Ukuqonda Isiseko SoMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo

IsiHlaliso sesine soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. sokhuselo malunga nokuphengululwa nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni. Sichaza ukuba abantu banelungelo lokunqabiseka kubantu babo, kwizindlu, kumaphepha, nakwiziphumo, kwaye imvume ayiyi kukhutshwa ngaphandle kwesizathu esilindelekileyo, ixhaswe sifungo okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ichaza indawo ekufuneka ihlolwe kwaye ithathwe izinto. Olu khuseleko lusebenza kubadlali bakarhulumente ``abasebenzi, urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nokunyanzelelwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni.

Kumthombo wayo, uMmiselo wesine ulinganisela ukuzimela komuntu ngamnye ngokuchasene nokugcinwa komthetho. Asikuko konke ukuphengulula kufuna isiqinisekiso; umlinganiselo osengqiqweni ulawula iimeko ezininzi. Umzekelo, ukumiswa kophando okufutshane okusekelwe ekukrokreleni okusengqiqweni kuyavunyelwa, kwaye uphengululo olungenasizathu luvumelekile phantsi komahluko ocacileyo. Ukuqonda xa oku kusetyenziswa kunokukunceda wazi ukuba uphando lusemthethweni na ukuba uzakufikelelwa ngamapolisa.

Ukuze ungene nzulu kumbhalo nakwimbali yokulungisa, bona ICornell Information Institute of the Folderment yesine .

Imigaqo Engundoqo: Ukuba Nengqiqo, Abavumi, Nabanxaxhayo

UHlomelo lwesine alukwaleli ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula, qha, okungekho ngqiqweni. Ukukhangela okuqhutywa ngesiqinisekiso esisebenzayo kusengqiqweni. Ukufumana isiqinisekiso, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka banikele imvume kumantyi ongathathi nxaxheba ebonisa unobangela olindelekileyo. Isiqinisekiso masichaze indawo ekhethekileyo ezakuphendwa kwaye izinto ziphathwe. Xa imvume ifunyenwe, abaphathi-majoni bangangena baze baphengulule kwi-aksi.

Noko ke, ungquzulwano lwamapolisa oluninzi lwenzeka ngaphandle kwemvume. INkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele iindidi eziliqela ezivumela ukuphengululwa okungekho mthethweni xa kufanelekile phantsi kweemeko.

  • [[UMTL: 0] i-' – umntu ngokuzithandela uyavuma ukuphengulula.
  • Imboniselo yoPlato - abaphathi babona ubungqina ngokucacileyo kwindawo esemthethweni.
  • Iimeko ezicacileyo – ungxamiseko, njengosukelo olushushu okanye utshabalaliso olukufuphi lobungqina, lufuna isenzo esikhawulezileyo.
  • Isiganeko sokukhangela ukubanjwa – emva kokubambelwe ngokusemthethweni, amagosa angakhangela umntu kunye nendawo ekufumaneka kuyo izixhobo okanye ubungqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] Unxaxhi oluzenzekelayo lwenqwelo-moya – ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuba imoto iqulethe ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, abaphathi bangaphengulula isithuthi kunye nazo naziphina izikhongozeli ezingaphakathi kuso ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • [[FLT: 0] uphendlo lwe Broder – ukhangelo lomhla kwimida yezizwe ngezizwe kwaye izinto ezihambelana nayo azifuni zimvume okanye unobangela olindelekileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imfuno ekhethekileyo – uphengululo lolawulo (umz., iindawo zokuhlola ukunganxibi, ukhuseleko lwesikhululo seenqwelo-moya) lunokuba nengqiqo ngaphandle kokukrokrela okungacaciyo.

Umahluko ngamnye unemida. Umzekelo, imfundiso yembono ecacileyo isebenza kuphela ukuba igosa likho ngokusemthethweni kwaye indlela ebonakala ngayo into. Kufuneka imvume inikwe ngokuzithandela, hayi ukunyanzelwa, i-/ipolice ayinakuvuma nje ukuba uthe cwaka.

