Yintoni Ityala Lokuvavanywa Kwamatyala?

Ityala labachopheli-tyala liyisiseko senkqubo yomthetho eqhelekileyo, inika inkqubo yokuba abemi abaqhelekileyo babe nenxaxheba ngqo ekuqulunqeni isigwebo. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, iqela labantu (abachopheli-tyala) lifungelwe ukuva ubungqina, ukufumana imiyalelo yomthetho evela kumgwebi, kwaye kuphumeze isigqibo kwimibandela yenyaniso. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo ezisemthethweni zibonisa imilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni kunye nomgwebo weqela kunokuba kuqulwe umbhali omnye. Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala likhuselwe kwimiqathango emininzi, umzekelo, ukuLawulwa kweSithandathu soLawulo loMganiseko-mthetho kwimicimbi yezezomthetho, kunye noMgaqo-siseko womGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ukuba ibonise imilinganiselo ye-fashoni yesizwe, kwaye ulawulo lweSigqibomvo-mthetho

Ukuqonda indlela ityala lejaji elivela ngayo, ukususela kwixesha apho isalathisi sifika kwisicelo sokuququzelela esipheleleyo emva kweminyango evaliweyo, kubaluleke kakhulu kuye nabani na obizelwa ukuba akhonze, kubafundi abafunda amaphondo, nakubafundisi abafundisa inkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Eli nqaku lihamba kwiqonga ngalinye, licacisa amabinzana angundoqo asemthethweni, kwaye linika ukuqonda okusebenzisekayo koko abagwebi abanako.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yovavanyo Lweengcwabo

Ityala labachopheli-tyala lale mihla liye lavela kangangeenkulungwane. Imvelaphi yalo isenokufunyanwa eNgilani yamaxesha aphakathi, apho abamelwane babesetyenziselwa ukucombulula iimbambano zomhlaba baza kamva bamisela ukuba banetyala okanye ukungabi natyala. IMagna Carta (1215) yayiquka ibinzana eliqinisekisa umgwebo woontanga bakhe, umgaqo owaphembelela iinkqubo zomthetho zamva. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, abachopheli-mthetho baba yindawo yokukhusela ukuhlasela abalawuli abagqwebi kunye nendlela yokubandakanya uluntu ngokusesikweni. Namhlanje, ngoxa iinkcukacha ziyahluka ngokwelizwe, ingcamango engundoqo isala: iqela labemi abangakhethi bucala ligqiba izibakala emva kokuchola lamacala omabini.

Ukujonga nzulu inkqubela-phambili yembali, unika umbhalo weBhili yamaLungelo ukubonisa isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokuvavanya abachopheli-tyala eUnited States, kunye neSebe leJaji lase-U.S. linika ushwankathelo lwenkonzo yabachopheli-mfa.

Iintlobo Ze Juries

Asizizo zonke iijaji ezifanayo. Zimbini iintlobo eziphambili:

  • Petit (ityala) abachopheli-tyala - Udidi oluviweyo kwityala lejaji eliqhelekileyo, elidla ngokuba linabantu aba-6 ukuya kwabali-12. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho isigqibo kufuneka sihlangane; kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni amanye amagunya avumela isigqibo soninzi ukuba amaqela ayavumelana.
  • Ilungu elikhulu labachopheli-mthetho – Yiqumrhu elikhulu (ngokomlinganiselo 16-23 amalungu) elihlola ubungqina obunikelwa ngumtshutshisi ukugqiba enoba kunokwenzeka kusini na ukuba kuvele kusini na kuzisa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho (ukumangalelwa). Iijaji ezinkulu azigqibi ukuba unetyala okanye awunatyala.

Eli nqaku lithetha ngetyala elincinane elinokuthanani netyala elivela kwizicelo ukuya kuqiqa.

Idipons YaseJury: Isimemo Sakho Sokukhonza

Uhambo luqala xa ijaji ifumana izicelo zejaji. Olu xwebhu lusemthethweni lukhutshwa yinkundla kwaye luyalela ukuba umamkeli avele kukhetho lwabachopheli-tyala ngomhla ochaziweyo. Ukukhonza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala ngumsebenzi wasekuhlaleni, kodwa izicelo zikwadala izibophelelo ezisemthethweni.

