Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Umthetho - phethu Umahluko

Mihla le, abemi badibana neziphumo zokwenza izigqibo zikarhulumente ngokusuka emoyeni abaphefumla ukuya kukhuseleko lokutya abakudlayo kunye nenzala yemali kwizindlu zabo. Kodwa bambalwa abanqumamayo ukuqwalasela izixhobo ezibini ezahlukileyo kodwa ezisebenzisanayo ezenza ukuba zikwazi ukukhusela: umthetho nomthetho. Umthetho umisela iinjongo ezibanzi ngemithetho edluliswa ngabameli abanyuliweyo; ummiselo uzala iinkcukacha zobugcisa ngemithetho ekhutshwa ngamaziko olawulo. Ukuqonda indlela ezi mikhosi zimbini ezisebenza ngayo asiyonkqubo yemfundo nje yemfundo. Lulwazi olubalulekileyo kuye nabani na ofuna ukuphembelela inkqubo kawonke, urhulumente, ubambe ityala, okanye uqonde indlela amalungelo abo neembopheleleko zabo eziphekwe ngayo.

Eli nqaku lichaza ukudibanisa umthetho kunye nomthetho, lichaza iinkqubo ezenza nganye, lize linike ukhokelo olusebenzisekayo ngendlela abemi abanokubandakanyeka ngayo kuzo zombini. Ekupheleni, uza kuba nomfanekiso ocacileyo wendlela imithetho enokwenziwa ngayo(-) nendlela onokufumana ngayo ilizwi kuloo nkqubo.

Ukuchaza uMthetho noQondaniso

Yintoni Umthetho?

Umthetho ubhekisela kwimithetho ewiswe liqumrhu lowiso-mthetho, njengeKhomishini yeSizwe saseUnited States, okanye ibhunga lesizwe. La maqumrhu abunjwe ngamagosa anyuliweyo aphikisanayo navoti kwiimali ezicetyiweyo. Ngaxa lithile agqitha kumagumbi omabini (kwinkqubo ye-bimeral) aze atyikityelwe ligosa eliphetheyo (umongameli, irhuluneli, okanye usodolophu), umthetho obhaliweyo (umthetho /umthetho obhaliweyo) onikwe ngurhulumente.

Imithetho iphangalele kakhulu. Zimisela imigaqo, ziseka iinkqubo, zigunyazisa ukuchithwa kwemali, kwaye zinika amasebe karhulumente igunya. Umzekelo, i-Chrease Air Act ayidwelisi yonke imida evumelekileyo yokukhupha yonke imisi; endaweni yoko, zivakalisa ukuba umoya ufanele ukhuseleke kwimpilo kawonke-wonke kwaye zilawule i-Epamental Protection yoKhuselo lweNtlalo-bume (EPA) ukuze zivelise imigangatho ethile.

Umthetho ungahlulwa ube yimithetho kawonke-wonke (ngokuqhelekileyo igunyazisa kubo bonke abemi) kunye nemithetho yabucala (iiingenelo okanye isiqabu kubantu abathile okanye kwimibutho ethile). Inkoliso yemithetho echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla //imigaqo-nkqubo yamalungelo abantu, irhafu, imigangatho yemekobume.

Kuyintoni Ukubuyiselwa?

Umiselo, ngokwahlukileyo, luyingqokelela yemithetho neemfuno ezikhutshwa ngabasemasebeni abalawulayo ukuzalisekisa imimiselo edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. La masebe `njenge-EPA, i-FDA, i-FOF), iKhomishini yeSecurities and Exchange (SEC) (_C) isebenzisa igunya lawo kumthetho owawadalayo.

Ngeli xesha umthetho umisela “into” kunye“ngenxa yesizathu” somsebenzi karhulumente, imimiselo inikezela ngolu hlobo“.” Baguqulela iinjongo ezibanzi zenkqubo kwimigangatho ecacileyo, enyanzelweyo. Umzekelo, u-Ceather Air Act unika i-EPA amandla ukuseka i-National Ambient Air Serity Ser Servet (NAAQS). I-EPA ngoko inika imimiselo enenkcukacha echaza uxinzelelo lwezinto ezingcolisa umzimba ezinjenge-ozone ne-ozonethi, kunye neendlela zokuhlola, imiqathango yokuthobela, kunye nesigwebo sokwaphula umthetho.

