Isiseko somGaqo-siseko senkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo imiswe njengenye yezona ntsika zihlala zihleliyo ze-groupradenti ye-Melika, ephothelwe ngqo kwilaphu lomGaqo-siseko ukutyhubela iziHlaliso zeNhlanu nezeshumi elinesine. IsiHlamlisi sesihlanu sivakalisa ukuba akukho mntu oya kuba "umiselwe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho" kumgangatho karhulumente, ngoxa uHlaziyo lweMmiselo lweshumi elinesine lunawelela ukhuseleko olunye koorhulumente. Oku kuyila, kwenza iqhinga lomgaqo-siseko elikhusela abantu kwisenzo somthetho esingekhona siko nje ukuqhelisela imfundo; kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela elungeleneyo esemthethweni yokuphatha igunya lorhulumente lokuphatha umntu ngamnye.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo yahlulwe ngokwesithethe yaba ngamasebe amabini ahlukeneyo kodwa ahlobeneyo: inkqubo efunekayo nenkqubo encinci efunekayo. Le nkqubo iquka isaziso esifanelekileyo sokuva, nenkqubo yobundilele. Inkqubo encinci yenkqubo ye- kunye nenkqubo [ yokuba urhulumente makalandele phambi kokuba asuse ubomi bomntu, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Oku kubandakanya isaziso esifanelekileyo, ithuba lokuviwa, nenkqubo yoonoxanduva-xanduva. Inkqubo efunekayo, yokwahlula, ikhusela amalungelo athile angundoqo ekuphazameni kukarhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zizinto ezisetyenziswayo. Amalungelo anjalo njengomtshato, ubuzali, kunye ne-omiliseko ye-ominicism ayaziwa njengendlela engundoqo yokuba nemeko ephantsi komthetho omthetho olawula imicimbi yomthetho, imicimbi ephambili, isoloko ilawulwa ngokwendlela yomthetho omthetho oqhelekileyo.

Inkqubo Eqhelekileyo Eza Kulandelwa Kwimeko Yezaphuli-mthetho

Kwizindululo zolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo efunekayo yokuzithethelela ifuna ukuba urhulumente anike ummangalelwa isaziso esinentsingiselo sazo, ukuchotshelwa kakuhle phambi kwenkundla engakhethi-calucalulo, nethuba lokunikela ingqiniso epheleleyo. Ezi mfuneko aziyoenjongo ezingekho ngqiqweni; zinyanzeliswa ngeziqinisekiso ezithile zomgaqo-siseko ezibekwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo. IsiHlamlo sesiNwesane sikhusela ukuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweqweqweni nokuxwa. IsiHluxhothiso seSihlanu sinikela ilungelo nxamnye nokuzikhusela ngokuphindwe kabini. Ukuzikhusela kwendlela yokuzikhusela okufanelekileyo kwityala okukhawulezayo nokungenamkhethelo, uncedo olungakhethi-mthetho, uncedo lwesiluleko sesiluleko, kunye nelungelo lokuphendula amatyala nelo. Isindululo sesibhozo solwaphulo-mthetho esine.

Inkqubo ePhakamileyo namaLungelo aPhambili

Ngoxa inkqubo efunekayo ilawula inkqubo yomthetho, inkqubo efunekayo encinci ebeka amalungelo athile angaphaya kokungenelela koburhulumente. Inkundla yeNkundla yeSinyuko ibambe [ inkqubo efunekayo encinci ekhusela amalungelo "asekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali nesithethe. Kumomo wolwaphulo-mthetho, oku kuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo wemithetho yakwaphuli-mthetho ngokwayo. Imithetho engacacanga, okanye ihambo yolwaphulo-mthetho ewela kwingingqi yendlela yobuqu yomntu ngamnye isenokubethwa njengenkqubo engafanelekanga yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngexesha elininzi, isenokuvela kwiimeko ezithe gqithile, isenokuthiywe phantsi kwemeko ephantsi kwemiqatha yezonombo ezifunekayo. Umzekelo, kumombo ophakamileyo weNkuwongameleyo [FT.Flavran.[3] [FT] [200]

