Kudala uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle lungundoqo wophuhliso lwezizwe ngezizwe, ukuxhasa yonke into ukususela kumakliniki ezempilo asemaphandleni eAfrika ukuya kwiinkqubo zemfundo kuMzantsi-mzantsi-ntshona we-Asia. Kodwa nangona kungamashumi eminyaka kuveliswa utyalo-mali, umsantsa phakathi kwemisebenzi yenkqubela-moya ephumelelayo kunye nomlinganiselo omkhulu, ungenelelo oluzinzileyo luhlala lubanzi. Inkqubo yomqhubi enciphisa ukufa kwabantwana ngama-30% kwesinye isithili ayiphumeleli iziphumo ezifanayo xa ifunyaniselwe kummandla okanye kwilizwe lonke. Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba ukunyuka kunzima kangaka, kwaye indlela yokukwenza oku ngcono, ibalulekile ukuze kuphumelele, kuphumelele, kwaye kuhlala ixesha elide.

Ukunika ungenelelo oluqinisekisiweyo loncedo lwamanye amazwe kuthetha ukuthatha indlela esebenzayo nokwandisa ukufikelela kwalo ukuze kungenelwe abantu abaninzi, ngokufuthi kunqamleze iimeko ezahlukeneyo. Akufuni nje ukwenza utshintsho oluninzi ngokufanayo; kuyimfuneko ukuqhelanisa nokusingqongileyo okutsha, ukulawula uqingqo-mali oluninzi, ukudibanisa abadlali abaninzi, kunye nokwakha ubumnini basekuhlaleni. Ngaphandle kokuceba ngenyameko, isikali singakhokelela kwiziphumo ezinyibilikisiweyo, ukuchitha izinto ezisekwe, kwanomonakalo ongacetywanga. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa olona celomngeni oluqhelekileyo lokunyusa iinkqubo zoncedo eziphumelelayo kunye nokwenza ubuchule obusekelwe kuzo.

Ukuqonda Ucelomngeni Lobuhlwempu

Imibutho yophuhliso isoloko ibhiyozela impumelelo yomsebenzi womqhubi wenqwelo-moya, kodwa uhambo ukusuka kumqhubi ukuya kumlinganiselo luzaliswe yimiqobo. Uhlolisiso lwangonyaka ka-2016 lwe-Brookings Institution lwafumanisa ukuba zingaphantsi kwama-20% izinto ezincedwa ngabaqhubi benqwelo-moya kumazwe asakhasayo zifikelele isikali. Izizathu ziyahluka, kodwa zisoloko zisuka ekusitheni umntu akawulindelanga umxholo, ubuncwane, kunye notshintsho xa inkqubo isanda.

Imephu ye Pilot- Imephu yomlinganiselo

Iinqwelo-moya zisebenza phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwa kakhulu, ngenkxaso-mali enikezelweyo, kunye nabasebenzi abazimisele kakhulu. Bangaphunyezwa kuluntu olunye apho umbutho wokusebenza unolwalamano olunzulu kwaye unokuziqhelanisa ngokukhawuleza. Ukunyuka kufuna ulwahlulo lolwandiso kunqumla uninzi okanye amakhulu abantu, ngokufuthi ngenkqubo karhulumente engenabubhetyebhetye-bhetye obufanayo okanye ubuncwane obufanayo. Umsantsa asingomnye nje wobukhulu kodwa usebenza ngokuntsonkothileyo: oko kusebenza kumqhubi wenqwelo-moya akusebenzi ngomlinganiselo kuba inkqubo yezixhobo yahlukile kakhulu.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuphakama Kwezinto Kusoloko Kusilela

Ukungaphumeleli kolinganiso kungenziwa ngamaqela amathathu avulekileyo: uhlalutyo olungalungelelaniyo lweemeko zasekuhlaleni, ubuchule obunganele kumazwe amkelayo, kunye nokungalungelelani okubuthathaka phakathi kwabagcini-mathiriyeli. Ezi azibodwa; ngokufuthi ziyaqinisana. Umzekelo, ungenelelo lwempilo olulinganiswe ngaphandle kokuqonda isimilo sonyango lwasekuhlaleni lungasilela ukufikelela kubemi abacetyiswayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuncitshisweni kwemiqathango kunye nokuchithwa kwezixhobo. Ngokufanayo, ukuba abasebenzi bezonyango basekuhlaleni abaqeqeshwangaqeqeshwanga okanye abashukunjelwanga, ubulunga bocwangciso basekuhlaleni njengoko besanda.

