Uqhagamshelwano lwamandla-water: Ucelomngeni lwehlabathi lonke

Amanzi namandla enza ulwalamano olubalulekileyo lweziko langoku. Iqondo ngalinye lokuvelisa amandla.

Imfuneko yamanzi namandla ehlabathi lonke iyaqhubeka isanda. I-International Energy Agency (IEA) ihlomela ukuba ukurhoxa kwamanzi ukuze kuveliswe amandla kunganyuka ngo-20% ngo-2040 ngenkqubo yangoku, njengokuba uxinzelelo lwamanzi lusiba mandundu kwimimandla emininzi. Ukuqonda indlela inkqubo yamanzi etshintsha ngayo imveliso yamandla, kwaye okuphikisanayo noku, kubaluleke ngayo ekusekeleni iinkqubo ezinokuxhasa ukwanda kwabemi kunye noqoqosho ngelixa kukhusela indalo.

Indlela Asetyenziswa Ngayo Amanzi Ekuveliseni Amandla

Amanzi asebenza njengendawo epholisayo, ulwelo olusebenzayo, umthombo wamandla, kunye nesixhobo sokuthutha kusetyenziswa umbane owahlukahlukeneyo. Umthamo wamanzi atyiwayo uhluka kakhulu ngokwendlela, uhlobo lwepetroli, kunye nokhetho lobugcisa.

Izityalo Ezinamandla Ashushu: Ikhontshu Epholileyo

Izityalo zamandla ashushu ezidityanisiweyo ``Amandla''''''-aphoal', igesi yendalo, inyukliya, kunye nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo , zenza umbane ufudumezwe ngokufudumeza amanzi ukuze kuveliswe umphunga ojikeleza injini. Ukupholisa lo mphunga emva koko kufuna amanzi amaninzi kakhulu. Iindlela ezimbini zokupholisa zikhona:

  • Amanzi akhanywa kanye ngokupholisa: aphuma kumthombo, adlula kwi- strefiter frator, kwaye abuyiselwa kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Le ndlela ikhupha umthamo omkhulu (ukuya ku 150 liyilitha ngeyure) kodwa usebenzisa okuncinane (kufutshane no 1/3%) njengomphunga. Noko ke, ukuphuma komoya oshushu kungonakalisa ubomi bamanzi.
  • Ukupholisa (okuvaliweyo-epop): Amanzi asetyenziswa kwakhona ngaphakathi kwezihombiso zokupholisa, kunye nezi-2-5% kuphela ezilahlekayo ekushiyweni. Ii-ascrowal zisezantsi kakhulu, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okukhupha amanzi kuphezulu kwiyunithi yombane (malunga ne-2/4 yelitha nge kWh).

Kwimimandla yamanzi ehamba ngenqwelo-moya, ukupholisa okumanzi okupholileyo (izinto zokupholisa umoya ezipholileyo) kunganciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngaphezu kwama-90%, nangona kumaxabiso amakhulu kunye nesohlwayo sokusebenza kakuhle. ngokuhambelana ne-Arhente yeNkundla yokusingqongileyo ye-U.S.[FLT], ukhetho lobugcisa bokupholisa lungaguqula unyawo lwamanzi esityalweni ngohlobo oluphezulu, lwendlela esenza i-eronalthi yenkqubo ebalulekileyo.

Amandla e-hydroware: Ukhuseleko oluthe ngqo ekujinga-jinga

Amandla e-hydropower axhomekeke kumandla emozulu eshushu neyomileyo. Xa kungekho manzi athe agqitywayo kwinkqubo yesizukulwana ngokwayo, ukulahleka okungumphunga edamaleni kunokuba luncedo qha, ingakumbi kwimozulu yetropiki neyomileyo. Izifundo ezingama-2021 kwi [i-Nation] ejikelezayo [ ifumene ukuba ilahleko yomhlaba wonke lwezinto ezisetyenziswa ngamanzi acocekileyo, kunye namadamanzi amakhulu kwiindawo ezishushu eziphulukana namanzi ngaphezu kokugcina ezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo. Ngokubhekele phandle, imveliso ye-hydrawater ibos iboxwe ngqo kwimicromes, ibangela ukuba imolal'.

