Abaphathi bezixeko bakwindawo ekhethekileyo yokubumba isakhiwo esisemzimbeni, soluntu nesobume bendalo. Izigqibo ezenziwa kwiholo yesixeko yonke imihla kususela kwimithetho yokuhamba ngeendawo ukuya kuqingqo-mali //impembelelo ngokungqalileyo kwindlela abahlali abaphila ngayo, umsebenzi, kunye nobudala. Kodwa unxulumano phakathi kocwangciso lwezixeko kunye nempilo yoluntu ludla ngokuthathwa njengomgaqo wokuyila okhoyo kunokuyilwa kwesiseko somgaqo-nkqubo. Iqumrhu elikhulayo lophando noqheliso lokusebenza libonisa ukuba iziphumo zempilo kwisigqibo ngasinye socwangciso azincedisiyo kodwa zibalulekile. Eli nqaku lihlola ukungqubana nokuhambelana kwempilo kawonke kunye nempilo nesedolophi, linikela ubuchule bokuyila izixeko eziphilileyo, ezinamandla.

Imbali Ithintela Ukuceba Nempilo

Ukuceba idolophu kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke kwakukade kudibene kakhulu. Kwinkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kweye-20, inkxalabo ngezifo ezasulelayo ezinjengekholera kunye nesifo sephepha yabangela utshintsho olukhulu, kuquka ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yokukhuculula amakhaya, iinkqubo zokugutyulwa kwezilwanyana, kunye nemithetho yezobugcisa yokuhlala. Noko ke, njengoko inkqubela-phambili yezonyango neybugcisa yanciphisa umngcipheko wezifo ezithe qhekeleleneyo, imimandla emibini eqhekekayo. Abaqhubi baqalisa ukujolisa inkxalabo, ukuphumelela kwezithuthi, ukuhambela phambili kwezoqoqosho, ngoxa iingcali zempilo zigxininise ekunyamekeleni impilo yoluntu. Ukwahlukana okuye kwaba nemiphumo ehlala ixesha elide.

Ukudibanisa impilo kawonke-wonke kunye nocwangciso lwasedolophini kufuneka utshintsho lobuchule ekunyangweni impilo njengecandelo ukuyenza ibe lixabiso elinqumlayo. Abaphathi beziXeko, njengamagosa olawulo ayintloko ajonge imisebenzi yosuku ukuya kutsho kusuku kwaye alungelelanisa phakathi kwamasebe, bakwindawo elungileyo yokukhokela olo tshintsho.

Impembelelo yempilo yommandla wokulungiselela i-Core dolobhan

Iinkqubo zezothutho kunye nokusetyenziswa kwehlokondiba elisebenzayo

Ngokunokwenzeka, ezothutho zingummandla ocwangciselwe ukulungiselela iziphumo zempilo. Izitrato ezibeka phambili iinqwelo-mafutha kubantu abahamba ngenyawo kunye nabakhweli beebhayisikile zifakta kumonakalo weenqwelo-moya, ubunjani bomoya obungephi, kunye nokuncitshiswa komsebenzi womzimba. I-World Health Organization (WHO[) ziqikelela ukuba ukungasebenzi emzimbeni kubangela ukufa okuzizigidi ezi-3,2 nyaka ngamnye. Ukwenziwa kokuhamba, ibhayisekile-bhayisekile kunye nowenziweyo kukhuthaza uthutho olusebenzayo, olunokunciphisa ubungozi besifo sentliziyo, udidi lwesibi seswekile, 2 sesifo seswekile, kunye nomhlaza.

