Indaleko yomgaqo-siseko ingundoqo wokulawula kwale mihla, ibonisa amandla ebutho labantu okuziqhelanisa neemeko zezoqoqosho eziguqukayo, impumelelo yobugcisa, kunye nemilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni ekhulayo. Ukusukela kwimithetho yakudala esemthethweni eqingqiweyo eqingqiweyo eqingqiweyo ematyeni ukuya kwizixhobo ezintsonkothileyo zobuchule bokuyila, iinkqubo zolawulo lokwemvelo ziqhubeke zikhula kwaye zicoceke ukuze zilungelelanise uphuhliso nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda le nkqubo iqhubekayo kubalulekile kubenzi benkqubo, iinkokeli zezoshishino, kunye nabemi ngokufanayo, njengokuba amandla omgaqo aphembelela ngokuthe ngqo ugcino-mali, ukulondolozwa kwemekobume, kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Isiseko Sembali Sokubuyiselwa

Kude phambi kokuba ibinzana elithi “umthetho” lingene kwisigaba esiqhelekileyo, impucuko yamandulo yaqonda imfuneko yemithetho edityanisiweyo yokulawula urhwebo, ukusombulula iimpikiswano, kunye nokukhusela ubuncwane boluntu. Ezi nkqubo zangaphambili zabeka isiseko sesiseko senkqubo yomgaqo ocwangcisiweyo ezakuvela kwiinkulungwane kamva.

Imithetho Nemiyalelo Yamandulo

Ilizwe lamandulo [[FLT [imithetho] (i-circa 1754 BCE) eMesopotamia yenye yemizekelo yakudala eyaziwayo yomthetho obhaliweyo, egquma yonke into ukusuka kumalungelo empahla ukuya kumsebenzi wezonyango. iYiputa yamandulo[[[FLT:]], imiyalelo ye-pharanonics Juis , ukudizalisa, kunye nokusasazwa komxhesho osemthethweni wokutya ngexesha lendlala. Ngokufanayo, uBukhosi base-Romenia babhenela ubuRoman [[FLT:]] [FLT] [5] umthetho okhethekileyo woburhulumente woburhulumente] Julis [FLT], umgaqo oqhelekileyo ophenjelweyo lwe-Julppendial ekwiwakani.[5]

Amaqela aphakathi nemithetho efuna ingcungela

Ngexesha lamaXesha aphakathi, iinshorensi zemibutho eYurophu zathatha indima yokuyila. Bamisela imilinganiselo yomgangatho wempahla (umz., ilaphu, intsimbi), ulawulo loqeqesho, kunye namaxabiso asisigxina. Le mimiselo yemibutho, ngelixesha isoloko ikhusela, inika ukuthembeka kubathengi. Kwangalo elo xesha, ookumkani bakhupha imiyalelo yolawulo lobukumkani kunye noorhulumente baqalisa ukulawula urhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye oorhulumente bamasipala baqalisa ukubeka imiyalelo encophotho logushelwano kunye nokwakhiwa kwemithetho yemiqathango yempilo yabantu basezidolophali.

Iinguqulelo Zezoshishino Nokuqalisa Kokubuyiselwa Kwale Mihla

Ukukhawuleza kwenkqubela-phambili kwinkulungwane ye-18 neye-19 kwavelisa ubungozi obungathethekiyo. Iifektri zafaka umsi emoyeni, abasebenzi basebenza iiyure ezili-16 kwiimeko ezingakhuselekanga, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwabantwana kwakusasazekile. Umlinganiselo wezo ngxaki wawungaphaya koko kwakunokusingathwa ngamasiko okanye abaphathi-mikhosi basekuhlaleni, zinyanzelela oorhulumente ukuba benze umgaqo-mthetho.