Imizekelo Yokwenene Yehlabathi Yezindululo Zokuhlaziywa Kwesine

Uphando Lwekhaya

Ikhaya lifumana umgangatho ophezulu wesiGqibezelo sesine sokhuseleko. Abaphathi-mikhosi basoloko befuna imvume yokungena ekhaya, ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe umahluko. Umzekelo, ukuba amapolisa anesizathu esifanelekileyo kwaye akholelwa ukuba ubungqina buyatshatyalaliswa, bangenza ukungena okungena ngokungenalusini phantsi kweemeko ezingacacanga. Brigham v. Stuart (2006), iNkundla ibambelele kwelokuba abaphathi bangangena kwikhaya ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso xa bebone ukungquzula kogonyamelo ngaphakathi kwaye befuna ukukhusela ubomi. Kwesinye isandla, ukungena ekhaya ukuze kuthintelwe utshaba lobungqina obungokoqobo.[FLT]

Umzekelo: igosa linkqonkqoza emnyango wakho lize licele ukungena ngaphakathi likhangele into ebiweyo. Ukuba uthi hayi, abanakungena ngaphandle kokuba benesiqinisekiso okanye banokwalatha kukhetho olufana nolokusukela okushushu okanye isisongelo esikhawulezileyo. Ukuba bangena noko, nabuphi na ubungqina obufunyenweyo bungalulama kumthetho wokususa.

Kwimizekelo yokukhangela ekhaya, [[FLT: 0] ACLU’s Sazi isikhokelo samalungelo akho [ inikeza iimeko eziluncedo.

Ukukhangela Kwesandi

Uphengululo lweVehicle lulawulwa yinqwelo-mafutha enxaxhileyo neminye imithetho. Ngenxa yokuba izithuthi zihamba-hamba kwaye ziphantsi kolindelo oluncinci, abaphathi abanobangela olindelekileyo bangaphengulula imoto yonke, kuquka nezikhongozeli ezivaliweyo ngaphakathi, ngaphandle kwemvume. Noko ke, ukumisa okulula kweenqwelo-mafutha akuziniki abaphathi ngokuzenzekelayo isizathu esilindelekileyo sokuphendla. Bafuna ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba uxhobe okanye urhane nokuba uyingozi (uvumela ifrisk).

Umzekelo: Utsalwa ukuze ukhawuleze. Igosa liyabuza, “Ngaba kukho nto ingekho mthethweni emotweni?" Ukuba uthi hayi kwaye bafune ukuphengulula isiqu sakho, ungalandula. Ukuba bayaqhubeka ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, nokwenzeka, okanye imvume yakho, ukukhangela akuvumelekanga. Kodwa ukuba umphathi unuka umya okanye ubona isixhobo esibonakalayo esicacileyo, mhlawumbi unobangela wokufuna.

Rodriguez v. United States (2015), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaphikisa ngelithi amapolisa akanako ukumisa imvume yokuhamba ngaphaya kwexesha elifunekayo ukugqiba injongo yawo (umz., ukubhalela itikiti) kuphela ukuqhuba ukufunxa inqwelo-mafutha, ngaphandle kokuba anokukrokrela ngokusengqiqweni omnye umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Izixhobo zombane zamanani

Uhlaziyo lwesine lusebenza kugcino-lwazi lwamanani. Riley v. California (2014, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba amagosa angenakuphengulula icell phone ebanjwayo ngexesha lokubanjwa ngaphandle kwemvume, kwanaphantsi “kokuhlola isiganeko sokubamba”.] Ngokuba iifowuni zale mihla zinenkcukacha ezininzi zobuqu. Ngokufanayo, ukulandelela indawo yomntu nge-GPS kwinqwelo - ifuna isiqinisekiso ([] v. United States. Jones[FL:3]], 2012]

Umzekelo: Ukuba ubanjwa ngenxa yehambo engalungelelananga, amapolisa angakubetha phantsi athabathe umnxeba wakho, kodwa abakwazi ukuhlisa unyusa kwifoto, imibhalo, okanye ukufowunela ilog yakho ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Ukuba bayayifaka, nabuphina ubungqina obufunyenweyo (umz., iifoto zolwaphulo-mthetho) zingacinywa.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya kwimfihlo yamanani, [[FLT: 0] i-Electronic Frontinery Foundation’s Know Your Rights iphepha [ igquma izixhobo zombane kunye nokuhlola.

Ukukhangela Umda

Umda ungumda okhethekileyo. Urhulumente unegunya eliphangaleleyo lokuqhuba uphengululo olungenagunya labantu kunye nezinto ezingena eUnited States/iquka uphengululo lwe-laptop kunye neefowuni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ayikakugqibi ngokupheleleyo uphando lwamanani oluvumelekileyo emdeni, kodwa iinkundla ezisezantsi ziqhawule ukuba ngaba ukukrokra okusengqiqweni kuyafuneka kuphengululo lwe-entensic. I-Routine, njengo-patàccumseans nohlolo lwemikhono, akufuni kuthanda ukukrokraza.