Imithetho ithwala ubunzima obusemthethweni obufanayo nemimiselo, ukuba ikhutshwe phakathi komlinganiselo wegunya elinikiweyo lombutho. Iinkundla zisoloko zibambezela ukuchazwa kwemimiselo edidayo phantsi kwemfundiso ye- yeChebron (umgaqo obizwa emva kwetyala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-1984 ICHEFron U.A. Inc. v.Isiseko somcimbiso sokhuselo-mthetho we-zikomcimbiso [], nangona le mfundiso inyanzelwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

Inkqubo Yomthetho Kubunzulu

Indlela Ibhili Eba Ngumthetho Ngayo

Umzobo wendlu yesikolo ephambili “indlela umlomo oba yiyo ingumthetho” uknaza nje phezulu. Enyanisweni, uhambo luntsonkothile, aluqikelelwanga kwaye lubunjwa lulalanisa kwezobupolitika. Amanyathelo aqhelekileyo alandelayo:

  1. [[UMTL: 0] Ingeniso: Ilungu leKhonkela lixhasa umthetho wetyala lize liwuzise kwiNdlu yabameli okanye kwiCandelo. (Imali yetyala leNdlu mayivele kwiNdlu.)
  2. Committee Referral: Lo myalelo ubhekiswe kwikomiti enxulumeneyo (Ngokomzekelo, umthetho wempilo usiya kwiKomiti yaMandla nakurhwebo okanye iKomiti yezeMpilo, Emfundo, Imisebenzi, kunye nePenteons. Ikomiti ibamba amatyala, iingxoxo zokulungisa, kwaye isenoku “phawula” ityala.
  3. [[NTLA:0] Ingxoxo yeNkqutyana neVote: Ukuba ikomiti iyawuvumela lo mthetho, iqhubekela kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Imithetho ilawula ingxoxo (njengemida yexesha kunye nemiqathango yokulungisa) imiselwa yiKomiti yendlu okanye ngokuvumelana kwiBhunga. Uninzi olulula luyafuneka ukudlula kwiimeko ezininzi.
  4. [[UMTL:0] Action kwicandelo elikwelinye icandelo: Umthetho udlula kwinkqubo efanayo kwigumbi elichaseneyo. Ukuba igumbi lesibini lidlulisa uhlobo olwahlukileyo, ikomiti yamalungu akwindawo ezimbini zokuhlala ixoxa ngolalanisa.
  5. IPasspial . Zombini iigumbi kufuneka zivumele umbhalo ofanayo. Imali iyabhaliswa ithunyelwe kumongameli.
  6. Inyathelo eliqulethweyo: Umongameli angasayina ityala kumthetho, kwi-veto, okanye alivumele ukuba libe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi (iiCawa ezisusiweyo) ngelixa iBhunga liseqesheni. Ukuba ivetodiwe, iBhunga lingadlula ngevoti ezimbini-isithathu kuzo zombini iigumbi.

Le nkqubo ingathatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka. Amatyala amaninzi aphela kwikomiti okanye kumgangatho. Ukuqonda iintamo zebhotile − ingakumbi iqonga lekomiti kunye neNdlu yeQela leMidlalo yeNtlalo-ntle (i-genebuster) ne-equapips ukuba ahlasele imigudu yabo yokuzingela.

Abadlali Abaphambili Nempembelelo

Ngaphandle kwamagosa anyuliweyo, umthetho ubunjwa ngabadlali abaninzi:

  • [[UMTL:0] Abasebenzi beKompmittee[[FL:1]: Ulwimi lwedraft, uthungelwano, kunye namalungu acebisayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Lobbysts: amaqela enzala amele (iindawo, amaqhina, iingeniso) kwaye atyhalela okanye achasene namalungiselelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amasebe asebenzayo: nikeza ubuchule bobugcisa kwaye maxa wambi acebisa ulwimi lowiso-mthetho.
  • IKonsotimati: Umvoti ngamnye oqhagamshelana nabameli babo angalawula amavoti, ingakumbi kwimiba edityanisiweyo okanye ephezulu.

Abemi abafuna ukuphembelela umthetho kufuneka banikele ingqalelo ekwakheni ulwalamano nee-ofisi zabameli babo, ingakumbi abasebenzi abasingatha ummandla ofanelekileyo wenkqubo.