Imiqobo Eqhelekileyo Yokulungelelanisa Iindlela zoncedo zangaphandle

1. Ukungahambelani kombhalo

Oko kusebenza kwelinye ilizwe okanye ummandla kusenokungathandeki ngokupheleleyo kwenye indawo. Izithethe zenkcubeko, iinkqubo zezobupolitika, izakhiwo zezoqoqosho, kunye nemigangatho yentlalo iyahluka kakhulu, kwanakwilizwe elinye. Inkqubo enika amabhinqa amandla ngemicrofinince eBangladesh, umzekelo, isenokungaguquleli kwibutho apho amabhinqa angenakukwazi ukuvula ngokusemthethweni iingxelo zebhanki. Ukungangqinelani okubhaliweyo kukwaquka ukwahlukahlukana kwemiqathango yesiseko sogcino-lwazi: i-nkqubo yezobugcisa yezonyango esebenza kwisixeko esikhulu esine-intanethi ethembekileyo ingasilela kwimimandla yasemaphandleni enxibelelana.

Ukulungelelanisa uhlengahlengiso kumongo wasekuhlaleni asilonyathelo lobugcisa nje kuphela elifunekayo ukudibanisa ngokunzulu nabantu abahlala kunye, oorhulumente, nemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Ngaphandle koku, ungenelelo olulinganisiweyo lunokuba lungenamsebenzi okanye luyingozi. Amaziko ophuhliso lwezizwe ngezizwe anjengo USAID ngokuya igxininisa imfuneko yenkqubela ekhokelayo, kodwa ukushukuma ukuqhelisela ukuqhelisela ubugcisa kusellungeni lulucelomngeni.

2. Izithintelo zesakhelo

Umlinganiselo ufuna imali, umntu kunye noovimba abaqeqeshiweyo abanqabileyo kumazwe afumana ulwamkelo. Imali yoncedo inqabile ukuxelelwa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide, kwaye uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente kumazwe afumana imali encinci lunciphile. Ikomkhulu lomntu linyanzelekile kakhulu: kusenokubakho oogqirha abaqeqeshiweyo, abafundisi-matshineli, abasebenza kwinkqubo elinganisiweyo. I-Infraturaclustracture, transounds, umbane, iinkqubo zamanzi, iinkqubo zokuxhasa iinkonzo. Ezi zizinto zithetha ukuba kwaneenkqubo zokulinganisela ezityikisiweyo zinokugcinwa okanye zingaphumeleli.

Ngaphezu koko, imiqathango yoovimba asingobungakanani nje kuphela kodwa ngobunjani. Iprojekthi yexeshana elifutshane ibangela izisusa ezigqwethekileyo: imibutho ingakhawulezisa ukuchitha imali kunokuba ifakelele kwiinkqubo ezizinzileyo. Ingxelo ye-2020 ye- yeNkcubeko yomhlaba wonke[ ibalaselisa indlela inkxaso-mali edityanisiweyo ephazamisa ngayo iinkqubo zonyango ezinika umnikrwelo eAfrika, kunye neenkqubo ezininzi ezithe nkqo ezikhuphisanayo zabasebenzi abalinganiselweyo kunye nezisekelwe kwisiseko.

3. Ukungalungelelani nolawulo

Izixhobo zolawulo ezingasebenziyo zinokukhokelela ekukhutshweni, kwiinguqu, kwimfazwe, kwezinye iimeko, iinkqubo ezilinganisiweyo zibekwa phezulu ngaphandle kokuthenga, iziphumo zokulwa okanye ukulwa.

Ucelomngeni lolawulo lukhulu kakhulu kumazwe abuthathaka okanye kwimimandla enamaziko abuthathaka. Kwanakumazwe aneziko elizinzileyo, ukungaphumeleli kwentsebenziswano kungenza iziphumo. Umzekelo, inkqubo yokuzondla yesikolo elinganiswe yiWorld Food Programme ingaphumelela ekuphuculeni isondlo, kodwa ukuba uMphathiswa wemfundo akalulungelelani ucwangciso lwesikolo okanye uqeqesho, impembelelo iya kusikelwe umda. Ukwakha inkqubo enamandla yokulungelelanisa imithambo-nkqubo yasekuqaleni kubalulekile, kodwa ifuna ixesha, ukuthembana, kunye nokuthanda kwezobupolitika.

