Ukudibana Kwamalungelo Oluntu Neziko Lezobulungisa

Ukusukela amalungelo asekuhlaleni kunye nokusesikweni eUnited States kumela okungaphezulu kunengqokelela yeziganeko zembali; libali elisoloko licacisa inyathelo elidityanisiweyo lokulwa nokungalingani kwenkqubo. Ngoxa intsebenziswano zamalungelo abantu ngokwembali iye yajolise ekukhuseleni imigaqo esemthethweni nemigaqo-siseko yemiqathango yokukhusela amaqela athe tyaba, intsebenziswano yezentlalo elungelelanisa ukulungelelana okubanzi, ubufana, udidi, imbonakalo yesini, namandla. Ukuqonda apho le misinga emibini idibana iyimfuneko kubafundisi, abafundi, kunye nabaxhasi abafuna ukuyiqonda ngokupheleleyo ukulingana okuqhubekayo kweMerika. Xa le ntshukumo isenza imfuno yeminye i-tanime, ikhuthaza iimfuno zesinye, kunye nobuchule obungakumbi ekuboneni okuzinzileyo.

Ukudibana kwamalungelo abantu kunye nokusesikweni akuyonto intsha. Ukusukela kumaphulo okuphelisa indalo enkulungwane ye-19 ukuya kulwamkelo lokusebenza ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, abaxhasi baye baqonda ukuba ukusesikweni ngokwesizwe, okusesikweni kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokulingana kwe-nomnombo kudityaniswe kakhulu. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi engokwembali yezi ntshukumo, lichaza amanani aphambili abangela izinto ezahlukeneyo, lihlolisisa ukusetyenziswa kwale mihla okufana nomthetho weBlack Lives Matter kunye neMeToo qela, kwaye linikela iindlela eziluncedo zokufundisa ezi zithethe zidibenee.

Imbali Yamalungelo Abantu

Izalathisi zasekuqaleni zamashumi mabini

Isiseko sombutho wamalungelo abantu wangoku sabekwa kude phambi koo1950. Iintlangano ezinjenge- PN [FLT], esungulwe ngo-1909, inyuswe imingeni esemthethweni echasene nocalucalulo kunye nokususwa kwemiqathango. Isakhiwo sonyaka 1954 Brown v. IBrown yemfundo isigqibo, esathiwe yahlula izikolo zikawonke wonke, yaba yincophotho yomthetho, yaba yincopho yamashumi eminyaka yokuzinziswa kwemithetho ecwangcisiweyo eyayikhokelwa ngamanani afana noCharles Houston noThur Marshall. Ngelixesha linye, iingca ezinjengamatyala eChicago Rioctet nowe “Unt Apho Unokubhakamo lwe-1930.

ISixeko saMalungelo esiPhakathi (1954-1968)

Umphakamo oqhelekileyo wombutho wamalungelo abantu usoloko ufunyaniswe kumbindi-1950 ukuya ekupheleni koo1960. Iziganeko ezingundoqo zivuselele ingqalelo yesizwe kunye nesenzo esinyanzelekileyo sowiso-mthetho:

  • iMontgomery Bus Boycott (195-1956): [[FLT] Ixhotyiswe nguRosa Park ukungavumi kwakhe ukunikezela esihlalweni sakhe, le nkwenkwana yosuku lwama 381 yakhokelela ekuncitshisweni kwezithuthi zikawonke-wonke kwaye yaphakamisa uMartin Luther King Jr. njengenkokeli yesizwe.
  • IGreensboro Sit- Ins (1960): Abafundi abane basekholeji badala iliza lokuqhankqalaza okungenabundlobongela ngokuchasene neendawo zokukhaphela isidlo sasemini ezigawulweyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuyisweni kweKomiti yaBafundi iNonlib Coordinating (SNC).
  • IMatshi eWashington (1963): Apho uKumkani wanikela khona intetho yakhe ethi “Ndinephupha”, olu phawu lombutho lunyanzelisa iBhunga ukuba likhuphe umthetho wamalungelo abantu.
  • UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi (1964): Lo mthetho ophawula imbali ulugwebe ucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe, uphelisa ucalucalulo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke nokwalela ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi.
  • UMthetho wovolo olugunyazisa amaLungelo (1965): Emva kohambo olunogonyamelo “ngeCawa” eSelma, e-Alabama, iBhunga lawisa umthetho owalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni, ukoyisa okukhulu nxamnye nokungathobeli.