Inkqubo Yolawulo: Indlela Eyenziwe Ngayo Imithetho

UMthetho Wolawulo (APA)

Imithetho ayidalwanga kwibhokisi emnyama. UMthetho woLawulo ka-1946 ulawula inkqubo yokumisela imithetho yamasebe karhulumente, iqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe, ukuthathi-nxaxheba kowonke-wonke, kunye nojongo lwezomthetho. Amaqumrhu esizwe asebenza phantsi kwemisebenzi efanayo yolawulo lomgangatho karhulumente. I-APA imisela iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zokwenza ulawulo: ngokungacwangciswanga (ukungacwangciswa-lungeneki-zwe) kunye nemithetho emininzi ikhutshwa ngomthetho olungiselelwe ubuchule.

Amanyathelo Ekwenza Ulawulo Olungacwangciswanga

  1. [[UMTHETHO: 0] Igunya lomfundisi- ntsapho : Isibonelelo kufuneka sibe negunya elicacileyo ukusuka kummiselo ukushicilela imimiselo engomxholo.
  2. Iphepha lomthetho obekwe phantsi (NPRM): Umbutho ukhupha umthetho ocetywayo ku Fateral Register (ulindixesha wemihla ngemihla karhulumente wase U.S.). Esi saziso siquka umbhalo womthetho ocetyisiweyo, igunya lomthetho, nesicelo soluvo lukawonke-wonke-wonke.
  3. Ixesha lamagqabaza: Iqhele ukuba iintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kumashumi amathandathu, nangona zandiselwe kwimithetho emikhulu. Nabani na/iindidividi, amashishini, amaqela okuphatha, urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni --i-accomplications ezibhaliweyo. I-Activation kufuneka zifunde ziqwalasele zonke “inkcukacha”.
  4. Imboniselo noHlaziyo: Emva kwexesha lamagqabantshintshi elivaliweyo, umnikezeli uhlola impendulo, angalungisa umthetho, kwaye alungiselele uguqulelo lokugqibela.
  5. [[NTLA] Umthetho wobuPhakamo: Ipapashwe kwi Register [ ibhalwe ngesiseko nangenjongo echaza indlela umbutho osabela ngayo kumagqabaza. Umthetho uquka umhla osebenzayo (ngokunokuba kwiintsuku ezingama-30 kamva).
  6. Jodicial Review: Amaqela anomdla angavavanya umthetho wokugqibela enkundleni, ephikisa ukuba ugqithisa igunya lombutho, unyanzelekile okanye ungoyiki, okanye wophula umGaqo-siseko okanye umthetho.

Le nkqubo inika abemi abaqhelekileyo isixhobo esinamandla: ukukwazi ukunikela amagqabaza anokuchaphazela izigidi zabantu. Ii-arhente kufuneka ziphendule kumagqabaza acuthekileyo, yaye ukungaphumeleli ukwenza oko kusenokuba sisizathu sokuba inkundla ibhukuqe umthetho.

Indima yobhaliso loManyano kunye neMimiselo.gov

Oovimba ababini abangundoqo benza inkqubo yolungiso icace gca:

  • Irejista ebhaliswe ngokwezentengiso [iincwadi ezibhaliswe ngokwemali.gov): Impapasho yemihla ngemihla apho yonke imithetho ecetyisiweyo neyokugqibela, kunye namaxwebhu e-presidenti, abonakala. Iyaphengululwa ngesebe, ngomhla, kunye nomxholo.
  • Imithetho.gov: Isiqhagamsheli esisembindini sogqabaza lukawonke-wonke malunga nokwenziwa kolawulo lukarhulumente. Abami bangakhangela imithetho ecetyiweyo, bafunde amaxwebhu axhasayo, bakhuphe amagqabaza nge-electronic.

La maqonga akhululekile kwaye avulekile kuwonke-wonke. Imimiselo.gov sisixhobo esinye esibaluleke kakhulu nabani ofuna ukuphembelela imimiselo.

Ukudityaniswa koMthetho phakathi komgaqo-siseko

Ukumiselwa kweGunya

Umba ongundoqo womanyano lomthetho-siseko ngu ugunyaziso. Ingqungquthela (okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho) igqithisa umthetho wokuba abathunywa bagunyazise kumbutho. Umthetho umisela imida: umbutho ungakhupha kuphela imimiselo “enxulumene ngokuvakalayo” kwiinjongo zomthetho. Aba bathunywa bavumela ubuchule, kunokuba basebenzise izicwangciso zobuzwilakhe, baqhube imithetho entsonkothileyo. Ikwanceda ukutshintsha imimiselo xa iimeko zitshintsha ngaphandle kokufuna umthetho omtsha.