Abaphathi bezixeko bangaxhasa inkqubo epheleleyo yezitrato enika bonke abasebenzisi isithuba, hayi izithuthi nje. Izibonelelo ezikhuselekileyo . "ezifana nendlela ezikhuselekileyo zebhayisekile, iindledlana ezinqamlezayo, kunye neziqithi zokusabela ngabahamba ngenqwelo-moya"_____ziyandisa ukusetyenziswa komnxeba nokuncitshiswa kwengozi. Ukuveliswa kwemali ekuthuthwa kwezithuthi zikawonke wonke kuphucula impilo ngokunciphisa ukuxinana kwemoto kunye nongcoliso lomoya. Isifundo seAmerican Public Health Association safumanisa ukuba abemi abakwimimandla ekwizikhusimulo-otrafiki bahamba behamba imizuzu eyi-8 ukuya kweyi-15 ngosuku.

[[UMTHLL:0] unikezelo lwenkcubeko: [[UMTHETHO:2] WHO Umsebenzi ophathekayo

Ubunjani bezindlu nokufumaneka

Izindlu zingundoqo ekunqanda impilo. Izindlu ezikumgangatho ophezulu ./i-damp, ukungunda, ukurhabaxa kwezinambuzane, ipeyinti yelothe, nokungafudumala okanye ukupholisa okunganelanga (ii-asma, ityhefu yelothe, ityhefu yokuphefumla, kunye nomonakalo. Ukukwazi ukuhlala kuchaphazela impilo: iintsapho ezichitha imali engaphezulu kwama-30% kwingeniso yazo kwizindlu zinemali encinane yokutya okunesondlo, ukunyamekela impilo, nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko, kwaye zifumana uxinzelelo oluphezulu.

Izigqibo zokucwangcisa amacandelo, uxinano lwendawo yokuhlala, imigaqo-nkqubo yokwakha, kunye nemithetho yokwakha ibumba ngokuthe ngqo izitokhwe zezindlu. Abaphathi beziXeko bangasebenza ngocwangciso amasebe ukwamkela imigangatho yezindlu ezisempilweni, ukunyanzelisa ikhowudi ekhoyo, kunye nokuxhasa iinkqubo ezilondoloza zize ziphucule izindlu ezingafikelelekiyo. Izitshintshi-zimo zokuzimela. "ezifana nokuvumela iiyunithi zokuhlala (ADU) okanye ukunciphisa ubungakanani obuncinci bemali eninzi (iADU) okanye ukwandisa ukunikezelwa kwezindlu ngaphandle kokuba kufuna ungeniso olukhulu lwesiseko sesakhiwo, ezinceda ukugcina indawo ezisilungele ukuhlala zihlala ziqinileyo.

[[UMTL:0] Unikezelo lwenkcubeko:[ [[UMTL:2]CDC Iindawo Ezifanelekileyo – Izindlu kunye nempilo

Isithuba Esiluhlaza Nempilo Yengqondo

Ukufumana iipaki, imiyezo, kunye nemimandla yendalo kunxulumene kakhulu nempilo engcono yengqondo, uxinezeleko olusezantsi, kunye nokuhlala uninzi kwentlalo. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba ukuchitha ixesha kwiindawo eziluhlaza kunciphisa iqondo lecortisol, kuphucula, yaye kunyusa nokusebenza komzimba womzimba womzimba. Kubantwana, ukufikelela kwiindawo zokudlala ezikhuselekileyo ngaphandle kunxulumene nomlinganiselo ophantsi we-ADHDHD nokutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo.

Kanti imimandla efumana imali ephantsi kunye noluntu olunemibala eninzi isoloko ingena ngcombolo kwimimandla eluhlaza kuneendawo ezifumileyo, elifa lezenzo zokucwangcisa ezingokwembali ezifana nokutshintshwa komphambili. Abaphathi bezixeko bangamisela ukufumaneka kwepaki ngokulinganayo ngokusebenzisa idata ukuchaza iindawo ezigciniweyo kunye nokutyalwa kwemiphakamo yepokotho, ii-alley eziluhlaza, kunye nokuguqula izakhiwo zesikolo. Iinkqubo zokungcali zikwanika i-cobenefitting, enje ulawulo lwamanzi olwesiphekepheke kunye nobushushu besiqithi.