4. Ukujongwa nokuncitshiswa

Imisebenzi emininzi yoncedo lwamanye amazwe yenziwe ngovavanyo kunye nohlolo (M&E) olusebenza kumqhubi mncinci kodwa lwaphuke ngokwesikali. Ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi lomgangatho ophezulu ngaphaya kwama-waka eendawo kubiza imali eninzi kwaye kuntsonkothileyo. Ngaphandle kwengxelo yexesha lokwenene, izixhobisi azinakukwazi ukuva iingxaki kwangoko okanye zilungise indlela yazo. Ukulungelelanisa inkqubo ngaphandle kobuvuvuvu be-M& E kufana nokuqhuba imoto nge-oplyfont-fix-joll-* ungahamba ngokukhawuleza, kodwa unokuba nomonaka.

Ngaphezu koko, imfuno zomnikeli zidla ngokujolisa kwiziphumo (umz., inani leminatha ebhedi esasazwayo) kunokuba libe yiziphumo (umz., ukuncitshiswa kweemeko zemalariya). Oku kukhuthaza ukunyuka okukhangeleka kakuhle ephepheni kodwa okusilela ukudlulisela iziphumo zokwenene. Iindlela ezintsha ezifana nolawulo olulungelelanisayo kunye noxilongo lweziphekepheke ezikhawulezayo ziluncedo, kodwa azikagqalwa lula kwiimeko zoncedo lwamanye amazwe.

Amanyathelo Okusoyisa Ucelomngeni

Ngoxa imiqobo ibalulekile, ayinzima ukumelana nayo. Ubungqina obukhulayo obusuka kwimigudu yokukalisha ngempumelelo bukhomba kwiindlela eziliqela ezinokuphucula iziphumo eziphawulekayo. Ezi ndlela azizo iimbumbulu zesilivere, kodwa zinika abanikeli beemapu zeglasi, oorhulumente, kunye nemibutho exhobisayo.

1. Uhlalutyo lombhalo oluqatha kunye nokuhlaziywa

Phambi kokulinganisa naluphi na ungenelelo, abaxhasi-mali nabasebenzi kufuneka bafake ingeniso ekuqondeni ngokucokisekileyo umongo omtsha. Oku akuquki uhlolo lobugcisa kuphela (umz., ukwanda kwezifo, iqondo lobuleyibhile, uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho, ubuchule benkcubeko, kunye nomatshini wokufaka imigca enqamlezeneyo..

Ngokomzekelo, umbutho ongengowamaBRAC walinganisa inkqubo yawo yempilo esekelwe kuluntu kulo lonke elaseBangladesh ngokuqhuba kuqala iimfuno ezineenkcukacha kwisithili ngasinye esitsha, kwandule ke kuqeqeshe amabhinqa asekuhlaleni njengabasebenzi bezonyango abayiqondayo inkcubeko nolwimi. Le ndlela ilungelelaniswayo i-BRAC yavumela ukuba igcine ubunjani obuphezulu njengoko besanda, ifikelele izigidi zabantu.

2. Ukuveliswa koombasa kumsebenzi wasekuhlaleni

Ukali ayinakuphumelela ngaphandle kokuqinisa iinkqubo nabantu abaza kuxhasa inkqubo emva kwexesha elide emva kokuphela kwentlawulo yomnikeli. Oku kuthetha ukuveliswa koqeqesho, izibonelelo, kunye nophuhliso lolawulo loorhulumente basekuhlaleni, uluntu, kunye namaqabane odidi lwabucala.

Abanikeli bangatshintsha ekubeni bafumane inkxaso-mali esekelwe kwiprojekthi, ukuya kwiindlela ezisekelwe kwinkqubo ezixhasa uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente kunye nezicwangciso zesizwe. INgxowa-mali yomhlaba wonke yokulwa noGawulayo, isifo sephepha ne-malariya, umzekelo, inika ingcelele enkulu yokuba amazwe anokusebenzisa ukomeleza inkqubo yawo yempilo, hayi ungenelelo olukhethekileyo. Oku kwakha ubuni basekuhlaleni kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba ukulinganisa kuhambelana nezinto eziphambili zesizwe.

