangazelelo ze-Ireland. Imibutho enjenge-Irish American Unity Conference, i-Irish Apostoctate eBritane, kunye ne-Australia Ireland County County yasebenzisa isivumelwano sobutetho ukuze imeme ukuqhubekeka kotyalo lwemali ekwakheni uxolo, ukuxhasa ulwimi lwase-Ireland, kunye nokukhusela amalungelo akhuselwayo kwisakhiwo. Ukurhwaphiswa kwelizwe kwakuluncedo ekulondolozeni i-U.S. ukuxhasa uxoko lwenkqubo yoxolo ngexesha locelomngeni olulandelayo, kuquka ukudityaniswa nokurhoxiswa kweNdibano ngo-2002.

Iimbono Zengingqi: Indlela Abemi Abangahlali Kumazwe Ahlukahlukeneyo Abasiva Ngayo Esi sivumelwano

I-United States

I-United States likhaya elikhulu labemi base-Ireland, abangaphezulu kwama-30 ezigidi abantu abazibanga bengabazalwa e-Irish. Isivumelwano sasibaluleke kakhulu apha ngenxa yendima ephambili efezwayo nguMongameli uBill Clinton noSenator George Mitchell. UClinton wenza isigqibo sokunika uSinn Féin inkokeli Gerry Adams uvavanyo lokutyelela iU.S. ngo199 yayiyingxubevange kodwa inyathelo elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yoxolo. Emva kokuba isivumelwano sasayinwe, urhulumente walungiselela inkxaso eqinileyo yoxolo nenkqubo yoxolelwano, kuquka iNgxosho yezizwe ngezizwe ngeIreland. I-Irish-Melikaneans, i-Belfalfalism yayibubungqina bokuba ilifa labo libaluleka kwisigaba sehlabathi kwaye babenempembelelo kwiziganeko ezindala.

CanadaName

I-Irish diaspora yase-Canada, emalunga nezigidi ezi-4.5, yafumana unxibelelwano olunzulu kwisivumelwano. IKhanada yafak ’ isandla ekugcineni uxolo kuMntla Ireland kwaye inembali yokuzidibaniselana. Isivumelwano saqinisa imbono yeKhanada ngokwaso njengelizwe elakhiwe ngokulalanisa kwezizwe ngezizwe. Imibutho ye-Irish-Canadian yasebenzisa esi sihlandlo ukukhuthaza ukutshintshisana kwenkcubeko kunye nezifundo ezibalase izifundo zenkqubo yoxolo kwamanye amabutho ahlukeneyo.

I-Australia

I-Irish diaspora yase-Australia, eqikelelwa kwizigidi ezisisi-5.5, inembali ende ekudala ikho ngexesha lamabanjwa. IiNqaba zavusa impikiswano yempambano eshushu kuluntu lwase-Australia, kunye nentsebenziswano exhasayo yeriphabliki kunye nezinye inkxaso yesikhundla samaBritane. I-Belfast Aguement yanika la maqela indlela yokufumana indawo enye. Oorhulumente base-Australia baxhasa inkqubo yoxolo ngamajelo eendaba kunye neeprojelo ezathi kamva zakhuthaza inkqubela yezoqoqosho eNyakatho Ireland. Kubantu abaninzi base-Australia, isivumelwano sawavumela ukuba atyelele intsapho yase-Northern Ireland ngaphandle koloyiko, kwaye kwavuselela umdla kulwimi lwesi-Ireland kunye nenkcube.

I-Britani

Uluntu lwase-Ireland eBritani luyeyona inkulu eYurophu, enabemi base-Irish abangaphezu kwama-800,000 namaqela angakumbi asuka e-Irish. Olu luntu lwajongana nocalulo olubalulekileyo ngexesha leengxaki, ingakumbi emva kokuqhushumbisa kweebhombu eBritani. Ukusayinwa kwale sivumelwano kwaba ngumzuzu ophelisiweyo, ukunciphisa uxanduva lwenkxwaleko kwaye kwenza kube lula ngabantu base-Ireland eBritani ukuchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba ngabo. Amaziko oluntu kunye namaqela enkcubeko aphule, kunye nolwalamano olunqamleneyo lwaphucuka. Isivumelwano sakhuthaza urhulumente waseBritani ukuba axolise ngokusesikweni ngenxa yokungekho sikweni, njengokuphatha abantu base-Ireland ngexesha lemfazwe.