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Yokubanjwa

Ukubanjwa kuphawula inqaku lokuqala apho urhulumente ebeka khona imiqathango ephathekayo yenkululeko yomntu ngamnye, kunye nokhuseleko olufanelekileyo oluqala ngoko nangoko. UMthetho-siseko wesine ufuna ukuba onke amabanjwa axhaswe unobangela ongenakugwetywa . Umgangatho ofunekayo ofuna okungaphezulu nje kokukrokrelelwa kodwa ngaphantsi kobungqina obufunekayo ukuze umntu aqiniseke. Unobangela ofanelekileyo ukho xa izibakala neemeko eziphakathi kolwazi lomphathi wanele ukuqinisekisa umntu ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lukho okanye lusenziwa. Oku kuthintela ukugcinwa komthetho ekwenzeni okanye ukubanjwa okungabonisi sizathu, okunokuthi kuchasene nomgaqo ongundoqo wenkqubo efanelekileyo.

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo Nemfuneko Efanelekileyo

ISindululo sesine soHlaziyo sinikela imvume yokuba isikhululo sinikezelwe ngaphandle kosizathu esilindelekileyo sokuxhaswa siso okanye isifungo. Noko ke, siqhelisela, ukubanjwa okuninzi kwenzeka ngaphandle kogunyaziso, ingakumbi xa umphathi ebona ulwaphulo-mthetho lusenziwa okanye iimeko ezibini. Kwimeko ezinjalo, isizathu esinokwenzeka senza ukuzimisela kwenziwa ligosa elibambayo kwindawo, elimele ukuba lihlolwe kamva ligosa-mikhosi egwebayo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ebanjelwe [indlela] yolwaphulo-mthetho olusecaleni komlambo v. McLTAughlin[ [1991]) abantu ababanjwa ngaphandle kwemvume yokubanjwa kufuneka bafumane ukuzimisela okulindelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kwiiyure ezingama-4 zexesha elingephiyo lokubanjwa. Ukungaphononondiswa kwendlela nokungaqiniyo. Oku kusebenza ngokuqinisekisa okugxekwa kwamapolisa, akukho gunyazwa kumntu onegunya lokugwetyiswe kwilungelo lokubanjwa.

UMiranda Amalungelo NoMthetho Wesihlanu

Mhlawumbi eyona nkqubo ifunekayo ekukhuseleni ekubambeni yimfuneko yokuba abanyanzeli bomthetho bazise abarhanelwa ngamalungelo abo phantsi uMenda v. Arizona [66]. Umthetho weMiranda ufuna ukuba phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya, abaphathi-mikhosi bacebise abarhanelwa ilungelo lokuhlala bethulile, ilungelo lokuya kwigqwetha, nesilumkiso sokuba nantoni na abayithethayo ingasetyenziswa kubo enkundleni. Ukuncinwa kwale nayiphi na into eboniswayo ibhekisele ekuncipheni ngokumiswa komthetho emva kokuba umntu ebekwe kwintolongo okanye ephucwe inkululeko yabo ngendlela ephawulekayo. Injongo ye-Mirna ikukukhusela ilungelo lokuzilungisa ngokuchasene nolwano-Gando-mthetho, iqinisekisa ukuba inyaniswe kwaye ichazwa ngokuzinyotyebileyo ngeziphumo ezifunekayo, nangasetyenziswa nangaphi nanini nanini nanini na xa kuthethwa, nangoko kuthethwa ngemeko ezifunekayoyo.