Oko Kuqulethwe Zizidibi

Isimemo esiqhelekileyo siquka:

  • Umhla, ixesha, nendawo yendlu yenkundla apho kufuneka unike ingxelo khona
  • Inani lesalathisi somsebenzi
  • Imiyalelo yokugqiba ijenali yemibuzo (ngokufuthi i-intanethi okanye ngeposi)
  • Ingxelo yendlela yokucela ukulibazisela okanye ukuzithethelela
  • Iinkcukacha zokuqhagamshelana neofisi yekomkhulu lomchopheli-tyala

Ukusabela Ngokufanelekileyo

Xa ufumana isimemo, kufuneka ulandele imiyalelo ngononophelo. Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku ziyakuvumela ukuba ubhalise kwi-intanethi, uzalise iphetshana elincomekayo, uphinde uqinisekise okanye uphinde uyichaze indlela okhangele ngayo. Ukuba ungayiphenduli, ungajongelwa phantsi. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokungangeni kwinkonzo okanye ukungakhathaleli ziquka izizathu zezonyango, iingxaki zemali, okanye ukuba ungumphathi oyintloko we-ofisi. Khangela i-website yenkundla yakho ukuze ufumane imithetho ethile.

Iimfaneleko nezigwebo

Asinguye wonke umntu okufanelekelayo ukukhonza. Iimfuno zomzekelo zokuba ngumgwebi ziquka oku:

  • Uluntu lwaseUnited States (okanye uluntu oluhlala ngokusisigxina kwamanye amazwe)
  • Uneminyaka eli-18 okanye ngaphezulu
  • Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba eKlasta yaseKapa
  • Ubuchule bokufunda, bokubhala nokuqonda isiNgesi
  • Akukho gunya lasemthethweni ngaphandle kokuba amalungelo akho abuyiselwe

Izifundiswa ezithile zingahlawulwa ngomthetho-okanye (ngomzekelo, amalungu omkhosi asebenzayo, amanye amagosa karhulumente, okanye amagqwetha agunyazisiweyo asebenza njengabatshutshisi okanye abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke. Noko ke, iinkundla ezininzi zikhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba ebanzi kwaye zikhulula kuphela xa kuyimfuneko.

Inkqubela ye Voir Dire: Khetha Jury

Ngaxa lithile babizwa abantu abathile kwinkundla, bayinxalenye yequla elikhulu apho abachopheli betyala baza kutsalwa khona. Inkqubo yokukhetha, ebizwa ngokuba i-oxide (IsiFrentshi se-“kuthetha inyaniso”), yenzelwe ukutyhila ikhethe nokuqinisekisa abachopheli-tyala abangakhethi macala.

Indlela Osebenza Ngayo Umdla

Ijaji iqala ngokuthetha neqela lonke, ichaza uhlobo lwetyala kunye nemigaqo equkiweyo esemthethweni. Ize ke ijaji namagqwetha babuze imibuzo . / Ngamanye amaxesha njengeqela, maxa wambi. Le mibuzo iphanda ngemvelaphi, iinkolelo, amava, nangaluphi na ulwazi ngetyala elinokuchaphazela ukungacaluli.

  • “ Ingaba ninolwalamano lobuqu namatheko okanye namagqwetha?”
  • “ Ngaba wena okanye ilungu lentsapho likhe laba lixhoba lolwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo?”
  • "Ngaba unamava angqongqo ngesohlwayo sokufa?" (kumatyala okufa)

Injongo kukuchonga nabani na ongenakubuqwalasela kakuhle ubungqina. Omabini amacala akwanethuba lokubetha (ukususa) izijukujelwa ezithile.

