Ukuqonda Isiseko Samalungelo Akho Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yomthetho yaseMelika yolwaphulo-mthetho ingumsebenzi omkhulu nontsonkothileyo olungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ukusuka kwixesha lokubanjwa ukuya kwisibheno sokugqibela, ukhuseleko lwakho olusemthethweni lusebenza njengelitye lenkqubo elungileyo. Nokuba ulixhoba elifuna okusesikweni, ingqina licelwa ukuba lingqine, okanye umntu omangalelwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho, ukwazi ukuba amalungelo akho awancedi nganto. Olu khokelo lwandisayo kwimiqobo eqinisekiswe ngumGaqo-siseko nemithetho yorhulumente, linika ulwazi olusebenzisekayo lokufumana zonke icandelo lomthetho.

Abantu abaninzi boyika ukuthethwa namapolisa, ukuhlala enkundleni, okanye ukujongwa ngumtshutshisi. Kodwa umthetho ukunika amakhaka anamandla. IsiBrefuthi, isiBrethi, kunye neSindululo seshumi elinesithandathu sidala imida ekhethekileyo urhulumente angenakuyigqitha. Ukuqonda le mida kukunika amandla okufuna ukuphathwa kakuhle nokuphepha imigibe efanayo. Ngelinye ixesha, sihlola ilungelo ngalinye elikhulu ngobunzulu, kunye nenye imiqobo eyongezelelekileyo esoloko ityeshelwa.

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko wakho kwiNkxaso

IBhili yamaLungelo ibala imigaqo emininzi ekhuselayo esebenza ngqo kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoxa nganye igxeka ngokwayo, isebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo. Nawa amalungelo ayintloko onayo:

  • ekunene ukuthula - ukhuseleko nxamnye nokuzitshintsha
  • ekunene kwisiluleko somthetho - isiqinisekiso sokumela ubuchule
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene kwityala elilungileyo — ngesantya, uwonke wonke, kwaye ungakhethi buso
  • Ekunene ukuba kucingelwe ukuba umsulwa — urhulumente uthwala umthwalo opheleleyo wobungqina
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] ekunene ukujolisa kumangqina — ukuvavanya ukunqamleza kunye nobungqina bokuvavanya
  • Ukhuseleko ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula [[FT:1] — Ukhuseleko loMphetho-mda wesine
  • Ukhuseleko kwingozi ephindwe kabini — akukho luvavanyo lwesibini lwetyala elifanayo

Ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okanye abatshutshisi kuchasene namalungelo akho, ubungqina busenokupheliswa, izityholo zisenokupheliswa, okanye iinkundla zisenokupheliswa xa kubhencwa.

Ilungelo Lokuhlala Uthe Gqitha: Asiso Siso Silumkiso Nje

IsiHlanzi soHlahlulo sesihlanu sithi akukho mntu "uya kunyanzelwa nakweliphi na ityala ukuba abe lingqina elichasene naye." Oku kunelungelo ngokuchasene nokuziphikisa. Kuthetha ukuba akunakunyanzeleka ukuba uphendule imibuzo enokukhokelela kwityala lakho. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kukuxelele ngelungelo xa uvalelwe entolongweni kwaye uncinwe .] Oku kusisilumkiso esiqhelekileyo [

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Ilungelo Ngokufanelekileyo

Ukuhlala uthe cwaka akwanele. Ukuzikhusela ngokupheleleyo, kufuneka uvakalise ngokucacileyo ukuba uqhelisela ilungelo lakho lokuthula. Yithi, "Ndicela ilungelo lam lokuthula, kwaye ndifuna ukuthetha negqwetha ngaphambi kokuphendula nayiphi na imibuzo." Ukuba uthe wacela, amapolisa amele akuphelise ukubuza. Ukuba ayaqhubeka, nawaphi na amazwi owenzayo asenokungamkeleki enkundleni.

Yintoni Ebalulekileyo Njengokwahluka?