Ukubanjwa Okungekho Sikweni Nolawulo Olungachananga

Xa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusenziwa ukubanjwa ngaphandle kosizathu esilindelekileyo okanye kuphulwa ezinye iimfuno zomgaqo-siseko, unyango lungavela kumthetho womthetho. Le mfundiso yezomthetho ingubungqina obufunyenweyo ngokwaphula amalungelo ommangalelwa, kuquka ubungqina bokususwa ekubambekeni okungekho mthethweni, bungamkelekiyo ekuvavanyweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzisa lo mthetho kumazwe . Mapp v.[[FLT:] [196]]], ibamba ukuba umthetho wokugwetywa komthetho ungowona umgaqo-mthetho ungundoqo obalulekileyo kwinkqubo elindelekileyo yokuthintelwa kwe-GramGementelm. Umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho owenziweyo ngokukhunjulwa kwemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko (16) ngokususa iimfanelo zomthetho-mthetho-siseko (iewe-mthetho).

Inkqubela-phambili yangaphambili kunye neZikhuselo zeNkqubo elindelekileyo

Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, ummangalelwa ungena kungcelele lwezingxube zokuchotshelwa kwangaphambi kwetyala eziyimfuneko ekulondolozeni inkqubo efanelekileyo. Ezi zenzo zisebenza iinjongo ezininzi: ziyamxelela ummangalelwa ngezityholo, ziqinisekisa ukuba kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokuthethelela ukuqhubekeka kwetyala, kwaye ziphendula umbuzo wokuvalelwa okanye ukukhululwa. Iqonga ngalinye lithwala ukhuseleko lwalo lomgaqo-siseko, kwaye iimpazamo kweli nqanaba zinokuba neziphumo ezinzulu ekugwetyweni ekugqibeleni.

Ulungelelwaniso Namalungelo Okuphawulwa

I-arraignifice yimbonakalo yokuqala esemthethweni yenkundla emva kokubanjwa. Kule nto, ummangalelwa ufunda izityholo kwaye ucelwa ukuba angene kwisibongozo setyala, engenatyala, okanye angabi namphiko. Imfuneko efunekayo yendlela ye [[FLT: 0]] izaliseke kumqondiso wetyala : ummangalelwa umele axelelwe ngetyala elithile, kuquka nesiseko esicacileyo saloo matyala. Umphetho weSithandathu unelungelo lokudibanisa okanye phambi kwe-arragn, kunye nabamangalelwa abangenakukwazi ukunikela uncedo lommeli kawonke okanye omiselwe ngokungenatyala. Umzekelo ophezulu ugxininisa ukubaluleka komphezulu kuwe-FOLT [FRAN] [vram].[3] [Fram]

Ukuchotshelwa Kwetyala Nokuhlaziywa Kwezigwebo Kwesibhozo

ISinyuso seNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana esibhozo inikela ukuba "ibheyile yetyala ayizukufunwa," kodwa ayiqinisekisi ilungelo lokufumana ibheyile kwiimeko zonke. Noko ke, inkqubo efanelekileyo ifuna ukuba izigqibo ezingendlela yokuvalelwa kwangaphambili zingenziwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zisekelwe kwimiba efanelekileyo. Kwibheyile yokuvalwa kwetyala, inkundla kufuneka iqwalasele imeko kunye neemeko zetyala, ubunzima bobungqina obuchasene nommangalelwa, ubuchule bommangalelwa kunye nobuhlobo noluntu. Umngcipheko wokubhaqoshelwa kwetyala okanye ingozi kuluntu. UMthetho weBail Reformation ka-1901 kunye nemithetho efanayo uvumela ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kwebhethsi sothulo kwiimeko apho kungekho mvume enokuthi iqinisekise ukuba imbonakalo yommangalelwayo okanye ukhuseleko loluntu lunganyaniswe kakuhle. Inkundla ePhakadeli ixhasa iingozi ezikhoyo kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo, njengoko kuthenjiwe kuthenjiwe [F.N.5]

Ukuvela Kwangaphambili Nelungelo Lokuvavanya Ityala

Ukuva kokuqala, okwaziwayo njengonobangela wokuva, kusebenza njengendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente unobungqina obaneleyo bokuqhubeka ngetyala. Kule ngxelo, umtshutshisi kufuneka anikele ubungqina obaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ijaji ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ummangalelwa owenze ulwaphulo-mthetho olubekwa ityala. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubakho, ukuze amelwe yingcebiso, nokunqumla amangqina aneleyo. Kumazwe amaninzi, ummangalelwa umele anikele ubungqina, nangona ingxengxengxezo idla ngokungadingeki ukubonakalisa ubuchule bakhe kweli xesha langaphambili. Ukuva kokuqala kunika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo: ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe, izityholo zingasuswa. Ngelixa i-bango yokuva ityala eliqhelekileyo lingaveli kwityala elongeyo kwakhona, ityala elomeleleyo.