Imisebenzi yokusebenza neyomzi - mveliso

Umthetho we-Factory ka-1833 eUnited Kingdom waphawula ukushintshwa okubalulekileyo. Yalinganisela iiyure zokusebenza kwabantwana, imilinganiselo yokhuseleko esisiseko, kunye nokusekwa koomhloli befektri abasisiseko, kunye nomnye wemibutho yokuqala enikezelweyo. Imithetho efanayo yalandelwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseMntla Merika. Imigangatho yemisebenzi yezentengiso [ ka-1938] eUnited States, eyabeka umvuzo omncinci kunye nobuninzi beyure zokusebenza, ebonakalisa ulawulo lolwahlulo lomsebenzi. Ezi zenzo zazingezolawulo nje kuphela; zazimele isivumelwano esitsha soburhulumente apho kwakulindeleke ukuba kungenelele ubomi bobucala bomntu obusengozini.

Imithetho yokusingqongileyo neyoLuntu

Imizi-mveliso yayithetha ukungcoliswa. Imilambo yangaphambili yayinemichiza, kwaye izixeko zaziminxwa ngumsi wamalahle. UMthetho we-Alkali ka-1863 womthetho wolawulo wokukhutshwa komphunga kwimizi-mizi - mveliso yesoda-ash, ngexesha lemithetho yempilo yangaphambili yayigunyazisa amanzi acocekileyo kunye nenkqubo yokulahla indle. EUnited States, uMthetho ococekileyo noMfuno-Drawhood [[FTY:3] ka-1906] wadala i-mastadendarivery ye-FDA, ijolise ukunqanda ukutya okungcolisiweyo kunye namayeza ayingozi. Le mimiselo yangaphambili yempilo neyondlalo-20.

Ithuba Elitsha

Uthetho Olukhulu loMalingo lwama-1930 olwaphukileyo. UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Development yakha isakhiwo sokulungisa isiseko somthetho esihlala sihleli namhlanje. Izibonelelo ze-Exchange Exchange ka-1930 [ zamisa i-Secrities kunye neKhomishoni (SEC) yokuphatha izimarike nokukhusela abanikazi. I-National Labornity Act (Umthetho we-Moolemental) ka-1935] eqinisekiswe abasebenzi ukuba bamanyane nokuququzelela. uMthetho wokhuseleko nokhuseleko loburhulumente obungalunyuswanga.[FOcd] [FFD] [FF:5]]

Ulwando Olulawulayo Kwixesha Lasemva Kwemfazwe

Ukususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukuya kowe - 1970, imithetho yanda ngokukhawuleza phantse kwicandelo ngalinye. Eli xesha labona ukudalwa kwamaqumrhu anamandla azinikele kukhuseleko lwabathengi, ekukhuseleni imekobume nasemsebenzini.

Ukhuseleko nokhuseleko lwemveliso

Incwadi kaRalph Nader [[FLT: 0] Ikhuselekile nakweyiphi na isantya (65) idibanise ukudalwa kwe National Highway Suctut Ulawulo lokhuseleko lwezamayeza [[[FLT:]] kunye nokudlula kwe [[FLT:] nokugqithisa kwe-[FLT]] i-Mot Vehle Safety Act [. [[FLT:]] I-Consumum Project Suctive Secutet Utect Act [[[ ka 1972] ive inguqum'' iKomishini yokhuseleko yokhuseleko yokhuseleko yokhuseleko [[CP] ulawulo lwezenzakalisa i-DSCCP] kunye noLawulo lweziyobisi olunento oluthe krusoluse. I-Active Igunyati yezo oluthenti yoncedo lwahlukeneyokuthintela kumthetho oluqhelekileyo, lunga ulawulo olusetyenziswa phambi komthetho

Imvukelo Yokusingqongileyo

I1970 yayilixesha elilungileyo lommiselo wokusingqongileyo eUnited States. [[FLT:] Umthetho weNational Environmental Policy (1969]) walandelwa [ I-Developtic Act[[[FLT:]] [70]], inkqubela ye[FLT]] yamanzi ecocekileyo [[FLT]] [[FLT:] [62]], kunye nokudalwa kwe-[FLT] i-ENFRANT] Ukhuselo lwe-ARS[[FLT:] [[PA] [7] [iPA]. Intshukumo efanayo yenzekile eYurophu, eJapan, nakwezinye iindawo. Le mithetho ifuna imiqathango yokukhuthulwa kwemekobume yemeko-bume, kunye nendalo yolwano lolwano. [2][5][5]