[[NTL:0] Umzekelo: Kwindawo yokuhlola isikhululo senqwelo-moya, umntu angakucela ukuba uvule iingxowa zakho kwaye angahlola umnxeba wakho ukuze ufumane imifanekiso engekho mthethweni ngaphandle kwemvume. Noko ke, ukuba bafuna igama lakho eligqithisiweyo kwaye bachithe iiyure zokukhuphela idata, ezinye iinkundla zifumanise ukuba oku kugqitha ukuphendla okuqhelekileyo kwaye kufuna ukukrokrexwa komntu ngamnye.

Ukukhangela Ngesikolo

Abafundi kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke baye banciphisa amathemba okhuseleko. Phantsi New Jersey v. T.L.O. (85), abaphathi besikolo bangakhangela umfundi ukuba banoburhanela obusengqiqweni ukuba uphengululo luza kuvumbulula ubungqina bokwaphulwa kwemithetho okanye imithetho yesikolo. Akukho mvume ifunekayo. Uphendlo kufuneka lube nolwazelelelo ngokobude kwaye lungangenisi ngaphaya kobude beminyaka yomfundi kunye nohlobo lomntu orhanelwayo.

Umzekelo: Umfundisi- ntsapho uhoya umya womjumo epasejini kwaye abone umfundi onamehlo abomvu. Umfundisi- ntsapho angacela umfundi ukuba akhuphe iipokotho zakhe okanye akhangele ingxowa yengxowa. Kodwa ukukhangela umfundi ngencam engacacanga kuyakuba yinto engenangqiqo.

Amacebiso Aluncedo Okukhusela Amalungelo Akho Ebudeni Bokudibana Kwamapolisa

Ukwazi amalungelo akho kungenza umahluko kwindlela okuchaphazeleka ngayo. La macebiso aluncedo akangomthetho qha, aluncedo.

Hlala Uzolile Uze Uwachaze Ngokucacileyo Amalungelo Akho

  • [[UMTL: 0] Buza ukuba ukhululekile ukuba uyahamba. Ukuba umphathi uthi ewe, ungahamba ngokuzolileyo. Ukuba bathi hayi, uyabanjwa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Unelungelo lokuthula. Akufunekanga uphendule imibuzo ngemisebenzi yakho, indawo oya kuyo, okanye ukuba uyazi ukuba kutheni umisiwe. Ukuba ukhetha ukuhlala uthulile, yitsho ngokuvakalayo: “Ndiqhelisela ilungelo lam lokuhlala uthulile."
  • Musa ukuvuma ukuphendla. Ungathi: “Andivumi ukuphendla." Nokuba ukholelwa ukuba akukho nto ungayifihlayo, ungathethi ukuba ugcina amalungelo akho asemthethweni. Ukuba igosa linesiqinisekiso, bazakufuna nokuba kunjalo//ngoku akufuni kuvuma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Musa ukuxhathisa ngokoqobo. Ukuba uphengululo luyenzeka nakanjani na ulwa, musa ukulwa. Kamva, igqwetha lakho lingakucell ’ umngeni ukuba semthethweni kokuphendla enkundleni. Dwaba kamva, hayi ngokoqobo.

Ukunxibelelana Nomthetho: Oko Umele Ukwenze

Kwisimiswa semoto: Tsala ngokukhuselekileyo, zima injini, qengqeleka phantsi kwefestile yakho kancinci, kwaye gcina izandla zakho zibonakala. Xa ucelwa imvume kunye nokubhaliswa, yazisa umphathi apho zikhona (umz., “Imali yam isepokethi yam yangasemva epokothweni"ndiza kuyifikelela"). Kufuneka unikezele imvume yakho, ubhalise, kunye nesiqinisekiso se-inshorensi. Akudinge uphendule ngemibuzo efana nethi “Uvela phi?" okanye “Uyazi ukuba ndimise ntoni?"

Ukuba igosa licela ukuphengulula imoto yakho, lithi: “Ofisi, andivumi ukuphendla.” Ukuba bayaqhubeka, musa ukuphazamisa. Qaphela iinkcukacha ``i-badge'', inombolo yemoto, i-arhente, amagama okunikela ubungqina/_kanye ndibiza igqwetha ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Esitratweni: Ukuba igosa liza kubuza kuwe libuza: “Ndivalelwe, okanye ndikhululekile ukuya?” Ukuba awuvalelwanga, ungahamba. Ukuba bakuthintela (ukukrokrela okunengqiqo), ungahlala uthule. Linike igama lakho kuphela ukuba lifunwa ngumthetho (manye amazwe afuna ukuba uzichaze phantsi kweemeko ezithile). Kungenjalo, yithi: “Ndikhetha ukuhlala ndithule kwaye ndingathanda ukuthetha negqwetha."