Ukufunyanwa Kwalo Lo mbandela Nelungelo Lobungqina Obuyingxuba

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba ingtshutshiso ityhile ubungqina obuthile kwityala. Le mbopheleleko isebenza kubo bonke ubungqina obunokuthi bukwazi ukubeka ummangalelwa ityala. Ityala elibalulekileyo Brady v. Maryland [193]) iqinisekisa ukuba ingtshutshiso kufuneka ityhile ubungqina obulungileyo kumntu omangalelweyo kunye nezinto ezimgcina ekwakhenileyo okanye kwisohlwayo. Le mbopheleleko isebenza kubo bonke ubungqina obunokuthi ukukhangela ummangalelwa, ukumangalelwa, okanye ukucutha amangqina okumangalelwa, okanye ukuhlisa ukusetyenziswa komtshutshiso. [[FLT:] Brady[[FLT] umthetho othe rhoqo [iiNku:] ngumthetho ofanele ityala ngenxa yokuba kuqiniseke ukuba ukukhangelwa kwenyaniso kunokuba kuthandazwe. Ukungazelelwa kobungqina obuthile, ukudityaniswa kobungqina obulungileyo, ukudityaniswa kwetyala. Ukudityaniswa komnye wobubungqina obunye ukusetyenziswa kwetyala.[Fogcipt]

Imodeli Efanelekileyo Ekuvavanyweni

Ityala ngokwalo limela iqondo lomqondiso wenkqubo yezaphuli-mthetho, apho ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lubonakala kakhulu kwaye luphikiswa ngamandla. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weSithandathu uqinisekisa ukuba isityholo singumqondiso "wempimpiso kunye netyala likawonke wonke, ungumgwebi ongakhethi hlangothi weLizwe kunye nesithili apho ulwaphulo-mthetho luya kuba luyenziwe khona. Ezi siqinisekiso asingokulunga nje kobungcathu; zizinto ezibalulekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba isigqibo sibonisa ubungqina kunye nomthetho, hayi ikhethe, ingcinezelo, okanye iqhathelo likarhulumente.

Ukuya Kwityala Likawonke - wonke

Ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala likawonke-wonke liqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi ivuleke kwaye ibonwa ngabantu, eluncedo ekuthinteleni ukugwetywa kwetyala okanye ukumangalelwa. Ityala likawonke-wonke liqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa kunye nabantu ngokubanzi bayangenelwa. Ummangalelwa, uqinisekisa ukuba amangqina angqine phantsi kokujongana noluntu ngokubanzi, ukunciphisa ubungozi bokuzimela okanye ukunyanzelwa. Kuba uluntu lukhuthaza ukuqiniseka kwinkqubo yokugweba ngokuvumela abemi ukuba babone ukuba okusesikweni kwenziwe. Inkundla ephakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala aliphelelanga, ngoko ke, kwaye lisenokulinganiselwa kwimeko emxinwa, umzekelo, ukukhusela ukukhusela ukuchana kwengqina okanye ukugcina ulwazi oluchuliweyo. Kodwa nakuphi ukuvalwa kwenkundla kufuneka kugwetyelwe nomdla yaye kungenziwa nto ekufuneka kusebenze nkathalweni kunokuba kusenzeke nkathalo olufanelekileyo.