Uzidityaniso aluphelelanga kumagama athethwayo. Ingaquka ukunikeza amaxwebhu, amagama ayimfihlo, okanye ulwazi olunokusetyenziswa ngakuwe. Noko ke, ilungelo alisebenzi kubungqina obuphathekayo njengeesampuli zeDNA, iminwe, okanye ii-explans. Unganyanzeleka ukuba unike ezo zinto, kodwa awunakunyanzeleka ukuba unikele okanye uvelise ubungqina obungangqinelaniyo.

Xa Ilungelo Lingasebenzi

Kukho iindidi ezibalulekileyo. Ilungelo elichasene nokuzixakekisa lisebenza kuphela kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Alikukhuseli kwiinkundla zamakhaya, kwiingxoxo zoqhawulo-mtshato, okanye ekuvinyweni kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Kwakhona, awunakuyicela ukuba iphephe ukuphendula imibuzo engakuchaphazeli ngokwenene, umzekelo, imibuzo eqhelekileyo ngexesha lokumiswa kwendlela efana ne "Uyazi ukuba ndikutsale ntoni na?" ingakhuselekanga. Sekunjalo, kukhuselekile ukuhlala uthule de uthethe negqwetha.

Iinkcukacha ezithe zanda kwisiHlanziso sesihlanu, tyelela iCornell Informational Information Icandelo leSigqibo sesihlanu soLawulo [[FLT: 1]].

Ilungelo Lokufumana Icebiso Elingokwasemthethweni: Ummeli Wakho Kwinkqubo

ISithandathu IsiHlanziso siqinisekisa wonke ummangalelwa ngelungelo lokunceda kwisiluleko. Oku kuthetha ukuba ungaqesha igqwetha labucala, okanye ukuba awunamali, inkundla kufuneka imisele umkhuseli kawonke-wonke okanye elinye igqwetha elifanelekayo. Eli lungelo lisebenza kuwo onke amaqondo "abalulekileyo" etyala, ukusuka kwimbonakalo yokuqala yenkundla ukutyhubela ityala, ukugweba, kwanobheno olungqalileyo.

Ziqhotyoshelwa Nini Ezifanelekileyo?

Ilungelo lokucebisa lincanyathiselwa ngokukhawuleza xa kuqalwa ityala lokugweba, ngoko kufanekiselwa ukuba kuvele ijaji lokuqala. Phambi koko, ngexesha lokuncinwa kwamapolisa, usenelungelo kwigqwetha phantsi koMphetho-mda wesihlanu, kungenxa yoko umele ucele igqwetha, yonke imibuzo mayiphele de igqwetha lakho libe likho.

Ukukhetha phakathi komKhuseli woLuntu kunye neAttorney

Ukuba uyakufanelekela ukuxhasa umkhuseli kawonke-wonke ngemali, uya kwamkela igqwetha ngaphandle kwexabiso elithe ngqo. Abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke ngamagqwetha olwaphulo-mthetho anamava, kodwa basoloko bethwala imithwalo enzima yetyala. Ukuba unako ukulifumana igqwetha labucala, uyakwazi ukulawula ngakumbi ukuba ngubani omele wena. Qwalasela ezi zinto xa ukhetha isiluleko:

  • [[UMTL:0] Uphando kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho - Jonga umntu osingatha amatyala afana naweyakho (umz., i-DUI, ukusotywa kweziyobisi, i-blar-mhlophe).
  • udumo lwasekuhlaleni [ — igqwetha elilaziyo iijaji, abatshutshisi, kunye neenkqubo zasekuhlaleni linokuba nempumelelo engakumbi.
  • Unikezelo - Ufuna igqwetha elichaza izinto ngokucacileyo libuyise unxulumano lwakho.
  • Isakhiwo se- [ — Yazi irhafu ethe tyaba ngokuphikisana nokunika iiyure, kwaye buza malunga nexabiso elongezelelekileyo labenzi-zicelo okanye iingcali.

Uncedo Olunempumelelo Lwesiluleko

Ilungelo lokucebisa alikho nje ngokuba negqwetha. Kukukuba nomelo olusebenzayo. Ukuba igqwetha lakho lisenza buthathaka kangangokuba lizichaphazele, ungakwazi ukuphakamisa isiqinisekiso soncedo lwesiluleko olungasebenziyo ekubheneleni. Umgangatho uphezulu: kufuneka ubonise ukuba umsebenzi wegqwetha wawungaphelelanga kwaye ukuswela kumele kucalucaphule imeko yakho.