Ukugxininisa kweli qela ekungathobelini abasebenzi kwakhuthaza uMahatma Gandhi nezithethe zamaKristu zokunikela ubungqina ngokuziphatha.

Imilinganiselo kunye neshishini elingagqitywanga

Ngeli xesha u-1964 no1965 luye lwachitha ulwahlulo, aluzange luphelise ukungalingani kwemeko kwizindlu, imfundo, okanye ubutyebi. Ukubulawa kukaMartin Luther King Jr. ngo1968 kwaphawula incopho yokuguquka, kwaye ukunyuka koMbutho waMandla oMnyama ngokulandelayo kwabalaselisa iimfuno zozihambelanisa ngokwezoqoqosho kunye nekratshi lenkcubeko lokuba utshintsho olusemthethweni kuphela lunganenelisa. Eli xesha kwakhona labona ukuqondwa okukhulayo ngendlela udidi nobufana, ukumisela iqonga lemithetho elungelelanisa intlalo-ntle yoluntu.

Ubulungisa Obusasazekileyo Entlalweni

Amalungelo Namalungelo Amabhinqa

Intshukumo yokuzikhusela yamabhinqa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20 idla ngokuthathwa njengesahluko esahlukileyo, kodwa iinkokeli zayo zisoloko zisebenzisa ubuchule bokwenza ulawulo kunye namaqhinga. UFrederick Douglas wayengumxhasi ophambili womkhosi wamabhinqa, kwaye iNgqungquthela ye-1848 yawanxulumanisa ngokucacileyo ukulwela amalungelo amabhinqa ekulweni nobukhoboka. Noko ke, umbutho wawukwalwa noxanduva lwesizwe: emva kwemfazwe yeNovili, abanye abafazi abamhlophe abamhlophe abafundileyo babephikisa ukuba imfuneko yokuvota ifanele ivoti ingaphezulu kunamadoda amaBlam - , ityhila imidanganiso. Isindululo seshumi elinesithoba kwishumi elinesithobaresenti (1920) asizange siwamkele ngokupheleleyo amalungelo okuvolwa kwamabhinqa antsula eMzantsi de kwaMandla oMdangalathi ka-19665.

LGBTQ+ Intshukumo yamalungelo

ILGBTQ yale mihla, esoloko ijongene nezenzo zobundlobongela zamapolisa, ezidla ngokufunyanwa kwi Stonewall Riots kwisiXeko saseNew York, yakhokelwa ngamabhinqa ahamba ngemibala engafaniyo afana noMashla P. Johnson noSylvia Rivera. Isenzo sawo sokulwa ngqo nokulwa amalungelo asekuhlaleni, njengoko aye ajongana nenkohlakalo kunye nocalucalucalulo olufanayo lwama-Afrika. Umbutho ugxininise phambili ekupheliseni ubufana nolwelo lobufana nolwelo lobufana nolwe-RGawula nomthetho olinganayo. Kungoku, amashumi eminyaka amashumi eminyaka, ukulwela ukulingana kwamalungelo abantu (onke esizwe ngo 2015 [FLD:]] u-bergev.[FLD1]) wakhanyelwa kwimiba eliqhelekileyo lomthetho omthetho olinganayo.