Ibhaso Lezilwanyana Neebhasojini: Iindleko Zamanzi Ezifihlakeleyo

Ukukhula kwezitya zokufunxa ibhayomas kunye nebhayoloji kufuna amanzi okunkcenkceshela, kwaye kulungiswa ezo zixhobo zisetyeni zisebenzisa amanzi awongezelelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, i-ethanol esekelwe kwi-ethanol, inobukhulu bamanzi obumalunga ne3,4,000 yeelital ze-ethanol xa ziquka ukunyibilikisa, kanti imithombo yemvula yommoba okanye i-cellulosi inokuba mbalwa kakhulu. Izigqibo ze-biofel ngoko zineziphumo eziphawulekayo zokufumaneka kwamanzi.

Ezinye imithombo yamandla zisebenzisa amanzi ngendlela ezincinci kodwa ezibalulekileyo: i-oyile kunye nokukhutshwa kwegesi (iinxenye i-frictived frictives) ifaka amanzi ngaphantsi komhlaba; ubushushu belanga [ isebenzisa amanzi ekupholiseni nasekuhlambeni izipili; kunye [[FLT:]] nenkqubo zokuphatha nokugcina

Ucelomngeni Lomgaqo - siseko Wamanzi Kwihlelo Lamandla

Njengoko ukhuphiswano lwamanzi angenamanzi lusanda, icandelo lamandla lijongene noluhlu olukhulayo lwenkqubo kunye neengxaki zokusebenza. Ezi asizongxaki zobugcisa kuphela, zizinto ezilawulayo ezinqamleza amacala aphakamileyo kwaye zifuna iimpendulo ezilungelelanisiweyo.

Ukhuphiswano

Imimandla edityaniswe ngamanzi atsalekayo ngokweziko leZiko lehlabathi elimalunga nekhulu lama-2023. Xa imbalela inciphisa ukugexa komlambo okanye imigangatho yamanzi asemhlabeni, izityalo zamandla zinganyanzeleka ukuba zinciphise imveliso okanye zide zivale. Ngonyaka wama-2022, izityalo zenyukliya kunye nezombane zaseYurophu zamanzi zifumana ukunciphisa umgangatho osezantsi womlambo kunye nobushushu obubhaliweyo, nto leyo enegalelo kwingxaki yamandla ekhoyo kwelizwekazi. Njengoko imozulu itshintsha imvula inyusa imvula kunye nobushushu obunjalo, ezo ngxaki ziza kunyuka.

Unikezelo lwamanzi asedolophini, ezolimo, kunye nemekobume yendalo zifuna ukhuphiswano nombane wovimba ofikelelekayo. I- edityanisiweyo imigaqo-nkqubo yokwabiwa kwamanzi ebeka phambili ezona misebenzi eluncedo kakhulu, xa kugcinwa izityalo zamandla kwi-intanethi ngexesha lobunzima.

Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo nenkqubo yendalo

Ukuphuma kwamanzi ukuze kuveliswe amandla kunokuyonakalisa indalo ngeendlela eziliqela:

  • Ungcoliseko loxinzelelo lwenqanawa olukwindawo ebanzi: Isixokelelwano esipholisayo sinyusa amaqondo obushushu amanzi, ukunciphisa ioksijini enyibilikayo kunye nomonakalo wentlanzi kunye nethambo lomqolo.
  • Uqeqesho kunye nokungalawuleki: izilwanyana ezikwiAquatic (kuquka imivubukulo kunye nentlanzi encinane) zivalelwe kwikhusi okanye zitsalwe kwinkqubo yokupholisa.
  • Utshintsho oluthe tyaba: Amadama amakhulu anamandla aguqula ulawulo lwendalo, ukuchaphazela uthutho lwezintsontela, ukufuduka kwentlanzi, kunye nempilo entle.
  • Uksuntswana komphezulu wesinyithi: Amanzi asetyenziswa ekukhupheni i-oyile kunye nokukhupha igesi okanye imigodi yamalahle angadala ungcoliso ukuba alawulwa kakuhle.

IUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ilumkisa ukuba ukuwohloka komgangatho wamanzi ovela kwimveliso yamandla luphawu olungahoywayo lwenexus, nezithuba zokulawula kumazwe amaninzi ezivumela iziphumo ezinyukayo zingathintelwa.

Iinguqu Zemozulu

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kugxininisa ubuncwane bamanzi kwaye kuphazamisa ukuveliswa kombane. Umoya ophezulu kunye nobushushu bamanzi kunciphisa amandla ezityalo (ngokuba iinkqubo zokupholisa zisebenza kancinci). Ukutshintsha kwesantya semvula kutshintsha imveliso yamanzi ahambayo kwaye kunciphisa ukuhamba komlambo okufunekayo ukuze kuphole. Ngokuchasene noko, icandelo lamandla likhupha igesi eshushu ekhupha amandla amakhulu.

Abenzi bomthetho kufuneka baphendule ngezi ntshukumo zingekho kwicala lasekunene xa bebeka umbane namanzi ajoliswe kuwo.

I-Nexus eqhutywa ngamanzi: Ii-apples ezidityanisiweyo kunye nezifundo zetyala

Ulawulo olunempumelelo lwenexus yamanzi lufuna ukukhangela ngaphaya kwamacandelo azimeleyo ukuphawula ubuchule borhwebo kunye nokuphuma.

Ukucwangciswa kwamanzi

Ucwangciso lwe-Nexus lubandakanya ukulawulwa kwemiqathango elawulayo, ukwabelana ngogcino-lwazi ngapha nangapha kwamanzi kunye namaqumrhu anamandla, kunye nokusebenzisa imodeli enqamlezayo ukuvavanya iinketho zenkqubo. Umzekelo, xa begqiba ngemvume yamandla emitsha, abaphathi bamanzi bangavavanya enoba unikezelo lwamanzi lwasekuhlaleni lungakukwazi ukumelana nokurhoxa koncedo ngaphandle kokuba konakele abasebenzisi abakhoyo okanye i-ecology. Abacebisi bezixhobo zokusebenza ngamandla bangaqwalasela ubugcisa bokunciphisa amandla anciphisa ukubola kwamanzi.

IBhanki yehlabathi inyuse uhlolo kumazwe amaninzi, kuquka iMorocco kunye nePhilippines, apho uphando olulungeleleneyo lokwenza amanzi asebenze kakuhle luye lwafumanisa utyalo-mali olugcina amanzi namandla. Iingcebiso ezingundoqo ezisuka kolu hlolo ziquka ukudibanisa izinto ezisetyenziswa kwe-tapriff ukuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kunye nokunika umvuzo wamandla asebenzayo.

Isifundo SikaCase: IBasin yoMlambo iColorado

IColorado River Bastin kumzantsi-ntshona we-United States ibonisa ungquzulwano phakathi kwamanzi namandla. Umlambo unika abantu abangamawaka amane namanzi okulima, ngoxa uxhasa izityalo zamanzi aphumayo eGlen Canyon nase Hoover Dams. Njengokuba isitya sokuhla sihlala kwi-dicegaded, amanqanaba edabi aye afumana uthothotho, ucwangciso lwexesha likaxakeka, usoyikisa iziphumo zexesha likaxakeka kunye nokunyanzelela amanzi ukuba anqunywe. , i-U.S Bureau of Reclamediation ivakalisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuba kusetyenziswa amandla angakanani namanzi, iplani ekwayilwayo i-ooyile enokuthi ikhutshwe kuGenethi ye-Geneon Damon ukuba ihlise umbane, i-5% yezigidi ze-omatilathi echaza ngombane.

Ukufundisisa Ngemeko: Ingxaki Yamandla Anamandla EIndiya

IIndiya, apho i 75% yombane ivela kwizityalo ezitshisa amalahle, iye yafumana uphando oluphindaphindiweyo olunxulumene namanzi. Uphando lwama-2021 lwe-World Resources Institute (WRI) lufumanise ukuba i-40% yezityalo zamandla ashushu aseIndiya zijongene noxinzelelo lwamanzi oluphezulu, kwaye ebudeni bexesha lembalela yehlobo lama-2019, izityalo ezininzi ziye zanyanzeleka ukuba zinqumle imveliso zize zifikelele kuma-50%. National Water Policy [ ngoku ziquka amalungiselelo okuhamba okungenamandla okusetyenziswa kwemilambo emitha, kwaye izityalo ezintsha zisebenzisa ubuchule bokupholisa. Sekunjalo ukunyanzela ukunyanzela, kunye nezityalo ezininzi ezindala zisexhomekeke kwindawo epholileyo.