Ilungelo Lokuvavanywa Ngokufanelekileyo: Asiyondlela Nje Yokwenziwa

ISindululo seSithandathu sikwaqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza nakuwonke wonke liqukunjelwa liqumrhu labachopheli-tyala elingakhethiyo. Le yintsebenziswano yenkqubo yokuchophela ityala. Ityala elisesikweni libandakanya iinkalo eziliqela ezisebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni.

Uvavanyo Olukhawulezayo

Urhulumente akanakukubamba ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuvavanywa. UMthetho we-Piney Trial Act ufuna ukuba iimvavanyo zikarhulumente ziqale kwisithuba seentsuku ezingama-70 zokumangalelwa okanye ukubonakala kokuqala kommangalelwa. Ama-United States anemithetho efanayo. Ukuba ukulibazisa akunangqiqo kwaye kubangelwa lityala, izityholo zingarhoxiswa.

Ukuvavanywa Kwabantu Bonke

Inkundla ivulelwe uluntu lonke kwaye ishicilela. Oku kukhanyisa akukukhuthazi ukuxhatshazwa kwetyala kwaye kubangela ukuba kuphendulwe amatyala. Noko ke, ijaji ingavalela inkundla yenkundla ngezizathu ezivakalayo, njengokukhusela igama lomntu onikela ubungqina okanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe.

I Juli Engakhethi Buso

Unelungelo lokugwetywa liququzelelwa liqumrhu labachopheli-tyala elikhethwe kwicandelo elinqamlezileyo elifanelekileyo loluntu. Ngexesha lokhetho lwabachopheli-tyala (lomlilo), igqwetha lakho lingabuza imibuzo enokwenzeka yabachopheli-jull ukuba batyhile ikhethe. Ijaji ingabakhupha abagwebi abagwebi abanetyala. Kwakhona unenani elilinganiselweyo lemingeni yokukhulula abagwebi ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu.

Ukuboniswa kobungqina nolwahluko lomnqamlezo

Unelungelo lokunikela ubungqina bakho, ukubiza amangqina, kunye namaxwebhu anxulumeneyo. Okubaluleke ngokufanayo, igqwetha lakho linganqumla u-examine qho onke amatyala angqinelanayo. Ubuchule bokucel ’ umngeni ubungqina bubalulekile /ukubhenca ukungangqini, ubuxoki, kunye neenkumbulo eziphosakeleyo.

Funda okuninzi ngamalungu ovavanyo olulungileyo kwi iZiko leMelika Bar kuvavanyo olulungileyo.

Ingcamango Yokungabi Nalucalulo Nomthwalo Wobungqina

Wonke umntu obekwa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ucingelwa ukuba akanatyala. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba unetyala ngokungenakuphikiswa, kwaye umgangatho ophezulu kwinkqubo yethu yomthetho. Ummangalelwa akafuni kungqina ukuba akanatyala okanye anikele nabuphi na ubungqina. Olu khuselo lukhuselwe lubhalwe kwi-Gast Process Claus of the 1450th Reconstment.

Oko kuthethwa kukuqabaza okusengqiqweni

Asikokuba nje kunokwenzeka okanye kuqinisekiswe ngobungqina. Amathandabuzo asengqiqweni abangela ukuba umntu osengqiqweni athandabuze ukuthatha inyathelo lokwenza into ebalulekileyo. Ukuba abachopheli-tyala banalo naluphi na uthandabuza, kufuneka bakhululwe. Lo mlinganiselo uphezulu unciphisa ubungozi beenkolelo eziphosakeleyo.

Impembelelo Esebenzisekayo Enkundleni

Ngenxa yokucingela ukuba umsulwa, ummangalelwa akafuneki ukuba angqine. Ijaji iza kuyala abachopheli-tyala ukuba abanako ukuthi cwaka nxamnye nommangalelwa. Kwakhona, ityala kufuneka linikele ubungqina obufikela umqobo (ukuba abaphumeleli), umahluleli angavuma ukuba ityala lithethelelwe phambi kokuba lisiwe kwijaji.