3. Ukomeleza Ubuchule Bokulungelelanisa

Ukusebenzisana okusebenzayo kufuna ulawulo olucacileyo, usukelo olwahlukeneyo, kunye nonxibelelwano olucacileyo. Oku kunokuphunyezwa ngeenkqubo zokucwangcisa, iikomiti zabalungiseleli, kunye namaqonga azisa kunye abanikeli, urhulumente, kunye nebutho labantu. Ukusebenzisana komnikeli ngokubhekiselele kwiimfuno zokuxela kunye nokunciphisa ukwahlukana kukwabalulekile. I-OECD’s Busan Presonalship yeNkqubela-phambili yokusebenza ngokunempumelelo inika imigaqo yolungelelaniso noxanduva loxanduva, kodwa ukusebenza kuyaqhubeka kungqubana.

Ubugcisa bunganceda: iibhodi zamanani ezihamba phambili ezihamba ngomkhondo ngexesha lokwenene zingaphucula ukulungelelanisa umanyano kunye nokubonakala. Noko ke, ezi zixhobo kufuneka zisetyenziswe njengezixhobo, hayi ezokubuyisela ulwakhiwo olujongene nobuso nobuso bomcimbi. Kwimveliso yezamayeza, intlangano yezonyango yehlabathi yempilo[[FLT:] ikhokelele imigudu yokudibanisa iikeyinti zonikezelo lwehlabathi ngemiqhatha, ibonisa indlela ezicacileyo ngayo iprotoko kunye nogcino-data olwahlukeneyo olunokukhusela ukuphindaphindwa ngexesha lobunzima.

4. Ukufundiswa nokuzivumelanisa

Ukalisho asiyonkqubo elandelelanayo; kufuneka iqhubeke ifunda kwaye ilungise. Iinkqubo kufuneka zakhe ngolungelelwano olunika abaphathi ithuba lokuqokelela ugcino-lwazi, ukuhlalutya oko kusebenzayo nokungekhoyo, kwaye benze utshintsho ngokukhawuleza. Oku kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba lulawulo olulungelelanisayo okanye “ukufunda ngokwenza.” Abanikazi bangakuxhasa oku ngokuxhasa iM&E iinkqubo ezilungele injongo ngomlinganiselo, nangokuvumela ulungelelaniso kuqingqo-mali kunye nemigca yexesha ukuba baphendule kubungqina.

Iindlela zovavanyo lwexesha lokwenene, ezifana nokuvavanywa kwebhayisekile ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenzululwazi, zinganceda ekuboneni iingxaki kwangoko. Umzekelo, inkqubo enkulu yogutyulo lweendawo zokucoca eIndiya yasebenzisa ingxelo yexesha ngalinye evela kubasebenzi abaphambili ukulungisa indlela yokuthumela nokuhambisa, ikhokelela ekunyukeni kwemiphakamo yezindlu zangasese. Ngaphandle kwaloo nkqubo yokufunda, inkqubo ibiya kudlala izigidi ngeendlela zokuzingela ezingaphumeleliyo.

Ukukhusela ilahleko exhotyisiweyo

Umlinganiselo ufuna inkxaso-mali ende, eqinisekisiweyo. Ngokufuthi, abanikeli banika izibonelelo zexesha elifutshane ezingahambelani nemigca yexesha elininzi efunekayo kwisikali. Imodeli yemali edityanisiweyo, edibanisa imali yomnikeli kunye notyalo-mali lwabucala okanye ubuncwane basekhaya, zinganceda ibhulorho. Ii-ofisi zamazwe amkelayo ziyakwazi ukwandisa ugcino-mali lwasekhaya ngokuphuma kwirhafu, kwi-inshorensi yempilo, okanye ngezinye iindlela.