Ummandla

Uluntu lwase-Irish oluncinane kodwa oluchwayitileyo lunemibutho yase-Irish e-Latin America, kwilizwekazi le-Afrika, nase-Asia. E-Argentina, uluntu lwesihlanu olukhulu lwase-Ireland kumazwe aphesheya, isivumelwano sabhiyozelwa njengemodeli yesigqibo soxolo. E-New Zealand, inzala yase-Ireland yalungiselela iziganeko zesikhumbuzo kunye nentsebenziswano ekhuthaza ukuxhasa ulwakhiwo-xolo. Ukufikelela kwe-Belfast Actlition kungqinelanelwano olusasazekileyo lwe-diaspora kunye nozibo ezihlala zihleli kwikamva le-Ireland.

Ukulondolozwa kweNkcubeko noLwimi

Enye yeempembelelo ezingachatshazelwanga kangako kodwa ezinzulu ze-Belfast Aprpora Recom ku-diaspora ibikukuvuselelwa komdla wolwimi nenkcubeko yolwimi lwase-Ireland. Isivumelwano saquka iziqinisekiso zokusetyenziswa kolwimi lwase-Ireland nolwe-Ulster Scoots kubomi babantu bonke eNorthern Ireland, ukuqwalaselwa ngokusemthethweni kweelwimi ebezibekwe kude kudala. Oku kwabangela ukuba abantu abahlala kwi-i-diaspora babe nolwimi lwabo oludala kwisizukulwana esitsha. Iiklasi zolwimi lwase-Ireland, iintlanganiso zomculo, nemibhiyo yenkculo yabona ukuba nenxaxheba kwiindawo ezifana neNew York, iSan Francisco, neMelbournel. Izibutho ezifana neSizwe sase-Ireland se-Genel American Gaeltachtkicht, eziphenjelwe yisivumelwano esitsha solwimi.

Uxolo lwavumela ukutshintshiselana okuvulekileyo. Abaculi, ababhali, namagcisa abasuka kumntla Ireland bafunda ihlabathi lonke, bebalisa amabali alo ngquzulwano noxolelwano. Imisebenzi efana nemibongo kaSeamus Heaney kunye nemidlalo kaBrian Friel, esele ithandwa yidiaspora, yabonwa njengeziqinisekiso zokumelana nomoya womntu kwimeko yoxolo. Le sivumelwano saba yindawo yokukhuthaza ubugcisa base-Ireland.

Amaqhina Ezoqoqosho Nengeniso

Uzinzo olwaziswa yiBelfast Agreement luvulile amathuba abalulekileyo ezoqoqosho e-Ireland kunye ne-diaspora yayo. Uqoqosho lwaseMntla Ireland, olwaluthintelwe lugonyamelo, lwaqalisa ukukhula. Abanikeli bemali belizwe langaphandle badlala indima ebalulekileyo, ingeniso yezakhono, umhlaba, kunye nobugcisa baqalisa ukunyuka. Udidi lwe "Ireland Inc", olwalumela zombini umntla nomzantsi, lwaba nomtsalane kubanikazi bamazwe angaphandle.

Iintlangano ezifana ne-Northern Ireland Bureau, ezineeofisi eziseWashington D.C., zaqinisekisa ukuba impumelelo yenkqubo yoxolo idla ngokuchazwa ziinkokeli zezoshishino njengesizathu sokuzibandakanya naloo mmandla. Kubathengisi bemali, ukurhweba eIreland kwakungasajongwa njengengozi kodwa njengesenzo sokuxhasa ilizwe esenze ukuba kubonakale kufanelekile.