Ubulungisa Bezoqoqosho Nemibutho Yemisebenzi

Umzabalazo wobulungisa bezoqoqosho usekelwe ngokunzulu kumbutho wabasebenzi, ukususela ngo1886 Haymarket ukuya kutsho kwiNkxaso yeFlint ehla phantsi. Ngoo1960, uMartin Luther King Jr. wagxininisa ngakumbi ekuhlwempuzekeni, emisela iPixelFous People’s Campaign Impagiment yoMahlwele ngo1968 ukunyanzela amalungelo abantu ezoqoqosho kuwo onke amaMelika, kungakhathaliseki ukuba akhuseleke kumgangatho woluntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kuphiwe imali entle, izindlu ezihloniphekileyo, kunye nokufikelela ekunyamekeleni impilo. Ngokufanayo, iUnited Faes Fare Farel Favezz noDolo Prelette , iding , idityaniza ukulungiselela ukuquququlukwa kwamalungelo oluntu, ngokusebenzisa ii-fantswords kunye noothssss trayworkss. Namhlanje, imibutho yemali ephambili esetyenziswa ngoqoqook

Ukulwa Ngokugqithisileyo Nokuzimisela

Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni Neqela Lamabhinqa

Ngeminyaka yee-1960 kunye no-1970, abaxhasi abaninzi bamalungelo abantu abangamabhinqa badimazeka ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwamalungelo abantu kwimibutho eqhutywayo. Amabhinqa anjengo-Ellan Baker, uFannie Lou Hamer, kunye noSeptima Poinette Clark aphuhlisa iinkqubo zobunkokeli zoncedo ezanika amandla amabhinqa antsundu, kwaye amava abo abeka isiseko kumbutho wesibini wamalungelo amalungelo amabhinqa. Ingqungquthela yaMasifazelo yangonyaka ka 1977 ibandakanya iqonga lokuxhasa amalungelo oonobhintshontshontsho, inkululeko yokuzala, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Activemodetic Rights Redegimplity Reconsole (ERA), ibonisa indlela okusesikweni okusuka kwiminye ukujongwa kwemi kuququkwa kwemi kumaqela amanani amanani aphezulu aquka ukulingana kwe-ntlalonke.

Udibano njengesakhelo

Umphengululi ongokwasemthethweni uKimberlé Crenshaw wasungula igama elithi ulwahlulo ngo 1989 ukuchaza indlela olugqithise ngayo ulwahlulo lwentlalo (njengebala, isini, iklasi, kunye nembonakalo yesondo). Olu lungiselelo luye lwafuneka ekuqondeni isizathu sokuba imijikelezo ye-oxini enye ingakwazi ukusingatha iimfuno zoyena mtyani. Umzekelo, umfazi omnyama ojongenengxaki yesondo emsebenzini angasebenza ngokungafanelekanga ngombutho ojongene namava amhlophe okanye umbutho wamalungelo abantu ojonge amava amnyama. Ukudibana nomntu omntu odibana nomntu uqinisekisa ukuba uApondondo.

Izixhobo Ezingundoqo Ezavala Iqela

Inkokeli eziliqela ezisebenzisa imifanekiso yemifanekiso zibonisa ukudibana kwamalungelo abantu nokusesikweni ngokwemali ezizibophelele kwiinjongo ezininzi zobomi bazo. Nantsi amanani amahlanu umsebenzi wawo oweqabela imida yesithethe:

  • [[FLT: 0] uMartin Luther King Jr.--Ngaxa yaziwe kakhulu ngokukhokela iNtlanganiso yamalungelo abantu, iminyaka yamva kaKumkani ijolise kakhulu kwimithetho yezoqoqosho, ukuchasa imfazwe yaseVietnam, nokuqalisa iCandelo lamahlwempu. Wafaka amakhonkco acacileyo phakathi kwemikhosi, ubuhlanga, nobuhlwempu, ephikisa ukuba uxolo lokwenyaniso lufuna okusesikweni kwentlalo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Fannie Lou Hamer – Acropper kunye nomququzeleli we-SNCC, Hamer wasungula iMississippi Free Democratic Party ngo1942 kwaye wangqina ngamandla ngenkohlakalo yamapolisa kunye nokucinezelwa komvoti kwiNgqungquthela yesiZwe yeDemocratic. Wasebenza kwakhona kwintsebenziswano yokutya kunye neenkqubo zeHead Start, ethetha ngobuhlwempu njengamalungelo abantu.
  • UMalk -Enye yezokuqala ezinyuliweyo ngamafanasini eUnited States, Ubisi lwalwela umanyano lweziqendu, amaqela amancinane angokohlanga, nezindlu ezinokufikeleleka eSan Francisco. Ukubulawa kwakhe ngo1978 kwakhuthaza umbutho wamalungelo amafanasini kwaye kwabalaselisa imfuneko yokudibana kwemibutho.
  • Dolores Huerta – ikho ekwakheni iUnited Farm Works ephethe uCesar Cavez, iHuerta ichithe amashumi eminyaka ixhasa amalungelo abaphambukeli, amalungelo amabhinqa, kunye nezobulungisa bemekobume. Waqamba isiqubulo esithi “Sí, se puede” (Ewe, singaba), kamva ekwaba yiyo ekhuthaza ukukhuthaza amalungelo ondwendwe kunye nephulo le-Obama.
  • .Marsha P. Johnson - Umxhasi wobufanasini kwaye erhuqa ukumkanikazi, uJohnson wayengumntu ongundoqo kwimvukelo yetsheya lasedolobheni kwaye wafaka i Transvestate Action Revolutionries (STAR) ukuxhasa iLGBTQ + ubutsha engenamakhaya. Umsebenzi wakhe kudibano-manani omntu wesini, ubuhlwempu, kunye nenkohlakalo yamapolisa elindele umbutho wamalungelo ahlukeneyo namhlanje.

Intshukumo Yale Mihla: Ukuzingisa Notshintsho

Ubomi Obumnyama Bubalulekile

Yasekwa ngo-2013 emva kokulahlwa kukaGeorge Zimmerman ekubulaweni kweTraevon Martin, Ubomi Obumnyama Manumbe (BLM)[[FLM:1]] yakhula yaba ngumbutho wehlabathi lonke nxamnye nenkohlakalo yamapolisa kunye nohlanga lwamaqela ahlukeneyo. IBLM yahluke kunyakatho wangoma 1960 wamalungelo abantu kwintsebenziswano yayo entle, ukusebenzisa i-mediadiater meter meter meter, kunye nokufakwa okucacileyo kweLGBQ+ kunye namalungu amabhinqa. Umbutho uye wanyanzela wotshintsho oluqhelekileyo njengoomatshini, ulawulo lwamapolisa, kunye nooodadipolishini lokubuyisa iinkonzo zoluntu. I-BLM ikwagxininisa i-lityty [[FFLT:], ukungaziwa kobugracki, amaBlalksi amabhinqa; amaBlam, amava aphakathi, amaBlalk

Intshukumo nam

Iqalwe nguTarna Burke ngo 2006 njengomzamo wokuxhasa abasindi bezenzo zogonyamelo lwesini, Me Too yadubula yasingela kwisiganeko sehlabathi lonke ngo-2017 emva kwe-Harvey Weinstein aphengululo. Intshukumo ibalaselisa indlela ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini nokuhlaselwa kwamandla. Ngokungalinganiyo ichaphazela ngayo amabhinqa anemibala ephantsi, abasebenzi abaphantsi, nabasebenzi abadlulisi-mashishini. Ngokufaka ugonyamelo lwesondo njengomba wentlalo kunokuba umbango wabucala, uMeo uye wabangela utshintsho lwemithetho, izindululo zemisebenzi yomsebenzi, kunye nokugweba okubanzi kwezithethe kunye nokungalinganiyo kwamandla.