Ubunjani Bomoya Nobulungisa Bemeko - bume

Idolophu yenza impembelelo ngqo kumgangatho wongcoliso lomoya. Ukuhamba ngendlela engundoqo, kummandla woshishino, namazibuko enqanawa kubeka abemi kulwahlulo oluphezulu lwezinto ezidityanisiweyo (PM2.5), i-nitrogen dioxide (NO2), kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezibangela i-asma, umhlaza wemiphunga, kunye nokuzalwa kwangaphambi kwexesha. Umthwalo uhla ngokungenakulinganiswa nanto kubemi abanombala kunye neenzuzo eziphantsi.

Ukutyala imithi, ukwenza imida phakathi kweendlela ezinkulu neendawo zokuhlala, ukukhuthaza iimoto zombane nokunqanda iindlela zeelori zedizili kwimimandla yokuhlala, konke kuyinkqubo yokuyila ephucula umgangatho womoya. Abaphathi bezixeko bayakwazi ukusebenzisa iingxelo zempilo (I-HIA) ukuvavanya iziphumo ezinokubakho zomgangatho womoya wezicelo ezintsha ngaphambi kokuba zivunywe.

Ukufumana Ukutya Nezolimo zasemadolophini

Ukusingqongileyo okukhiweyo kubumba imikhwa yokutya. Abamelwane abangenazo izitore ezizeleyo zokutya kodwa banentabalala yeendawo zokukhupha ukutya okukhawulezayo, iivenkile eziseziko, kunye nezitore zezotywala zisoloko zibizwa ngokuba yimigxobhozo yokutya. Kule ndawo abantu baneqondo eliphezulu lokutyeba ngokugqithisileyo kunye nezifo ezinxulumene nokutya okunganyangekiyo.

Imithetho exhasa imiyezo yoluntu, iimarike, kunye neevenkile ezisemgangathweni ezisemgangathweni zinceda ukwandisa ukufumaneka kwemveliso entsha. Abaphathi beziXeko bayakwazi ukukhuthaza iivenkile ezinkulu kunye nabathengisi bokutya okusempilweni ukuba bafumane iindawo ezingaphantsi kweminye imimandla ezisetyenziswa emhlabeni, njengokuncitshiswa kwemirhumo okanye iibhonasi ezincinci ezivumela ukuba zifumaneke. Ingakumbi ezolimo zase-Urban/indawo engenanto kuphela enika ukutya kodwa zikwakhela iindawo zokuhlanganisana eziluhlaza nezoluntu.

Imisebenzi yezolawulo

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Impilo asingomsebenzi wesebe lezempilo. Ifuna ukuba kwenziwe ngokulungelelanisiweyo ngapha nangapha kokuceba, ukuhambisa, iipaki, izindlu, imisebenzi kawonke-wonke, kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Abaphathi beziXeko bangamisela indlela "yokuphilisa kuyo yonke imigaqo" (i-HIAP) apho isebe ngalinye liqwalasela iziphumo zempilo kwimisebenzi yalo nemigaqo. Icandelo le-HiAP libandakanya ukwenza ikomiti yokuqhuba umnqamlezo, ukuqhuba iziphumo zempilo zabasebenzi, nokufaka ii-millictoothss ezempilo kwimisebenzi yalonke.

Ubandakanyeko Loluntu Nempilo Efanelekileyo

Ukuceba okuphezulu ngokwembali bekungachazwanga ngokwembali imimandla ebekelwe umda, okuphumela kwiziphumo eziyingozi. Ukuganana okuqinisekisiweyo kuthetha ukudlula ngaphaya kokuchongwa kwabantu abaqhelekileyo, okusoloko kutsala kuphela amava aphezulu (ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezifana neebhodi zoluntu, ukuyila iintsimbi, ukuhamba, kunye noqingqo-mali lokuncedisana. Abaphathi bezixeko kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba imigaqo yokubophelela isekelwe kwiilwimi nakwezenkcubeko, ukuhlawula amalungu oluntu ngexesha lawo, kwaye babelane ngegunya lokwenza izigqibo.