Iingxaki Zokujamelana Nezizathu Neengxaki

Kukho iindidi ezimbini zocelomngeni ezinokusetyenziswa kumagqwetha ukususa i-avareji

  • Ityala lonobangela - Inani elingenasiphelo locelomngeni, elinikezelweyo xa ijaji ivuma ikhethe, inempikiswano yomdla, okanye ayinakuwulandela umthetho. Ijaji igqiba ukuba ucelomngeni luyasebenza kusini na.
  • Ucelomngeni olusuka kuhlobo [[FLT: 1] - Icala ngalinye lifumana inani elilinganiselweyo lobetho (iivoliti ngegunya; rhoqo 3 ukuya 6) enokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu, kodwa ayinakusetyenziswa ukucalula ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, okanye ubuhlanga ( Batson v. Kentucky] ulwahlulo olunjalo).

Emva kokuba kusetyenziswe iingxaki, igqibo lokuchophela ityala liyahlaliswa. Abachopheli bejaji abahlukeneyo nabo bakhethwayo ukuba bathabathe indawo yabo nabani na oya kugula okanye agxothwe ekuchotshelweni kwetyala.

Ityala: Iiposi Neenkqubo

Xa abachopheli betyala befunga, ityala liqhubeka ngolungelelwano.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Le ngxelo ayibobungqina; ichaza indlela esebenzayo yokubonisa oko kulindelwe ngamacala ngamanye.

Ubungqina: Intliziyo Yamatyala

Emva kweengxelo zokuqala, iqela elinoxanduva lobungqina (ukumangalelwa kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho) lichaza imeko yalo kwityala loluntu. Ubungqina buvela ngeendlela ezimbini ezingundoqo:

  • ubungqina obungalinganiyo - AmaNgqina athatha ukuma kwaye aphendule imibuzo phantsi kwesifungo. Uvavanyo oluthe ngqo luqhutywa ecaleni elibiza ubungqina; ke icala elichaseneyo linganqumla-i-examine.
  • Ubungqina bobubhali nobenyani – amaxwebhu, iifoto, iividiyo, izixhobo, izivumelwano, okanye ezinye izinto zingeniswe ngamangqina kwaye zivunywe kwingxelo yenkundla.

Ukuchasa okuqhelekileyo kuquka ukuva amahlebezi, ukusetyenziswa komsebenzi, ukukhokela imibuzo ekuxilongweni ngqo, nokuqiqa. Abachopheli-mthetho basenokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwegumbi ngoxa ijaji igqiba imibuzo entsonkothileyo engokwasemthethweni.

Ukwasulelwa Kukunqamleza- Nenjongo Yako

Ukuxilongwa komnqamlezo sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuvavanya ukuthembeka nokuchana kwengqina. Igqwetha elichasayo lingabuza imibuzo ekhokelayo (ukuchaza impendulo) lize lizame ukubhenca ukungangqinelani, ikhethe, okanye izithuba ezisengqondweni. Ukuxilonga okunechule ekunqamlezeni kungenza ingqina lingabi nasiqinisekiso, elimele licingisise xa lifuna ukulicima.

Imithetho yokuziphatha yegumbi lenkundla

Izilingo zingathatha iintsuku ezimbalwa ukuya kwiiveki eziliqela okanye iinyanga eziliqela. Ijaji iza kubiza amakhefu emini yonke. Ngexesha lokuphumla, abagwebi bayalelwa ukuba bangaxubushi nomntu, kuquka nabanye abachopheli-mthetho de kuqalise ukuqwalaselwa, kwaye balunyulelwe ukuba baphephe ukupapashwa kwesixhobo sonxibelelwano okanye uphando nge-intanethi ngetyala. Lo mthetho (ngokufuthi ubizwa ngokuba “kungekho mpembelelo engaphandle” umthetho) unyanzelekile ukuba uthintele ikhethe elingafanelekanga.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba bonke ubungqina bunikelwe kwaye bobabini bephumle, umbutho ngamnye wenza impikiswano yokuqukumbela. Umtshutshisi okanye ummangali uhamba kuqala, alandelwe yi-start; ingtshutshiso isenokuphinda iphikise. Iingxoxo zokuvala lithuba lokugqibela lokucenga abachopheli-chopheli-tyala. Oo-Atttorney bashwankathela ubungqina, babalaselisa izibakala ezingundoqo, kwaye bachaze isizathu sokuba umthetho uxhasa isikhundla somxhasi wabo. Ijajingathanga ukuba igqwetha lithetha kakubi umthetho okanye ubungqina.