Ubulungisa Bemozulu Njengobulungisa Bentlalo

Ingxaki yemozulu ngokungenakuthelekiswa ichaphazela uluntu olungenayo kunye noluntu olunombala, olunako kakhulu ukuhlala kufutshane noshishino lokungcolisa kunye nokungabikho kobuncwane ukuze lutshintshwe. [[FLT: 0] intshukumo yokulawula ubulungisa ikhokelwa ngamaqela afana ne-Iintlovation Environmental Network kunye neSun Movement, inxibelelanisa ngokucacileyo ukuwohloka kwemekobume nentlalo ekhoyo, ubuhlanga, ubuthanganyeli, kunye nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho. Abaxhasi abaselula abafana noGreta Thunberg kunye nolutsha lwexesha elizayo baye bandisa incoko ukuze baquke incoko yabo yokuzalwa, bebanga ukuba ukulwa kwesijikelezi - langa esilungele ukulwela amalungelo abantu. Oku kubonisa ukuba ulungeleniso lwasekuhlaleni namhlanje luphawuleka kakhulu kunokuba lufuneke, ukufuneka ngobuninzi bobunzima.

Ukufundisa Umgama Othe Tye: Ubuchule Babafundisi - ntsapho

Iindlela ezigobileyo

Ukufundisa ukudibana kwamalungelo abantu nokusesikweni kwezentlalo kufuna ukuba uhambele phambili ngaphaya kobalo-maxesha olulula lweziganeko. Abafundisi-lwazi abanempumelelo basebenzisa la maqhinga alandelayo:

Ucelomngeni Nokucingwa

Ukufundisa imbali eziphikiswayo kusenokucaphuka ngokweemvakalelo. Oothisha kufuneka benze iindawo ezikhuselekileyo zokuxoxa, bavume ukuba nocalucalulo lobuqu, kwaye bakulungele ukuthetha nomfundi obehlelwe phantsi kwemeko ebuhlungu. Kubalulekile ukuphepha nayiphi na intshukumo njenge-monothi; endaweni yoko, ukugxininisa iingxoxo zangaphakathi kunye nenkxwaleko. Umzekelo, umbutho wamalungelo abantu uquka amaquququzelela (njengoKumkani) kunye nama-sopathi (njengo-Malcolm X kwiingo ezithile), kunye ne LGBBQ+ intshukumo eqhutywa ngamaxesha icekelwe ngamaxesha i-last transformder kunye ne-bibitals.

Isiphelo: Uhambo Oluqhubekayo Lokufuna Okusesikweni

Ukudibana kwamalungelo abantu kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokusesikweni yentlalo kubonisa indlela entle yomanyano, ingxabano, kunye nolwando. Kusukela kwabaphelisi abaxhasa amalungelo amabhinqa kwiBlack Live Matter abaxhasi abaphambili abagxininisa ekuhlolweni nasekudluliseni amava, isizukulwana ngasinye sisekela izifundo zexesha elidluleyo ngoxa siphendula kwiingxaki ezintsha. Umsebenzi wokudala ibutho labantu elisesikweni awusayi kuze ugqitywe. Uloyiso lwezomthetho lumele lukhuselwe, kwaye umahluko wokwakha kufuneka uqhubeke ulungelelaniswa kwiindawo ezininzi. Abafundi kunye nabafundi abafunda ezi ngqungquthela ngokwembali bafumana ulwazi kungekuphela kodwa kwanengqiqo yokuba nenkxaso ekhoyo ekufuneka iqululelwe kwicandelo eliqhubekayo. Isahluko esilandelayo sale ngxelo siya kubhalwa ngabo baqonda ukuba akukho mfazwe inye eyahlukeneyo, kwaye oko kudityaniswa bulungisa kunye nomnye kubo bonke.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga [[FLT: 0] uMartin Luther King, Jr. Uphando kunye neZiko lemfundo eStanford kunye ne Iprojekthi yemfundo yeZin[, enika imithombo esisiseko kunye nokhokelo oluphambili kumalungelo abantu kunye nokulunga koluntu.