Ukubeka phambili impilo elungelelanisiweyo kuthetha ukunikela ingqalelo engakumbi kuluntu olungacetywanga kakuhle nolungajongwanga kakuhle. Ukusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi olususiweyo ngokobuhlanga, ubuhlanga, ingeniso, kunye nobume belizwe kubonakalisa umahluko onokuthi ngandlel'ithile ufihleke ngomlinganiselo wesixeko jikelele.

Ukwenza izigqibo zogcino-lwazi

Abaphathi bezixeko abafuni ukuba ngabaphengululi be-epidemi, kodwa kufuneka bayazi indlela yokusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ukuze bazise izigqibo zocwangciso. Izixhobo ezilula ziquka iinkqubo zolwazi lwendawo (GIS) ezigqithisileyo eziye zafakelwa iziphumo zemephu zempilo (umz., utyelelo longxamiseko) nxamnye nokuchanabeka kwendawo engqongileyo (umz., ukusondela kweendlela zohambo ngenqanawa okanye ukunqongophala kweepaki). Iindlela zokuhlola impilo (HIS) zinika indlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuvavanya iziphumo zempilo zenkqubo ecetyiweyo, icebo, okanye iprojekthi. Iimpahla ezininzi ze-HIA ezifumaneka ngesisa okanye eziphantsi ziquka [[FLT:] CD]

Ukunyusela ugcino-lwazi lwempilo kawonke-wonke kwi-software yesixeko sokucwangcisa i-software ye-Draice, iqonga elinolawulo olungenantloko elisoloko lisetyenziswa zizixeko ukulawula nokunikana iiseti zogcino-lwazi ezivulekileyo .Ngokomzekelo, isixeko singenza ezi nkqubo zohlalutyo. Isixeko sinokusebenzisa iDirectus ukuyila ibhodi ebonakala kuwonke ukubonisa izibonisi zempilo zomgangatho wobume ecaleni kokucwangcisa ii-metrics ezifana nezixhobo zokuhamba okanye isigqubuthelo somthi.

Izixhobo Zokusetyenziswa Kwenkqubo Nelizwe

Ikhowudi yokuzilungisa zinamandla kodwa azisetyenziswa kakhulu ekuphuculeni impilo kawonke-wonke. Abaphathi bezixeko bangakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweendawo ezidityanisiweyo ezidala imimandla ehambayo neevenkile, iinkonzo, kunye nezindlu phakathi kohambo lwezine-minenute. Ikhowudi ezisekelwe kwifomu ezilawula iimpawu zokwakha kunokuba kusetyenziswe umhlaba kuphela zingavelisa izitrato ezithe tyaba ezithe chatha. Inkcazo ezintsha ziquka ipesenti yeeyunithi ezithelekayo, ukunceda ukulondoloza intlalo-ntle yemeko yemali.

Imigaqo epheleleyo yezitrato, imithetho egcina iimbombo ezisempilweni, kunye neemfuno zokutyala imithi yeminye imizekelo. Abaphathi bezixeko kufuneka baqwalasele imimiselo yabo ekhoyo kunye nolwahlulo lokwahlula-hlula imiqobo empilweni − njengemfuno encinane yokumisa inqanawa ethintela ukuhamba okanye umlinganiselo ogqithisileyo onciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwinqwelo-mafutha.

Imali kunye noomatiloshe

Ungenelelo oluninzi lokuxhotyiswa kwempilo lungafikeleleki ngokumangalisayo xa kuthelekiswa nexabiso labo lemali egciniweyo. Ukugcina ityala kwiindlela zendlela zebhayisekile, umzekelo, imali encinane kunexabiso lokunyanga izifo ezingapheliyo ezincedayo ezithintelayo. Abaphathi bezixeko bangasebenzisa imali exhasayo evela kwimithombo emininzi: inkxaso yorhulumente (umz., iCDC's I-Iappeys kwi-Mbali-Mveli, okanye i-RGP), iminyango yezonyango, imali (umz., i-Federal High Way Yolawulo loLawulo lwamacatootations), kunye nezisekwenzi ze-phithro.