Abahlalutyi bathi abathunywa abagqithisileyo baphula umthetho wokwahlula amagunya, kodwa iinkundla zisoloko zixhasa abathunywa ababanzi logama nje iNgqungquthela inika “umgaqo ongenakuchazwa” ukukhokela umbutho. U.S. igosa elisemthethweni lezibuko [ lichaza abathunywa kwimeko-bume bokwenza umthetho jikelele.

Indlela Imida Yemithetho Ezalisa Ngayo

Imimiselo idla ngokuba nezithuba, izinto ezingacacanga, okanye amagama afuna ukuchazwa. Umzekelo, uKhuseleko noMthetho wempilo ufuna abaqeshi ukuba banikezele umsebenzi “ongenazo iingozi ezinokuqondwa.” Kodwa yintoni kanye ebangela ingozi ephawulekayo? Ukhuseleko nezoLawulo lwezempilo (OSHA) lunika imimiselo echaza imida evumelekileyo yokuchaphazeleka kwemichiza, izixhobo zokukhusela kunye neemfuno zokugcina iingxelo. Ngaphandle kwaloo mithetho, umthetho ubungayi kunyanzeleka.

Ngokufanayo, uMthetho we-Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation kunye noMthetho we-Consumer Protection of 2010 wakhokela amaqumrhu amaninzi (kuquka i-SEC kunye ne-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau) ukuba abhale amakhulu emithetho ezalisekisa amalungiselelo ayo. Lo mthetho ngokwawo wawungamaphepha angaphezu kwama-300, ukanti imithetho eyayivelisayo yaya kumawaka awongezelelweyo.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Imidlalo ayiyiyo enye indlela. Ngelixesha imithetho isebenza umthetho, iphantsi kokuhlola omabini amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nezomthetho. Ingqungquthela ingawugqitha umthetho ngokudlulisa umthetho omtsha (nangona oku kufuna umqobo omnye ophakamileyo njengawo nawuphi na umthetho). Ingasebenzisa kwakhona iCongressionional Review Act (CRA) ukungavumelani nomthetho ogqitha kwisisombululo esilula, kodwa esi sixhobo silinganiselwe kwifestile emfutshane emva kokuba umthetho ubekwe kwiNgqungquthela. Iinkundla zingabetha imimiselo engekho mthethweni, eqinileyo, okanye ngaphaya kwegunya lombutho.

Ukufundwa Kwetyala: Ukhuseleko lwemekobume phantsi koMthetho ococekileyo womoya

Isiseko Somthetho

ICeac Air Act (CAA), yadlula ntlandlolo ngo-1963 yaza yalungiswa ngokupheleleyo ngo-1970 nango-1990, liceba eliphawula imbali yomthetho wemeko-bume. Ivakalisa ukuba injongo “kukukukhusela nokunyusa ubunjani bobuncwane bomoya bohlanga ukuze kuxhaswe impilo nentlalo-ntle yoluntu.” Lo mthetho umisela amaxesha aphezulu nemigangatho kodwa ushiya iinkcukacha ezininzi zobugcisa kwi-EPA.

Amalungiselelo angundoqo eCAA aquka:

  • Ukucela iEPA ukumisela imigangatho yomgangatho womoya wesizwe (NAAQS) kungcoliso lwezingcolisi ezintandathu (umz. ozone, umgangatho wecanza, ikharbon monoxide).
  • Ukulawula ukukhutshwa komoya ongcolisa umoya oyingozi (ii-HAP) ezinjengebhenzene nemekyuri.
  • Ukuseka inkqubo yemvume kwimithombo emikhulu yoshishino.
  • Amazwe aququzelelayo ukuze enze izicwangciso zokuzalisekisa uRhulumente (IIP) zokudibana neNAAQS.

Ukusabela Okuya Kuya Kunyanzeleka

I-EPA ikhuphe amakhulu emimiselo phantsi kwe CAA. Umzekelo, umthetho wento edityanisiweyo (PM2.5) umisela imigangatho yee-microgram eziyi-12 kwimitha cubick ngonyaka. I-EPA imisela indlela oorhulumente abamele bajonge ngayo umgangatho womoya, imithombo emele ifake ubugcisa bokulawula ungcoliso, kwaye imilinganiselo ephi iphindwa kaninzi. Umbutho unika imimiselo yokukhutshwa kwenqwelo-moya, imigangatho ye-mercury yesixhobo esisebenza ngemiphunga, kunye nezithuthi zongcoliso lomoya ezinqumla.