Ukhuseleko lomsebenzi

Ukudalwa kwe- Ukhuseleko noLawulo lwezempilo [U-OSHA] ngo-1970, ngakwicala elihambelanayo lamasebe kwamanye amazwe, kwazisa ulawulo ngaphakathi emsebenzini. Abaqeshi babefuneka ngoku ukunikezela “ngendawo yomsebenzi engenazingozi ezibonakalayo.” I-OSHA yamisela imiqathango efunekayo kuyo yonke into exhomekeke kumatshini ekulondolozeni imiqathango evumelekileyo yokwandiswa kwemichiza. Eli xesha lakwabone ulwanolwando lwemiqathango elawula iimpesheni (ERISA eU.S.) kunye nethuba elilinganayo lokusebenza (EOC).

Ucelomngeni Lwexesha Elidluleyo Kwihlabathi Elixhaphakileyo, Elisebenzisa Amanani

Ukunyuka kweInternet, ubuchule bokuyila izinto, ukuqokelelwa kwezixhobo zomhlaba wonke nemozulu kubangela ukuba abantu bacinge ngendlela entsha.

Ukusebenzisa Amanani Nendlela Yokuziphilisa Nolwazi

Ukudubuleka kwamaqonga amanani , ukusuka kumaqonga e-commerce ukuya ku-e-commence, kuye kwadala ugcino-lwazi olukhulu olulucelomngeni lwemithetho yesithethe. I-European Union’s Jikelele uKhuselo logcino-lwazi (GDPR), olusebenzayo 2018, luyilinyathelo elibonisa indlela yokunika abantu ulawulo lobuqu. Lubeka imali eninzi kwiinkampani ezichaphazelekayo ezithi tha idata kwaye zifune ukuvunyelwa ngokucacileyo. EUnited States, i-[FLT:] i-Calinia Consubetion Activect [CPA [FLTPA:3] [iiiiiiice] elungele ukulawulwa kwe-onkeneentweni, i-ogromentine yolawulo oluphezulu, i-Genethi ye-Foki.[4]

Ukuphendula kwemithetho-siseko kunye nobuntlola obuyenziwa

Njengokuba iinkqubo ze-Al zisetyenziswa ekuqesheni, ekuboleseni, ekugwebeni, ekugwebeni, nasekunyamekeleni impilo, inkxalabo malunga nokusesikweni, ukubonakala mhlophe, nokuziphendulela kukhula. Isicelo se-EU se-UUU se-AI'A'A''A''''''Umthetho owenziwe ngomlinganiselo womngcipheko, owenqanda ezo zigqalwa “ezingamkelekanga” (umz., ukugxininiswa kokusesikweni koorhulumente) kunye nokubekwa kweemfuno ezingqongqo kwi-“risk” kusetyenziswa. Amanye amazwe aphuhlisa izakhelo zawo, kodwa uphuhliso lwempucuko ye-AIAIA yenza kube nzima.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokutshintsha Kwemekobume

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuye kwanyanzelisa ukucinga ngomthetho wokusingqongileyo ongaphaya kolawulo oluqhelekileyo. Isivumelwano seParis (2015) (2015) simisela isiseko samazwe ukucutha ngokuzithandela ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu. Ngokuqhutywa ekhaya, abalawuli basebenzisa inkqubo ye-carbon crigebration (intloko-trade eKhalifoniyani kunye ne-EUU, irhafu yerhafu ye-carbon eCanada ne-Scandinavia), i-oxpoolfeo, nemigangatho yezoqoqosho eqinileyo yoqoqosholo lwemali. [[FT.[FLT:]] [iP]] i-Revultruction Rective Active Active Active [[FLT3] [202]) iquka izikhuthazo ezingundoqo zemeko-nga-mali ezithenjiweyo, ukumela ukutshintsha komyalelo kwe-omatiko-o-omatiko-o-o-o-om.[5]