Unxulumano lwabantu ngabanye lungaqhubekisa phambili usukelo lwempilo. Izibhedlele, eziziko elikhulu le-ankile, zinyusa utyalo kwinkqubela-mali yempilo yoluntu, njengokwakha iipaki okanye ukuxhasa intengiso yokutya okusempilweni. Abaphathi beziXeko banokuhlala nabo kwiimeko ezifanayo, ezinjengokunciphisa ukutyeba kwabantwana okanye ukuphucula umgangatho womoya kwipaseji ethile.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko: Izixeko Zikhokele

Isixeko saseOklahoma, eOklahoma

Ngo-2010, isiXeko saseOklahoma samkela iprojekthi yeMetropolitan APS (MAPS 3) ekwamkeleni iprojekthi yePhondo elinamabhongo eMetropolitan (iPS 3) equka i-70-actractive paki esembindini, impilo entle kunye namaziko aphezulu, inkqubo ehamba ngeemoto, kunye neemayile zendlela. Esi sakhiwo saxhaswa yirhampasi yerhafu yentengi yexeshana kunye nevoti evunyiweyo. Isixeko sayifaka ngokucacileyo le ngeniso njengenkqubela-mpilo, kwaye ugcino-lwazi olulandelayo lwabonisa ulwando oluthe kratya kwimiba phakathi kwabemi. Ipasembindini yaba ngumtsalane wenkqubela neziganeko ezintsha zoluntu, ebonisa ukuba impilo kunye nobuchule boqoqosholo luhambelana ngezandla.

Portland, Oregon

Isicwangciso esibanzi sePortland, esaziwa njengesiCwangciso sonyango sango-2035, sidibanisa iinjongo zempilo kwizinto zonke, ukusuka kwizithuthi ukuya kwisakhiwo ukuya kwidolophana. Esi sixeko sisebenzisa isixhobo sezempilo sokulungisa i-Assessment (HIA) esibonisa zonke izicwangciso kunye nokulungisa izakhiwo phezu komqobo othile. Izibuko lelizwe likwabeka ingqalelo "amaziko afanelekileyo anxulumeneyo" apho izindlu, imisebenzi, kunye neenkonzo zibekwe khona kumgama othe rhoqo wohambo. Ngenxa yoko, iPortland ihlala ihleli phakathi kwempilo entle kunye nezixeko ezininzi ezihambayo eUnited States.

IBogotá, eColombia

IBogotá iye yaba ngumzekelo womhlaba wonke wokudibanisa impilo kwisakhiwo sasedolophini phantsi kocwangciso lwezibonda zeliso elifana no-enrique Peñalosa. Inkqubo yokuhambisa ibhasi ekhawulezayo, uthungelwano olubanzi lwendlela yeebhayisekile (iCiclovía), kunye nomgaqo wokunqanda ukusetyenziswa kweenqwelo-mafutha ngexesha lencopho, konke kunegalelo ekunciphiseni ungcoliseni komoya kunye nokwanda komsebenzi womzimba. UBogotá wakwaba nguvulindlela "Unday Ciclovía," apho izitrato zivalwa iinqwelo-mafutha rhoqo ngeCawa ukukhuthaza ukuhamba, ibhing, kunye nonxibelelwano loluntu olusetyenziswayo ngoku ngezixeko ezininzi emhlabeni wonke.

Ukoyisa Iengxaki Eziqhelekileyo

ISebe eliLahliweyo

Mhlawumbi esona sithintelo siqhelekileyo kukwahlula phakathi kwamasebe ezempilo kunye namasebe okucwangcisa. Abaphathi bezixeko bangaqhekeza isilos ngokudibanisa "Izixeko Eziphilileyo" amandla omsebenzi adibana kunye kunye nyanga zonke, afuna ulwimi olunempembelelo yempilo ekucebeni lonke ii-RFPs, kunye nabasebenzi abajikelezayo phakathi kwamasebe ukwenzela izabelo zexesha elifutshane. Ukubekwa ngokwasemzimbeni kwamalungu ocwangciso-mpilo kunye namaplani kwi-ofisi enye kungakhuthaza ukuncedisana.