Le mithetho idla ngokuphikiswa. Amaqela oshishino angawacel ’ umngeni njengexabiso eliphezulu, ngexa amaqela emeko- bume esenokuphikisana nawo abuthathaka kakhulu. I-EPA kufuneka iphendule kumagqabaza ngexesha lokwenziwa komthetho, kwaye iinkundla ziphinde zihlole imithetho ephikiswayo. Ukudibanisa phakathi kwegunya lemithetho (umoya ococekileyo) kunye nemiyalelo ecacileyo (imida esesikweni) ibonisa indlela inkqubo ehambelana ngayo ngexesha njengoko inzululwazi nobugcisa iguquka.

Ufundisiso lwetyala: Ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo noMthetho

Umthetho we-Affordcure Care Act (ACA) ka-2010 unika omnye umzekelo otyebileyo. Umthetho ngokwawo mkhulu, kodwa uthumela igunya elikhulu lomthetho kwiSebe lezempilo neSebe Loluntu (HHS), iNkonzo yeNdebe yoMnti (IRS), kunye noorhulumente belizwe. Umzekelo, iACA iyabathintela abafaki-ngxelo ekungakukhankanyi ukubhaliswa ngenxa yeemeko ezikhoyo ngaphambili. Kodwa yintoni ebalulekileyo njengemeko ekhoyo? Bamele babhale njani uxwebhu? Bangakhange bawamkelwe ngantoni ucwangciso lukatatomkhulu? Zonke ezi zinto zazingafunwa ngabantu abaphumeli kwimimiselo.

Omnye umthetho ophawulekayo phantsi kwe-ACA wachaza iinzuzo zempilo ezibalulekileyo ezimele zigqunywe zinjongo zomntu ngamnye kunye neqela elincinane. I-HHS yakhupha umthetho ochaza iindidi ezilishumi (kuquka ukufakwa esibhedlele, amayeza agunyazisiweyo, ukunyanyekelwa kooomasipala, kunye neenkonzo zempilo yengqondo) kwaye yavumela amazwe ukuba akhethe isicwangciso sokuphawula ibheji. Lo mthetho wanika intsingiselo ecacileyo kwisiqinisekiso somthetho “sokwehla.

Uzalisekiso lomthetho we ACA lwalungenamthungo. Ukumangalelwa okuninzi kwacel ’ umngeni umgangatho wegunya lombutho, oyena udumileyo . . Burwell (2015], apho iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaxhasa ukunconywa kwerhafu yerhafu elungiselelwe ngurhulumente ngokusekelwe kumgaqo we-IRS. Ityala libonisa indlela iinkundla ezitolika ngayo imimiselo kunye nemimiselo kunye.

Isizathu Sokuba Abemi Bafanele Baziphaphele Imidlalo Edityanisiweyo

Amalungelo Neembopheleleko Zichazwa Ngamabini

Abemi abaninzi bacinga “ngomthetho” njengomthetho odluliswa yiBhunga okanye yindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe kuphela. Enyanisweni, imimiselo inesiphumo esisemthethweni esifanayo. Ukuba uyawuphula umgangatho we-EPA ukhupho, umthetho wokhuseleko lwe-OSHA, okanye imfuneko yokutyhila, ujongene netyala, izigwebo okanye kwanezolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ngokwahlukileyo, imithetho inganika amalungelo. AmaMerika anoMthetho wesiChwephezeli (ADA) ngummiselo; kodwa imigaqo enkcacitho yokufumaneka kwezakhiwo nee-website ivela kwimithetho ekhutshwe liSebe leMimiselo. Le migaqo ichaza ngokuthe ngqo ukuba umnyango ufanele ube mde kangakanani, ukuba ithambeka kangakanani, nokuthi yintoni emele iveliswe kwi-website efikelelekayo.

Amathuba Okuthabatha Inxaxheba Kulawulo - melo

Ukubotshwa kwesivumelwano akupheleliselwanga ekuvoteleni umongameli okanye iKhomishini. Inkqubo yolawulo inika abemi umjelo othe ngqo ukuba babumbe inkqubo karhulumente. Ngexesha lokugqabaza kukawonke-wonke, amagqabaza axhotyiswe kakuhle ngumntu onikiweyo, ngenxa yobungqina .-asenophembelela isigqibo sombutho. Kufuneka i-arhente ijonge onke amagqabaza abalulekileyo. Oku kunamandla ngokukhethekileyo kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, njengomthetho womzi - mveliso ochaphazela uluntu.