Ilungelo Lokujamelana NamaNgqina

ISiphakamiso sika-Claus soMbetho weSithandathu sikunika ilungelo lokujamelana nabo bakuchasayo. Oku kuquka ilungelo lokubakho enkundleni yenkundla ngexesha lobungqina babo kunye nokunqumla i-examine. Injongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba indlebe ayinakusetyenziswa ngaphandle kokuba ummeli orhoxileyo ukhona ukuze abuze imibuzo.

Ezikhethekileyo Neziphene

Iinkundla ziqobe iingxelo ezimxinwa. Umzekelo, ukuba ingqina alifumaneki ngenxa yokufa okanye ukugula, kwaye ubungqina bazo bangaphambili babunganyanzeleka ukuba zinqumleze, kungavunywa. Kwakhona, ezinye iingxelo ezingaphandle kwenkundla ezingezo "zibonisa imbeko" (ezifana neentetho nje eziqhelekileyo kumhlobo) zinokuba zingasebenzi phantsi kwemithetho evakalayo. Noko ke, umgaqo ongundoqo uhleli: unalo ilungelo lokuthetha nabamangali enkundleni.

Ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo: Ukukhangela, Ingozi ephindwe kabini, kunye

Ngaphandle kwamalungelo asele echaziwe, kukho amanye amakhusi awahlukahlukeneyo akhusela abantu kurhulumente ophangwayo.

Ukukhuselwa Kwizinto Ezingekho Sikweni Nezingekho Mthethweni

UHlomelo lwesine lufuna amapolisa abe nonobangela ofanelekileyo kunye nesiqinisekiso esifanelekileyo, okanye umahluko osebenzayo, "" phambi kokuba aphengulule ikhaya lakho, imoto, okanye umntu. Ukuba ayaphula umthetho wokuzikhulula, usenokuba nobungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni ekucikidweni. Ngokuqhelekileyo buquka imvume, imbonakalo ecacileyo, kunye neemeko ezicacileyo. Ngamaxesha onke bubuze, "Ngaba ndikhululekile ukuhamba?" xa unquma. Ukuba uvalelwe, ungatsho ukuthi, "Andivumi ukuphendla."

Ukhuseleko Kwingozi Ephindwe kabini

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sikwalela ukuvavanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elinye. Xa uthe wakhululwa okanye wagwetywa, urhulumente akanakukukucela ukuba uphinde ulwenze olo lwaphulo-mthetho, nokuba bubungqina obutsha buvele. Noko ke, oku akuthinteli urhulumente owahlukeneyo ukuba akumangaleli ngesenzo esinye ukuba oko kuchasene nomthetho worhulumente nowaseburhulumenteni (imfundiso "yolongamo lomntu").

Amalungelo amaxhoba: Indima Yakho Kwinkqubo

Inkqubo yokulawula iyakwazi ukuwaqonda amalungelo amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho. Crime'Amaxhoba 'Amalungelo Omntu' [CVRA] inika amaxhoba ilungelo lokuviwa kwiimeko ezithile, ukunikwa isaziso sokuva, ukuba abekho, nokuphathwa ngesidima nangentlonelo. Amazwe amaninzi anemithetho efanayo. Ukuba usisisulu, ungafaka ingxelo yexhoba kwisigwebo nakwisicelo. Unako ukufumana ilungelo lokuphendula umtshutshisi.

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluninzi, hlola U.S. Isebe lamaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho

Amalungelo Ebudeni Bokubanjwa Nokubhalwa Kwencwadi

Xa umthetho ukubeka entolongweni, imigaqo ethile kufuneka ilandelwe. Unelungelo lokwazi isizathu sokuba ubanjwa. Kufuneka unikwe izilumkiso zeMiranda phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya. Xa ubhala incwadi, unelungelo lokufowunela (ngokufuthi kwigqwetha okanye ilungu lentsapho). Unelungelo lokufumana ibheyile esengqiqweni, nangona izono ezithile zinokukuvumela ukukhanyelwa kwebheyile.