Ucelomngeni Nelifa: Isivumelwano Senkulungwane Ye - 21

IBrexit Nomthetho - siseko waseMntla Ireland

Isivumelwano seBelfast siye sajamelana nolona vavanyo lunzima kwiminyaka yakutshanje nokunduluka kwe-UK kuMntla- - Ireland. Imithetho yokuziphatha yasemntla Ireland, eyadala umda worhwebo kuLwandle lwe-Ireland uthintelo lomda onzima kwisiqithi, iye yacaphukisa abaququzeli kwaye yaphazamisa amaziko alawula amandla. Indibano ayizange iphumelele ngokunempumelelo kwimpumelelo yoninzi lwama 2022-2024 njengoko iDidemocism Party ikhuphidelwa ekuvukeleni. Kulezo iidiaspora, ezi ziphuhlise zinzulu ngokuphathelele isivumelwano. Baye bakhuthaza ukukhusela isivumelwano, beqhuba oorhulumente bobabini eYurophu nasemntla Merika ukuze baqinisekise ukuba impumelelo yoxolo ayizange iphele. Amaqela amaninzi ediapora akhuthalele zonke iintetho zokukhuthaza ukuxhasana kwemigaqo kunye nokuvumelana komanyano.

Inkumbulo nesikhumbuzo

Kwiminyaka engama-205 emva kokutyikitywa kwayo, le sivumelwano siyaqhubeka sikhunjulwa ngabantu abahlala e-Ireland. Iziganeko zonyaka wama-2023 zaphawula umhla weengqungquthela, iinkqubo zenkcubeko, kunye neengxoxo eziphakathi kwenzala. Inzala encinane yase-Ireland, engaphilanga kwiiNqaba, ifunda ngesivumelwano njengebali elisisiseko le-Ireland yanamhlanje. Elifa lesivumelwano lifundiswa kwiinkqubo zofundo zase-Ireland kwiiyunivesithi ehlabathini lonke, iqinisekisa ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo ziyakuqonda ukubaluleka kwaso.

Ukuqhubeka Uphakamisa Uxolo Lwehlabathi Lonke

Isivumelwano se-Belfast Siye saba ngumzekelo wokucombulula ungquzulwano kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi. Kumazwe ahlala kwamanye amazwe afana noMzantsi Afrika, iColombia, kunye neSri Lanka kuye kwafuna icebiso kubenzi boxolo base-Ireland. Ukugxininisa kwesivumelwano ekulawuleni amandla, amalungelo abantu, kunye nentsebenziswano enqamlezayo yemida yemikhosi ephakathi kunika izifundo kwibutho labantu abaxabana ngokunzulu. Kumazwe ase-Ireland i-diaspora, oku kuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe koxolo kumthombo welifa lempumelelo. Kuqinisekisa ukuba isiqithi esincinane sase-Ireland sinokuba nempembelelo enkulu kwimicimbi yehlabathi lonke.

Isiphelo

Isivumelwano seBelfast asiloxwebhu nje olungokwembali; ngamandla aphilayo aqhubeka ebumba ulwalamano phakathi kwe-Ireland nentsapho yayo yomhlaba wonke. Kuluntu lwase-Ireland, lwaphela iminyaka yokubandezeleka kwaye lwaguqulela iphepha kwisahluko sethemba, umanyano, nekratshi. Lawavumela ukuba aphinde adislele kwilizwe lawo ngaphandle komthunzi wogonyamelo, agcine izithethe zawo zivulekile, kwaye abe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo eqhubekayo yokwakha uxolo. Ngoxa iingxaki zihlala zikho, ukungazinzi kwezobupolitika, kwaye imfuneko yokulungisa imigaqo yesivumelwano engalungiswayo ihlala ikho. Njengokuba abantu emhlabeni wonke bekhangeleka kwikamva, benza njalo ngentembelo yokuba i-Belprist Advesment isiseko esisibonelelwa kwimozulu.