Imiyalelo Engokwasemthethweni: UMthetho Usetyenziswa

Phambi kokuba abachopheli-tyala baqalise ukuququzelela, ijaji ifunda ngokuvakalayo imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala (ekwabizwa ngokuba sisohlwayo). Le miyalelo icacisa imilinganiselo esemthethweni emele isetyenziswe kwizibakala njengoko abachopheli befumana zona. Umzekelo, kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ijaji iza kuchaza “ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni” ize ichaze izibakala zolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, ijaji iza kufundisa ngomthwalo wobungqina (ngokuqhelekileyo “ukuchanaba ubungqina”) kunye nazo naziphi na iimfundiso ezifanelekileyo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Kufuneka abachopheli-tyala balandele umthetho njengoko unikwe, nokuba ngaba abachopheli-mthetho ngabanye abavumelani nawo.

Isigqibo: Ixesha LikaJury Lokugqiba

Kwangoko bayalelwa, abachopheli bejaji bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi labucala lokuqubisana. Isekela lenkundla (i-bailiff) liqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu ungena ngaphandle kwabaphathi bejaji. Kwityala eliphezulu le-profile, abachopheli-tyala basenokucelwa (bagcinwe kunye kwihotele) ukuze bathintele impembelelo yangaphandle.

Indlela Esisebenza Ngayo Isindululo

Inkululeko yingxoxo ecwangcisiweyo. Abachopheli bejaji bakhetha umqhubi (okanye owongamelayo) ukukhokela incoko nokuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu unethuba lokuthetha. Umphathi-ntloko ugcina ingxubusho kwindlela kwaye anganceda ekulawuleni ukungavisisani. Ijaji ihlolisisa ubungqina .[1] Ngokufuthi icela ukubona imiboniso okanye ubungqina bufundwe emva. Baxubusha ityala ngalinye okanye inkupho nganye engokwasemthethweni ngokwahlukeneyo.

Xa kuqwalaselwa, kulindeleke ukuba abachopheli-mthetho:

  • Hlola ubungqina nokuthembeka kwamangqina
  • Sebenzisa imiyalelo esemthethweni enikwe yijaji
  • Cinga ngezinye iimbono uze uzame ukufikelela izinto ovumelana ngazo
  • Hlala ungakhethi buso uze uzihlonele iimbono zabanye

Ukuba umgwebi akavumi ngabom okanye akasebenzisani nejaji, unokuxelelwa, kodwa inkundla ayifane ingenele ngaphandle kokuba kukho ihambo ephosakeleyo.

Ukufikelela Isifungo

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo kufuneka sihlangane: bonke abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka bavumelane ngetyala okanye ngokungabinatyala. Ukuba abanakufikelela kwisigqibo esithe saqiniswa . "ekusoloko kubizwa “umgwebi ogwebayo"" ugwebi angavakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo, kwaye umtshutshisi angagqiba ukuba angalilungisa na eli tyala. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, urhulumente omninzi uvumela isigqibo esininzi (umz., 5 kwisi-6 okanye isi-9 kwi-12 ukuba amaqela avuma kwangaphambili.

Xa kufikelelwa isigqibo, abachopheli-tyala bayalivuma ityala. Ijaji, amaqela namagqwetha ahlanganisana enkundleni. Umphathi ufunda esi sigqibo ngokuvakalayo. Kwakhona ijaji ngalinye lisenokubuzwa inyanise isivumelwano sejaji nganye. Emva kwesigqibo, ijaji isenokubulela abachopheli bejaji, kwaye inkonzo yabo iqukunjelwe.