Ufihlo lwezobupolitika olufutshane

Iingenelo zempilo zongenelelo lokuceba zidla ngokuthatha iminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka ukuze zisebenze, lo gama imijikelo yonyulo idla ngokuthatha iminyaka engama-2-4. Abaphathi beziXeko bangakuphikisa oku ngokufaka ingxinano entweni kwimisebenzi ekhawulezileyo yokufumana izithuthi ezincinane ngezantsi. Ngokuncitshiswa kwemingcipheko yempahla, okanye umlinganiselo osezantsi wolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye ngokwakha imiqathango yempilo kwingxelo yesixeko yonyaka ukuze inkqubela ibonakale ngexesha elifutshane.

Ukungabikho kogcino-lwazi okanye ubuchule

Izixeko ezincinane zisenokungabi nabo ubuncwane bokuqhuba iHIA okanye uhlalutyo oluntsonkothileyo lwe-GIS. Iinqanawa ezisebenzisana neeyunivesithi ezikufutshane zinganceda. Abafundi abaqeqeshi kwimpilo kawonke-wonke, ekucwangcisweni kwedolophu, okanye kwinzululwazi yejiyografi bangaqhuba uphando njengenxalenye yezifundo zabo okanye iiprojekthi ze-cap. Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kumaqonga njenge-County Ranaph & i-Roadmap lunganikezela ngesiqalo sokuchaza izinto eziphambili zempilo yasekuhlaleni.

Indima yobuxhakaxhaka kwiSicwangciso seHealth-Fosed

Abaphathi bolwazi bale mihla kunye namaqonga ogcino-lwazi afana iDirectus inganceda abaphathi besixeko basebenze idata yempilo. Isalathisi sivumela izixeko ukuba zakhe iibhodi zemfazwe ezisiko, zilawule i-igeogratial data, zize zabelane ngolwazi ngaphakathi kunye noluntu. Umzekelo, isixeko singenza isalathisi esiphilileyo esimiselwe ``izalathingi, ukufikelela, ipaki, imilinganiselo ye-asima, kunye nokusondela kokutya okunempilo ngexesha lokwenene. Oku kunceda ukwandisa inkxaso kawonke-mente yolwazi lwempilo ekwimigaqo-yo ekhoyo kwaye kuvumela izicwangciso ukuba zilandele iziphumo zongenelo.

Abaphathi bezixeko kufuneka baxhase imigaqo-nkqubo evulekileyo yogcino-lwazi eyenza ukuba unyango nokucwangcisa ulwazi lufumaneke kubaphengululi, kubaxhasi, nakumalungu oluntu.

Isiphelo: Impilo njengexabiso eliphakamileyo

Ukudibana kwempilo kawonke-wonke kunye nocwangco lwedolophu akuyondawo ekhethekileyo; sisiseko sezixeko ezinokusetyenziswa, ezisesikweni nezityebileyo. Kubaphathi besixeko, ithuba elikukuqonda ukuba isigqibo ngasinye esiphathelele ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, ezothutho, ezokuhlala, kunye neepaki sikwayisigqibo sempilo. Ngokuqwalasela impilo ngokunenkathalo kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokucwangcisa .

Ubungqina bucacile: impilo ayiyonto eyenzekayo kwizibhedlele nakwizibhedlele kuphela. Yenzeka kwiindlela, kwiipaki, emakhayeni, nakwiindawo eziphefumlwa ngabantu. Abaphathi beziXeko banezixhobo, igunya, nembopheleleko yokulungisa ezo meko zingcono. Indlela engaphambili yeyokusebenzisana, ukuhlaziya, nokuzibophelela ngokungagungqiyo kwintlalo-ntle yommi ngamnye.