Ukuphucula Imali Emva Kwengxaki Yowama - 2008

Ingxaki yemali yehlabathi lonke yowama-2008 ibhenca izithuba ezirhabaxa kulawulo lweebhanki, ii-acts, kunye nogcino-mali. I-Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation kunye noMthetho weNqukumbelelo lwe-Consummer (2010) ku-Unyaka we-U. yadala i-Concality Finicial Protection Bureagement Bureareaunia (CFPB), imisela iimfunopho ezingqongqo, kwaye yagunyazisa ukususwa okuphakathi kweempahla eziphunyeziweyo. i-Basel IIIIIII izivumelwano zoko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko kunye nolwemali olunyukileyo (DiFi) inika ucelomngeni olutsha olutsha olutsha olukhoyo kunye nokuzama ukumelana nemali ekhohlayo. Ngokukhawuleza okusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza.

Iimodeli zolungelelwaniso oluthelekisayo

Iindlela zolawulo ziyahluka kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe, zibunjwe zizithethe ezisemthethweni, imigaqo yezobupolitika nemilinganiselo yezithethe. Ukuqonda le migaqo kubalulekile kwiinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe nakunxibelelwano lwemigaqo - siseko yamazwe ngamazwe.

IEuropean Union: Ukuzikhusela Nokungxwelerheka

I-EU isoloko ithatha [ umgaqo obalulekileyo wokungena, apho abalawuli bangenza khona ukukhusela umonakalo onokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuqiniseka ngokupheleleyo kwenzululwazi. Oku kubonakala kwi NYANGA- nye nye[ umgaqo wemichiza (ukuhlasela amawaka ezinto) kunye GPR. I-EUMVULATY] ifuna ngokukhawulezileyo ukuvumelana, idala imigangatho enye ngaphaya kwamazwe 27, umzekelo, iphawula ukuphawula izibonelelo zokhuseleko ezikhoyo phakathi kwentengiso ezizinzileyo.

EUnited States: Inkcitho Nehlelo

U.S. ulawulo lusoloko luchazwa njenge i-supanol kunye nemali yezemfundo, namasebe awohlukeneyo ebhanki (Indawo ekhuselekileyo, i-OC), izithuthi (I-ET), imeko-bume (EPA), kunye nemali-mali yomthengi (CFPB). Umthetho we-Adrect ufuna abameli ukuba balandele inkqubo ende yomthetho ngesaziso sikawonke kunye nenkcazelo, benza umthetho ube mvane kodwa ucothene. Inkundla yezomthetho idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubukeni imisebenzi yesebe. [kunyaka yakutshanje], [FFF:4]

Amazwe Asakhasayo: Ukulungelelanisa Ulwando Nobuchule

Amazwe afana ne-Indiya, i-Brazil, i-Indonesia, ne-Nigeria ajongene nocelomngeni olukhethekileyo lolawulo. Kufuneka akhe amaziko olawulo ukusuka ekukrweleni ngokulawula ukukhula okukhawulezileyo kwezoqoqosho kunye nezithintelo zezibonelelo. IBhanki yehlabathi le-Emodese of Doing Business Index[ (iyaqhubeka ku-2021]) (ibalase indlela imimiselo enzima ngayo ukuthintela ukwenziwa kweshishini elincinane. Amazwe amaninzi asakhasaphule iziphumo zoburhulumente (RIA) kwaye asika iinkqubo zetepeyipu ebomvu, eziphenjelelwe zizinto ezingcono. Ngelo elinye ixesha, aphikisana neemeko ezinkulu ezifana nezoshishino, ulawulo olubuthathaka, kunye nokonakala. [[FLD:] African FreeCFF]

Imigaqo yexesha elizayo: Iyatshintsha, iyantlukwano kwaye iquka

Xa ujonga phambili, eyona nkqubo iphumelelayo iya kuba yileyo inokukwazi ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza, ibandakanyeke kumaqela ahlukahlukeneyo abantu abafaka imali, uze usebenzise ugcino - lwazi nobugcisa ngendlela ephumelelayo.