Ibhayile kunye nokukhululwa kwangaphambili

ISinyuso seNkcubeko sesibhozo sikwalela ukusetyenziswa kwebheyile eninzi. Ijaji ibeka ibheyile esekelwe kumngcipheko wenqwelo-moya, ingozi kuluntu, kunye nohlobo lwezityholo. Ukuba awunakukwazi ukuhlawula, ungacela ukucuthwa kwebheyile okanye ufune ukukhululwa ngebheyile yakho. Ngoku imimandla emininzi isebenzisa izixhobo zokuhlola umngcipheko wokufumana iimeko.

Izibheno kunye nokuLawula iNkcubeko

Ukuba ugwetywe, usenamalungelo. Ungasifaka esi sigqibo kwizizathu ezisemthethweni (ngomzekelo, iimpazamo kwimiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala, ukuvuma okungafanelekanga, okanye uncedo lwesiluleko olungasebenziyo. Izibheno aziziyo iziphumo zovavanyo; inkundla ekhupha ityala ihlola ingxelo yetyala ngenxa yeempazamo. Ukuba uphulukana nesibheno, ungafuna isibheno seposi, esinjenge-habeas corpus, ukuvavanya ukuvalelwa kwetyala.

Imilinganiselo Yokusikelwa Umda Kwezibheno

Kufuneka kudluliswe izibheno ngokukhawuleza, ngokufuthi kungekapheli iintsuku ezingama-30 zomgwebo. Ukungalifumani ixesha elifanelekileyo kusenokuphulukana nelungelo lakho lokubhenela. Rhoqo cela igqwetha lakho malunga nexesha elikufutshane neziphumo ezinokwenzeka zokuvavanya iziphumo zokufuduka (njengeziphumo okanye ukuphulukana namalungelo okuvota).

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okukhusela Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi amalungelo akho akuncedi ukuba awuwasebenzisi. Nazi izenzo ezicacileyo ofanele uzenze:

  • Ungathethi nto ngaphandle kwegqwetha. kanye emva kokuba ubanjiwe, cela igqwetha uze uhlale uthule.
  • Musa ukuvuma ukuphendla. ngokucacileyo uthi, "Andivumelani nokukhangela" Musa ukuxhathisa ngokoqobo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Bhala yonke into. Uxwebhu lwamagama abaphathi, amangqina, kunye neenkcukacha zokubanjwa.
  • Ukudibana negqwetha ngoko nangoko. Ukuba awunako ukufikelela enye, cela umkhuseli kawonke-wonke ngomhla wenkundla yakho yokuqala.
  • Ithe yayigqiba yonke imihla yenkundla. Ukungaphumeleli ukuvela kungenza isiqinisekiso sebhentshi kunye nezityholo ezongezelelweyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Gcina iikopi zawo onke amaxwebhu. amashiti okumangala, ukufunyanwa, kunye nemiyalelo yenkundla.

Ukongezelela, zifundise ngendlela yenkundla yasekuhlaleni. Iinkundla ezininzi zineziko lokuzinceda kwabo bangenamagqwetha. Yaye ungaze ujongele phantsi ukubaluleka kokugcina uzolile. Sebenzisana neenkqubo ezisisiseko zokubhala, kodwa qinisekisa amalungelo akho ngokuzolileyo nangokuqinileyo.

Isiphelo: Ulwazi Luyeyona Nto Inamandla Yokuzikhusela

Inkqubo yobulungisa inokuba namandla, kodwa unamagophe okhuseleko olunamandla. Ukusuka ekuhlaleni uthule ukuya kunelungelo lokujamelana nabamangaleli bakho, ezi khuseleko zenzelwe ukucutha indawo yokudlala phakathi komntu norhulumente. Ukuba ulixhoba, ingqina, okanye umntu ojongene netyala, ukuqonda amalungelo akho kukunceda uhambe ngentembelo. Ngamaxesha onke funa isiluleko esisemthethweni esifanelekileyo esivumelana nemeko yakho ethile, ungaze uthandabuze ukuqinisa amalungelo aqinisekiswe ngumGaqo-siseko. Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phambili, jonga ukhokelo lwakho [[FLT:] ACLU] lwazi ukhokelo lwakho ngezenzo ezisebenzayo.