Imibutho yezemali yophuhliso njengeWorld Bank’s International Development Association (IDA) inika imali-mboleko ephantsi etsalayo kwaye inika inkxaso-mali ekhoyo, kodwa le nto kufuneka ilungelelaniswe noncedo lobugcisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubuchule bokufumana inkxaso-mali. Ekugqibeleni, injongo kukuguqulwa kokuxhomekeka kumnikezeli kumgaqo-mali ophathekayo wasekhaya onokuthi uthathe iminyaka elishumi okanye ngaphezulu kodwa oyimfuneko kwiziphumo ezihlala zihleli.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Nezifundo Ezifundiweyo

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene yomlinganiselo womlinganiselo kungakhanyisa zombini iziphumo ezingcono kunye nemigibe. Enye impumelelo ephawulekayo kukunyuka kweenkqubo zomsebenzi wezempilo zoluntu e-Ethiopia. Ukuqala ngomqhubi kwimimandla embalwa, urhulumente namaqabane aqeqeshiwe kwaye athunyelwa kwabasebenzi bolwandiso lwempilo abangaphezu kwama-40 000 kulo lonke ilizwe. Impumelelo iquka ukuzinikela okunamandla kwezobupolitika, ukudityaniswa kwenkqubo yempilo kawonke wonke, ukuxhasa ngokungaguqukiyo, kunye nokuzivumelanisa neemeko zasekuhlaleni.

Omnye umzekelo lulwandiso lothutho lwemali enikwa imiqathango kuMzantsi Merika. Iprogresa (ngoku enguMnqongo) yaseMexico yaqala njengomqhubi wenqwelo-moya ejolise kwingingqi zasemaphandleni ezingamahlwempu. Emva kokuvavanya ngokungqongqo kwabonisa iziphumo eziluncedo kwimfundo nakumpilo, inkqubo yanwenwa zweni lonke kwaye kamva yaphinda yaphinda yaphinda yaphinda yaveliswa kumazwe amaninzi. Izifundo ezingundoqo ziquka ukubaluleka kokujoliswe kwinjongo esekelwe kwiinjongo, ukuqokelela iinkqubo zokuhlawula kunye noqinisekiso, kunye nokugcina ulungelelwaniso ukuze kulungelelanise imigangatho neemeko eziluncedo njengoko iimeko zitshintshwa.

Ngokuchaseneyo, ukungaphumeleli ukulinganisa inkqubo yolwandiso oluthembisayo lokulima kwi-SAharan Afrika esezantsi kubonisa iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo. Umqhubi wenqwelo-moya owanika icebiso elisekelwe kwifowuni kumafama ancinane wabonakalisa imveliso ebalulekileyo, kodwa xa elinganiswe namazwe amaninzi, amaqondo okukhulisa abantwana abangaphantsi. Izizathu ezingundoqo ziquka ukungakhutshelwa kakuhle kwe-intanethi, ukunqongophala kolwimi lwasekuhlaleni, nokungaqeqeshwa okunganelanga kwamafama ngendlela yokusebenzisa le nkonzo. Le nkqubo ayikhange ifakelwe ngokwaneleyo ekuziphatheni imeko okanye kumsebenzi wasekuhlaleni phambi kokulinganisa.

Isiphelo: Indlela Engaphambili

Ukulinganisa ungenelelo oluphumelelayo loncedo lwangaphandle lunzima, kodwa iingxaki azinakupheliswa. Ngokuhlalutyo olunentsingiselo yendawo, utyalo-mali oluxhaswe kubuchule basekuhlaleni, ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo, iinkqubo eziqinileyo zokufunda, kunye nenkxaso-mali exhasekileyo, imibutho yophuhliso ingavala umsantsa womqhubi-sikali. Imali ehlawulwayo inkulu: izigidi zabantu zingangenelwa kwizisombululo eziqinisekisiweyo, kwaye iidola zoncedo zingasetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi.

Njengokuba uluntu lwehlabathi lonke lusukela iinjongo zoPhuhliso oluSikeleleyo, ukalisho kufuneka lusuke emva kokucingwa luye kwinxenye engundoqo yoyilo lwenkqubo. Abanikazi, oorhulumente, kunye nabasebenzi kufuneka babophelele kumanyano lwexesha elide kunye neendlela ezithambileyo ezenza ukunyuka komlinganiselo. Ngokufunda kokubini kwiimpumelelo nokungaphumeleli, uncedo lwamanye amazwe lunokuba ngamandla anamandla ophuhlisa ihlabathi lonke.