Ubuchule bokulondolozwa kwamanzi nolawulo lwamandla

Ukutshintshela kwinkqubo exhaswa ngamanzi kufuneka uthathe intshukumo ngapha kobugcisa, inkqubo, kunye nemali. Ngaphantsi zizicwangciso ezingundoqo ezinikezelwayo ehlabathini lonke.

Izikhuseli zobugcisa

Inkqubela kwisizukulwana samandla kunye nonyango lwamanzi ingakunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi:

  • Iinkqubo zokupholisa ezihambele phambili: Ukupholisa kwe-Hybrid (i-wet-dry) kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezikwindawo ezibandayo, ukugcina amanzi ngexesha lempepho kwaye ukusebenzisa upholiso xa kusebenza kakuhle. Ukupholisa ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kunceda izityalo ezininzi ezitshiswe yigesi kwaye kunamandla elanga kwiindawo ezomileyo.
  • Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe kwezixhobo zamandla kwimizi-mveliso: Ukulungisa nokuphinda usebenzise amanzi amdaka oshishino, umatshini wokukhupha ipetroli, okanye ukudubula phantsi kwindlu epholisayo kunganqumla amanzi aphukileyo ngo-30-50%.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imijikelo yamandla acacileyo iCO2: Ezi zisebenzisa ikharbon dioxide endaweni yamanzi njengolwelo olusebenzayo, zinika ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu kwaye zisusa iimfuno zamanzi ngokupheleleyo kwiinkqubo ezithile.
  • Iyunithi yesixhobo sokulinganisa isantya senqanawa nomoya: Ezi ndlela zobugcisa zifuna amanzi ancinane ngexesha lomsebenzi --wind isebenzisa phantse angabikho, kwaye ii-PV ezincinci kuphela ekucoceni indawo yolawulo. Ukuguqula isizukulwana ukuba sivuselelwe yeyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokukhupha amandla ekutyeni amanzi.

Izixhobo zoLawulo

Oorhulumente bangakhuthaza ukhetho lwamandla ajikelezayo kumanzi ngobuchule obuninzi:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Imigangatho yokusebenza kakuhle kwenqanawa kwizityalo ezintsha zamandla (umz., ukupholisa okuvaliweyo kwisitya sokuhlambela samanzi esinemibhobho).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqalisa nokunika iinguqu ezibonakalisa ukuswela nokungalondolozi ugcino lwento.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ucwangciso lwezibonelelo ezidityanisiweyo phakathi kwamanzi kunye nezingenisi-mandla, kunye nesiseko sogcino-lwazi esahlulweyo kukungabikho kwamanzi kunye nemfuno yamandla.
  • Imimiselo ehambayo engundoqo emisela amaqondo aphantsi omlambo ukukhusela indalo nokuxhasa abasebenzisi bamanzi kumazantsi amanzi, kuquka amandla okuhamba kwenqanawa.
  • Imigangatho yezibuko elivuselelweyo ebeka iliso kukukhanya kwelanga, umoya, kunye nolunye ubugcisa bamanzi asezantsi.

ISicwangciso samanzi aManzi acocekileyo kunye noMthetho wamanzi acocekileyo wase-U.S. wombini uchaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ajikelezayo, kodwa iinkqubo ze-nexus ezicacileyo zihlala zinqabile. Zimbalwa izizwe ezinjengaseMzantsi Afrika nase-Australia.

Indima Yamandla Anokubuyiselwa Nokuhlaziywa Kwamandla

Ukutshintshela kwinkqubo yamandla aphantsi ekharbon asilothuba eliyimfuneko lemozulu kuphela kodwa kwakhona lithuba lokusebenzisa amanzi. I-photovoltaics kunye nomoya zifuna 95-99% amanzi angaphantsi kwiyunithi yombane kumbane kunesibaso se-athom okanye izityalo zenyukliya ezinokupholiswa kanye. Kwanaxa kuthelekiswa nezityalo zendalo ezidityaniswe ngegesi (ezisebenzisa amanzi amancinane ekupholiseni), ubushushu belanga nomoya kusaphuma phambili.