Ngaphezu koko, abemi bakhona banokuya kumatyala kawonke-wonke, bacele ulawulo, bade bangenise namaqumrhu afuna ukunyanzelisa ukuthatha inyathelo (umz., xa umbutho uphosa umlinganiselo womthetho omisiweyo). Ezi zixhobo zibalulekile ekubekeni urhulumente oza kuphendula phakathi konyulo.

Indlela Yokubandakanyeka: Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo

Inyathelo 1: Zazi Ingxaki Nee-arhente Ezisebenzayo

Ukuba ukhathalela ummandla othile wenkqubo ````iinguqu'', ukukhusela abathengi, ukhuseleko lokutya funa ukuba yeyiphi imibutho yorhulumente okanye urhulumente olawulayo. Umzekelo, i-EPA ilawula imiqathango emininzi yemeko-bume, iFDA ijonge ukutya kunye neziyobisi, kunye neKhomishini yoNxibelelwano lweFFFL (FCC) ilawula i-tem-mport.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Imithetho ecwangcisiweyo yengoma

Sebenzisa [[NTL: 0] Imithetho.gov ukukhangela ukwenzela ukwenziwa kwemithetho evulekileyo. Ungazibophelela kwimilumkiso ye email yemixholo yenzala. Kwakhona khangela Federal register ukwenzela isaziso sokwenza imithetho ecetyiweyo.

Inyathelo 3: Phendula Intetho Enempumelelo

Amagqabaza kawonke-wonke aba luncedo ngakumbi xa echaziwe, esekelwe kubungqina, kwaye ethetha ngegunya elisemthethweni lombutho. Hlela amagqabaza akho ngolu hlobo:

  • Xela indawo yakho ngokucacileyo (ukhuselo, inkcaso, okanye icebiso lotshintsho).
  • Zinike inkcazelo, izifundo okanye amava obuqu avumelana nalo mgaqo.
  • Chaza icandelo elingqalileyo lomthetho ocetyiswayo othetha ngawo.
  • Chaza indlela lo mthetho oya kukuchaphazela ngayo wena okanye abantu abakuwo.

Ukwenziwa koonobumba abavela kumaqela akhuthazayo kuluncedo, kodwa amagqabaza angomntu ngamnye anokuphembelela ngakumbi abasebenzi besebe.

Inyathelo 4: Yenza Ngaphaya Kwamagqabantshintshi

Ungangqina ekuchotshelweni kwabantu (ngokufuthi kumiselwe imithetho emikhulu). Kwakhona ungaqhagamshelana nabameli bakho abanyuliweyo ukuze ukhuthaze ukuchotshelwa kwetyala okanye iinguqu zowiso-mthetho. Amaqumrhu amaninzi aneekomiti zobucukubhede eziquka amalungu kawonke-wonke; ungafaka isicelo sokukhonza.

Inyathelo 5: Hlola Imithetho Yokugqibela nocelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni

Emva kokuba umthetho wokugqibela upapashiwe, ungalandela imigaqo yokuthobela nokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uyingozi kwizinto onomdla kuzo, yaye isebe lingawahoyi amagqabaza afanelekileyo, usenokuba ume ecaleni. Iintlangano ezingafumani ngeniso zidla ngokukhokelela ekumangalelweni, kodwa abantu ngabanye banokuthelelana njengemibutho echaphazelekayo.

Isiphelo

Umthetho kunye nomthetho ngamacala amabini engqekembe enye. Umthetho unika ugunyaziso lwedemokhrasi kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo obanzi; umgaqo uguqulela ugunyaziso lwemigangatho esebenzayo, enyanzelekileyo. Le nkqubo ayigqibeleli (ukuze ibe yeyokucotha, ibe ngqindilili, kwaye ithatyathwe zizinto ezikhethekileyo ezifuna ungenelelo lokwenene kuwonke-wonke.

Ngokuqonda ukudibanisa okuphakathi kwala mandla mabini, abemi banokuba ngangaphezulu kunabantu abangekho mthethweni bomthetho. Bangaba ngabathathi-nxaxheba abanolwazi ababumba imithetho elawula ubomi babo. Nokuba uxhalabele ukubekwa kwemithetho yengingqi, inkqubo yempilo yesizwe, okanye ukutshintsha kwemozulu yomhlaba wonke, izixhobo zomthetho kunye nolawulo zikhona (ukuba uyazi ukuba uza kuzisebenzisa njani. Qala namhlanje ngokuhlola .gov's kukhokelo lwendlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho yezobulali, yezonyango lwesizwe, okanye yemozulu yomhlaba, kunye nemithetho yencwadi.