Ulungiso olunyibilikileyo kunye neentyatyambo ezilawulayo

Enye intengiso ethembisayo yibhokisi yentlabathi elawulayo, ethandwa kuqala liGunya leMali le-UK. I-sandbox ivumela iinkampani ze-pinstech (kwaye ngoku iifemu ze-II) ukuba zivavanye iimveliso ezintsha nabathengi abanolawulo olulula, ngelixesha abalawuli befunda ngeengozi neengenelo. Oku kunciphisa ixesha lokuthengisa izinto ezintsha nokunceda abalawuli ukuba bacebe imithetho esemthethweni engokwesiko. Umthetho owenziwe ngobuchule obulula, ogxininisa umthetho owenziweyo, owenziwe ngokufutshane, nowokusetyenziswa komthetho omfutshane, kunye nomahluko owenziwayo kwinkqubo yomthetho.

Unyanzeliso logcino-lwazi kunye nokudityaniswa

I-data enkulu ekwazi ukuguqula indlela abalawuli abajonga ngayo ukuthobela. IKhomishini yezezimali kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange yase-U.S. isebenzisa i-algorithm ukuchonga iipakethi zentengiso. Amasebe endawo ekungqongileyo asebenzisa iinkcazelo zesatellite ukulandelela ukugawulwa okanye ukukhutshwa komphunga okungekho mthethweni. IKhomishini ye-Evinian Register [ isebenzisa ulwazi olusuka ekuphembeleni ukuphembelela ukungqubana okunokwenzeka okunokwenzeka komdla. Kodwa, ukusetyenziswa kwe-AIP kunyusa imibuzo engoko yokugcinwa komthetho kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo, ifuna izikhuselo ezintsha ezifanelekileyo.

Ubungqina bokwenza ulawulo kunye nomthetho

Umthetho wangoku awuseyonkqubo ephezulu. Abameli abaninzi basebenzisa ukhangelo lwe-intanethi, iikomiti zobucukubhede, kunye nokuva uwonke wonke ukuqokelela igalelo. uMqulu-omatiler[ .... ngokufana ne-Internet Goverdance Forum okanye iBhunga lobuphathi-otheraclarecrate. ukwandisa iprojekthi-'umbane [, apho amashishini avelisa imigangatho encopho ngoko enconywa ngurhulumente (um.g., [FLT.4]]]] . . . . .I--ggcultal kwi-nethi ye-nethi ye-nethi ye-'Net ]])

Intsebenziswano yomgaqo - siseko wamazwe ngamazwe

Ngenxa yokuba iingxaki ezisemhlabeni wonke ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukubhatala kwerhafu, kunye nobhubhani ongaphaya kwemida, intsebenziswano yolawulo ibalulekile. I-FUMS enjenge ECD, Intlangano yezizwe ngezizwe eManyanzelisayo yamaKhomishini[[[[FLT]] i-UNIT] i-'ASCT] [[FLT]] iphuhlisa imisebenzi engcono nezivumelwano zokwazisana. iKomiti ephezulu yeBHANGENKAT], kwaye iyakwazi ukuxhasa i-data yomgangatho womhlaba wonke. [FFT] [FFT] [FFFFFF] ifumana inkxaso-mfutho yoncedo olugqithisileyo, kwaye iyakwazi ukuxhasana.

Isiphelo

Indaleko yolawulo libali eliqhubekayo lokuzama ukuvisisanisa iinzuzo zoshishino kunye nohlaziyo loluntu logama lunciphisa iingozi zalo. Ukusuka kwiKhowudi kaHammurabi ukuya kwi-GDPR, ulawulo luye lwakhula kububanzi, ubuntlola, kunye nelokunqwenela iphulo. Namhlanje, sijongene nemiqathango emitsha , utshintsho lwemozulu, ukutshintsha kwamaqonga, iiplatfomu zemali-manani ("ukufuna iiprotrupt") ezingeno zemithetho yokulawula engalumkanga kuphela kodwa esebenzayo kodwa elungeleleneyo kodwa epheleleyo. Isifundo esingundoqo sembali sicacile: ulawulo kufuneka luqhubeke luvela, okanye luzibeka engozini yokuba yingxaki eqhubekiswe kwinkqubela okanye imfihlelo elingephiyo. Ikamva lokulawula ubuxoki ekufumaneni i-console kunye ne-computting, kunye ne-sting, promistmist, , kunye ne-cronsto yemithetho esebenzayo.