I-International Revuenuble Energy Agency (IRANE) iqikelela ukuba ukuphinda-phinda ulwahlulo lwehlabathi lonke lokuhlaziya ngo-2030 kunganciphisa ukurhoxa kwamanzi ukuze kunikwe amandla ngo-25-30% xa kuthelekiswa nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi aphantsi kweshishini. Noko ke, kukho iinguqu: ukunikezela ngamandla elanga (CSP) kunye nokupholisa kusenokuba namanzi angenayo; ibhayoloji ixhomekeke ekunkcenkcenkcesheni; kwaye ukuphelelwa ngamandla okujikeleza kwamanzi kufuneka kulinganiswe nokusetyenziswa kwayo okusebenza okusezantsi kwamanzi. Ngoko abachazi bomthetho kufuneka balumkele ukujongo okujongwa kweenyawo ezikwindawo eziphezulu xa besenza amandla okuhlaziya.

I-oklook Yexesha Elizayo Nezincomo

I-energy nexus emanzi iza kuba mandundu ngakumbi njengoko utshintsho lwemozulu lunyusa ukunyuka kwe-hydrologic kwaye njengoko amazwe asakhasayo endisa ukufumaneka kombane. Izenzo ezingundoqo kwishumi leminyaka elizayo ziquka:

  1. Amazwe amaninzi angenayo inkqubo yokuhlola efunekayo ukusukela urhoxiso lwamanzi kwizityalo zamandla nokuxela kwangaphambili indlela ukutshintsha kobukho bamanzi okuchaphazela ngayo ukuthembeka kwe-grid. Ii-database ezifikeleleka ngokubanzi (njenge-U.S. Esebenzisa ugcino-lwazi lwamanzi) kufuneka zifunyanwe emhlabeni wonke.
  2. Izizathu zezoqoqosho. iziphene zelaphu lelahleko zisoloko zigqwetha zombini iimarike zamanzi kunye namandla. Ukuxhasa ubugcisa bamanzi asezantsi kunye neenkqubo zoshishino ezingaphumeleliyo zingafikelela kwiinjongo ezininzi ngexesha elinye.
  3. [[FLT: 0] Ulawulo oluqinileyo. inika isiseko senkqubela-phambili yenkqubela-phambili yamanzi kujongo lwamanzi.
  4. [[NTL: 0] Imozulu ekwazi ukumelana nemozulu. Izibonelelo ezitsha zamandla kufuneka zenzelwe ukusebenza phantsi kwemeko ezishushu kunye nezikhuphisayo. Oku kuquka ukukhetha ukupholisa kwamanzi, ukufumana izityalo kwiindawo ezinamanzi athe nkqo, kunye nesizukulwana esinee-portolio.
  5. Ukusetyenziswa kwengingqi kunye nemeko- bume. izigqibo zenkqubo yamanzi ezichaphazela imveliso yamandla azinakwenziwa ngokwazo. Amaqela elizwe, abasebenzisi bamanzi asezantsi kwamanzi, kunye nemibutho yolondolozo lwendalo kufuneka ibe nesihlalo etafileni ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ezithe ngqo nezokwendalo.

Ukudibana kwenkqubo yamanzi kunye nemveliso yamandla akuseyondawo ephambili ephambili esekelwe kuyo inkcubeko yemfundo ```ingumba oorhulumente, izinto eziluncedo, kunye noshishino lwezoshishino emhlabeni wonke. Ngokuphatha amanzi namandla njengamacala amabini engqekembe enye, uluntu lungakha iinkqubo ezinokuthenjwa nezixhaswa, naphantsi kobunzima bokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokufuna okukhulayo. Indlela engaphambili ayifuni nje ubuchule kodwa ikwanokuthanda kwezobupolitika, ukunqamleza umda, kunye nokujonga ixesha elide okuxabisa ukhuseleko lwezibane zethu kunye nempilo yemilambo yethu.