Ukubukelwa Ngomnye Umfundisi Ongakhethi Buso

Ilungelo lokuvavanywa lityala liququzelelwa yinkundla engakhethiyo kwinkqubo efunekayo. Abachopheli betyala bafanele bamele bamele ukumela icandelo elinqamlezayo loluntu nokugqiba ngetyala elinikelwa enkundla. Ngexesha elibini, amagqwetha amacala omabini abuza ukuba ngabagwebi abanokuba ngabachopheli-mthetho abanokuchopha ikhethelo okanye ikhethe eliya kubathintela ekukhetheni. [[FFF], i-BF:] engaphezulu [F].[5], i-FF: [5] [196] [196], iNT] iNkube iNkube ingu-FLP], iNkube iNkuphetho ephakamileyo, inokuthi ingakwazi ukuhlasela iNkuhlasela iNkuphotho-Genelwonga epheleleyo ekungameleni i-ekhohloko. [5] [5]

UGqr. Claus noGawulayo

ISithandathu IsiHlanzo soMphetho-mvakalisi u-Claus unika ummangalelwa ilungelo "lokumangalelwa ngawakhe. Eli lungelo lixhaphakileyo elisetyenziswa ngokunqamleza, elivumela ukukhusela ukuvavanya ukuthembeka, ukuthembeka kwamangqina ejaji. [ kwi-Pointerreance v. Texas [1965], iNkuNkundla ePhakathiswayo i-Clausse ngokuchasene nomgaqo oweshumi elinesine, isenza ukuba ibophelele kwimo yomthetho ebanzi. [FFoctreans] kunye nokuvavanywa kwe-mfore-aumphatho (umphatho-sced , u-panyuke). [[4] i-umphandlelo othe , u-phakaliswa , u-phakadikano-ka `umphandle] kwaye ufumana u-mthetho obalulekileyo.[Foffins]

Ilungelo lokunikela ukhuselo kunye nenkqubo yokunyanzelisa

Inkqubo efanelekileyo yokunikela ukhuseleko iphakathi kwezona zikhuseli zingundoqo ezinikwa abamangalelwa. IsiHlanzi soMphengululo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ummangalelwa ilungelo lokuya kumangqina angaphantsi kwe-poena kwaye sinyanzelisa ukuba abekho ekulingweni. Shahington v. Texas [1967], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yamkela ukuba eli lungelo liyimfuneko kwityala elifanelekileyo kwaye enokuthi ayinakubushiya bungqina bokuzikhusela. Ilungelo lokunikela ukhuseleko liquka ilungelo lokuzisa ubungqina, ukunikela ubungqina (ukungakho ummangalelwa akhetha), kwaye ingqina ukuba ubungqina obukhoyo abunasiphelo. Noko ke, obu bungabuchaphazamisi ubungqina obungachananga, okanye obunganyanisekiyo, kwaye kufuneka bulandelene nemithetho ekwane nemithetho ekwamkele imigaqo-mthetho-siseko.[Fodwa][2]

Ukufanelekela Isiluleko Noncedo Olunempumelelo

ISithandathu IsiHlanziso seNkundla siqinisekisa ilungelo lokumangalelwa kwisiluleko kuzo zonke iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho. Gedeon v. Wainright [1963], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yenza esi sivumelwano sifanelekileyo kumazwe kwaye ibambe ukuba urhulumente umele anikezele icebiso kubamangalelwa abajongene netyala elinzulu. Esi sigqibo sibalulekileyo siyaqonda ukuba "omthetho kwiinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho bayimfuneko, hayi ubunewunewu bobunewunewu, kwaye ukuvavanywa okulungileyo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle komelo olusemthethweni olufanelekileyo. [FFFF:] Icebiso elilungileyo lokuya kufikelela kuzo zonke izigwebo, ukusuka ekuvavanyweni nasekugwebeni, kwaye kuqukwa ekukhutshweni kwesombululo. [impepho yoncedo oluninzi] [intente, kodwa ingqwalaseluvo oluqhelekileyo] [i, i-F.[3]

Isigwebo senkqubo elindelekileyo kunye nezibheno zenkqubela yeposi

Isixokelelwano asipheli xa igqibo libuyisela isigwebo. Nasemva kokugwetywa, ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko luyaqhubeka lulawula isigaba sokugweba kunye nayiphi na ingxubusho elandelayo. Ukwalela kweSeth Amendment kwisohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga, ilungelo loMphengululo weSithandathu ekululekeni, kunye nokuqinisekisa kweMinyaka inesine yokusesikweni okusisiseko konke kusekho.