Izihloko Ezikhethekileyo Kwizilingo Zomngxuma

Ukwenziwa kwe Jury Nullification

Ukupheliswa kwetyala kwenzeka xa inkundla egwebayo ikhupha ityala lommangalelwa phezu kwako nje ukuba netyala ngenxa yokuba abachopheli-mthetho bakholelwa ukuba umthetho awulunganga okanye akufanele kusetyenziswe kule meko. Nangona iijaji zobugcisa zinamandla okuphelisa, abagwebi abawazisi ngalo gunya, yaye amagqwetha ayalelwa ekuphikisaneni ngokuphelisa ityala. Isengumxholo oqhutyelwa impikiswano, kodwa abanye bawugqala njengovavanyo kwimithetho ecinezelayo, ngoxa abanye bewujonga njengolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ubalo kunye netyala lenkangeleko ephezulu

Ukuvavanywa kwetyala elifumana ingqalelo enzima kumajelo eendaba, ijaji ingayalela abachopheli betyala ukuba bagcinwe bebodwa ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala kwaye bacebe ukukhusela ukuchanabeka kolwazi olungaphandle. Ukugwetywa komthetho kunokuba ngumthwalo kubagwebi kodwa maxa wambi kuyimfuneko ukugcina ubulungisa.

Indima Yomgwebi

Ngoxa abachopheli-tyala begqiba ngemibuzo yenyaniso, ijaji igqiba ngemibuzo yomthetho. Ijaji iyalela ngobungqina, iyalela abachopheli-tyala, ize igcine ucwangco. Kwityala lesihlalo (akukho mgwebi), kwakhona ijaji igqiba izibakala. Kodwa kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ijaji isebenza njengommeli wobundi.

Amacebiso Okukhonza Njengomngxuma

Ukuba ubizelwa kwinkonzo yabachopheli - tyala, nawa amacebiso asebenzisekayo okuwenza la mava abe luncedo:

  • Lungela ukunikela ingqalelo: Iimvavanyo zinokuba nezixa ezide zobungqina. Thatha amaphetshana ukuba avumelekile.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Musa ukuthembela kulwazi lwangaphandle: Kuphephe ukukhangela iinkcukacha zetyala, ukutyelela indawo yesiganeko, okanye ukuxubusha ngetyala nomntu. Isigqibo sakho kufuneka siphelele koko kunikelwe enkundleni.
  • Imibuzo: Ezinye iinkundla zivumela amajaji ukuba akhuphele amangqina imibuzo ebhaliweyo. Ukuba akuqinisekanga ngento ethile, buza umgwebi xa kufanelekile.
  • Yiba nengqondo evulekileyo: Phulaphula bonke ubungqina phambi kokwenza uluvo. Ulwenziso yinkqubo yeqela; hlonela ezinye iimbono.
  • [[UMTL:0] Wazi amalungelo akho: Ukuba uziva uxinzelelo oluvela kwabanye abachopheli-mthetho okanye ukhathazwa, yazisa ibheyilef okanye ijaji.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Imibandela Yobutsha

Inkqubo yokuchophela ityala asiyonkqubo esemthethweni; lulungiselelo lwedemokhrasi olunika abemi amandla okuba bathabathe inxaxheba ngokungqalileyo kokusesikweni. Ngokuqonda amanyathelo okusuka kwisicelo sokuququzelela, abantu ngabanye bangawufeza umsebenzi wabo ngentembelo nangokuqonda. Abafundisi-bafundisi bangalusebenzisa olu lwazi ukunceda abafundi baluqonde ulungelelwano phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kunye noxanduva lwezentlalo-ntle. Kwinkcazelo engakumbi ngenkonzo yabachopheli-tyala, batyelele [[[FLT:]] iFUDALT] i-Judiary iphepha lenkonzo yabachongi yenkundla yetyala okanye [FLT] iZiko lombuso lokwahlulelo lobuzwe lobuzwe lolawulo lwenkundla yenkundla yetyala [FLT]]

Xa ufumana isimemo sokuchophela ityala kwixesha elizayo, uza kukwazi kakuhle oko umele ukulindele(( kwaye kutheni indima yakho njengejaji yenye yezona misebenzi zibalulekileyo kwibutho elikhululekileyo.