Ukugweba Nokunyanzelwa Komntu Omnye

Inkqubo efanelekileyo yokugwetywa ngokufanelekileyo iquka ilungelo lokufumana isigwebo, ilungelo lokunika isiluleko, nelungelo lokukhuphisana nolwazi oluqwalaselwa yinkundla ekumiseni isigwebo. INkundla Ephakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba ijaji egwebayo imele isekele isigwebo kulwazi oluthembekileyo kwaye imele inike ummangalelwa ithuba lokuvavanya nawaphi na amatyala aphikiswayo. Kumatyala amakhulu, iNkundla ibeke imilinganiselo eyongezelelekileyo, kuquka ilungelo lokunikela ubungqina obubodwa kunye nelungelo lokumisela namalungelo ejajinini nawaphi na amatyala awenza ummangalelwa afanele afanele afumane isigwebo sona. IsiHlamkelo senkundla esisibhozo sifuna ukuba isigwebo silingana nolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye singabi singenziwanga sisohlwayelwe. [FLDH: MExmalsonker [122] [202], inkundla yetyala lobugronaso solwaphulo-mthetho sinye esithenjiweyo singongongoso sinye setyala.

Ilungelo lokubhenela kunye neNkqubo yokuphanda

Ilungelo lokubhenela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho alichazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathi xa urhulumente elungiselela ukuphinda ingqwalaselo, kufuneka yenze njalo ngendlela yokuba iqhube isimilo nenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo. Griffin v. I-Illinois [1966], iNkundla yama ibambe ukuba abamangalelwa bafumane ukuba bavavanywe ngokufutshane nangentetho edluliselweyo, kwaye nesigqibo esisekelwe kwingxelo ebhaliweyo. Ukuba inkundla i-Expreme ifuna ukuba imigaqo ye-Clabel echaphazekileyo iphinde ifumane ityala, ifuna ukuba imigaqo yokuvavanywa kwetyala okutsha nokungalungisiyo, imele ibe nethuba lokuvinwe ngokufutshane, kwaye inikeze imvume yokungalungisiswa kwemithetho egqwethekileyo ngenxa yempazamo engomthetho engomthetho ephikisayo. Kodwa inikela isala isala imvume engokugqibelelo engokubanzisweyo.

ISicwangciso-Sihlomelo seNtloko

Ngapha koko kubheno olungqalileyo, abamangalelwa bangafuna ukukhululeka kwemithetho-siseko emva kokubanjwa. Inkundla ephakamileyo ikhusela ilungelo lokungena kwe-habeas corpus. I-with of habeas corpus, ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Great Writ," ivumela ibanjwa ukuba livavanye ukuvalelwa kwalo ngokusemthethweni ngokuqinisekisa ukuba lingena kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Inkundla elawulayo ikhusela ilungelo lika-Susbas Claus ikhusele ilungelo lokungenela urhulumente ongekho ngqiqweqweqweqweni. Inkundla ephakamileyo iyakwazi ukukhusela i-ankile nenkqubo engafanelekanga karhulumente. I-aseburhulumenteni inikela ingqeqesho engafanelekanga ngokungeyo, ngokuchasene nee-C. Ngoko ke, i-62554 inikela indlela yokuba amabanjwa afumane ukhuseleko kwinkundla yezongalo nakungeneyo enyanzelelwayo nakuxhasa ukuchana kwetyala elinguRok. Inkundla ephakamileyo sokuLala iyavuma esipheleleyo sobugqeshoshoshoshosholo. Inkundla epheleleyo iyavuma iyavuma iyavuma ukuba i-

Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kwinkqubo Efunekayo

Imodeli iyimfuneko, ingaphezulu kunengcinga yobugcisa; ibonakalisa amaxabiso asisiseko axhasa ulawulo-mpukane lwaseMelika. Imfuneko yokuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezimiselwe, ahlonele amalungelo omntu ngamnye, kwaye anike amathuba afanelekileyo okuviwa yeyona nto yahlula inkqubo yokusesikweni kwinkqubo yamandla onyanzelisayo. Kukuko ukukhusela abaququzeli nabafundi] abasebenzisa amandla awo amakhulu [, ukuqonda inkqubo efunekayo ukuze kuqondwe indlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo yomthetho nesizathu sokuba ifune ukuhlonelwa kwana kwabo bamangalelwa ngezo izenzo eziphosakeleyo. Ukhuseleko oluqala ekubanjelweni nasekuqhubekeni ukuvavanywa nokuqinisekisa ukuba imeko isebenzisa amandla ayo amakhulu ngokuzibamba, ukuphendula, nokuzibophelela kwinyaniso.

Ukhuseleko lweprocedical luqatshelwe kwinkqubo efanelekileyo", unobangela ongafanelekanga, uMranda, ilungelo lokucebisa, ilungelo lokudibana namangqina, ilungelo lokuya kuvavanyo olufanelekileyo, nelungelo lokubhena kunye , sebenzisani kunye ukwenza inkqubo ezabalazela ucoselelo nobulungisa. Akukho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, kwaye ikho iinguqu eziphosakeleyo zenzeka. Kodwa inkqubo efanelekileyo yesiseko inika izixhobo zokuchaza nokulungisa ezo mpazamo, nokuba ngoncedo oluthe ngqo, uhlolo lweposi lokufaka isibheno, okanye uhlolo lwe-corpus. [[FLT:] ISiko solwazi somthetho [FLT] iphawula ukuba inkqubo efunekayo ihlala ikhomba namandla kunye nommandla ojikelezayo womthetho, ngemibuzo emitsha njengeenguqulelo zobugcisa ezidityaniweyo.

Isiphelo

Uhambo olusuka ekuboshweni ukuya ekucinyweni luneenkqubo ezininzi ezikhusela amalungelo ommangalelwa ngalo lonke ixesha lokujika. Kufuneka kwabo bafundayo inkqubo esemthethweni yaseMelika, ukuqonda ezi zixhobo kulungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo, nethuba lokubhena, umGaqo-siseko umisela isiseko esibanzi esilungiselelwe ukuthintela ukusebenza kolawulo oluzimeleyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenalwazi olupheleleyo nolungangachongiyo. Kubo bafunda ngenkqubo yomthetho waseMelika, ukuqonda ezi zikhuselo akunto ezenzekelayo; kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda indlela okulindeleke ukuba isesikweni kusebenze ngayo. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo egcina inkqubo ijongene neenjongo zayo eziphezulu, ifuna ukuba bonke abamangalelwayo baphathwe njengomntu ofanelwe yisidima, intlonelo, kunye nethuba elilungileyo lokukhusela iityala abajamelene nazo. Ngokufunda ngokubhekisele kubafundi, ulwazi oluphezulu kulwazi olungolwazi olungomthetho lwemithetho elungele ukusetyenziswa kwebutho labantu.

Ekugqibeleni, inkqubo efunekayo ayisosithintelo kubulungisa kodwa indlela okuphunyezwa ngayo okusesikweni. Iqinisekisa ukuba iinkolelo ziyathenjwa, izigwebo ziyalingana, nokuba uluntu lunokuba nentembelo kwingqibelelo yenkqubo yokugweba. Kwisizwe esizinikele kumthetho, inkqubo efanelekileyo ayiyonto ilula; yimfuneko ekhusela wonke umntu, kuquka nabo babuthathaka kakhulu, kumandla angenakuthintelwa.