Ukuze ufumane isikhokelo esinenkcukacha ngoko kunokwenziwa ngexesha lokumisa, bona incwadana enemifanekiso [[FLT: 0] yesizwe ye-Criminal Association of Lavers of Lavers of the Defense Law Readers Yazi Amalungelo Akho[[FLT: 1].

Ukuba Amapolisa Afuna Ukufuna Ikhaya Lakho

  • [[UMTL: 0] Cela ukubona isiqinisekiso. Ukuba banesiqinisekiso, ungayifunda. Qiniseka ukuba iquka idilesi yakho elungileyo, ityikitywe ngu mgwebi, kwaye udwelise iindawo ezithile eziza kuphendwa kwaye izinto zifuneke.
  • Ukuba isiqinisekiso siyasebenza, kufuneka uvumele ungeno. Akufuneki ukubanceda bafune, kodwa awunakubavala ngokoqobo. Hlala uthulile ujonge.
  • Ukuba abanalo isiqinisekiso, ungala ungeva ngokuthi: “Awunamkeli wam wokungena.” Vala ucango ngokuzolileyo. Musa ukuphikisana okanye ungxole.

Ukubhala Ubungqina Boko Kudibana

Ukuba kunokwenzeka, intsebenziswano ebhaliweyo nabanyanzelisi bomthetho / kodwa yenza oko ngendlela engaphazamisani nomsebenzi wabo. Kwimimandla emininzi, unelungelo lokurekhoda amapolisa kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. Noko ke, imithetho iyahluka ngoko, lumka. Ukuba uyashicilela, yazise igosa: “Ndikushicilela oku ukuze ndikhuseleke.”

Emva kwesiganeko, bhala yonke into oyikhumbulayo: ixesha, indawo, amagama abaphathi-majoni kunye neenombolo zeebheji, oko kwathethwayo, oko kwahlolwayo, nokuba uyavuma. Gcina nayiphi na irisithi, iifoto, okanye iividiyo. La maxwebhu anokubaluleka ukuba kamva ufaka isikhalazo okanye igqwetha lakho licela uphendlo.

Ixesha Lokudibana Neattorney

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho oMphengululo wesine aphulwe, ngokomzekelo, amapolisa ahlola ikhaya lakho okanye imoto yakho ngaphandle kwemvume okanye imvume efunekayo kwaye ngaphandle kokucela ukungabikho kwemvume kwaye kufuneka uthethe negqwetha elikhusela ityala lakho ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Igqwetha lingalihlola ityala lakho, libone ukuba ukuphengulula bekungekho mthethweni, lize liququzelele ukuphel'uphelo lokuphelisa nabuphi na ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Umthetho wokugxothwa kwe-parto usoloko wenza ubungqina obu bungqina bungachanekanga enkundleni.

Kwanokuba akubekwanga tyala, ukwaphula umthetho kusenokukunika izizathu zokufaka ityala lamalungelo abantu phantsi kwama-42 e-U.S. . ngo1941. Igqwetha lingakucebisa ukuba ufanele uthethe ngalo mba.

Umthetho Ongathethekiyo Nemida Yawo

Umthetho wokuzikhulula ungumsitho womthetho ungumsindisi othintela ukuchasana noMbetho wesine ekusetyenzisweni ngokuchasene nommangalelwa xa kuxoxwa. Injongo yawo kukunqanda ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa. Umthetho usebenza kwiimeko ezininzi zolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa kukho okungaqhelekanga. Umzekelo, ukuba amagosa athembele elukholweni olulungileyo kwisiqinisekiso esiye sathi kamva sajika saba singasebenzi, ubungqina busenokuba busekho phantsi “kokuchasana okulungileyo” ([ United States v. Leon, 1984]). Ngokunjalo, ukuba ubungqina bebunokufunyaniswa ngokungenakuphepheka, busenokuvunywa ngokusemthethweni, busenokuvunywa.

Umthetho wokuzikhulula awusebenzi ekugxothweni kwetyala lamakhaya okanye ekuchotshelweni kwetyala. Awusebenzi nokuba uphando luqhutywa ngumntu wabucala ongathathi nyathelo lilawulwa ngurhulumente. Ukuqonda le miqathango kubalulekile ukuba uqhubana nesenzo sikarhulumente esingangeni gwenxa okanye ukuphengululwa ngumqeshi wabucala.

Ngengcaciso ebanzi yomthetho wokususa, qwalasela isebe leNtloko yeJaji kumthetho welocago.

Isiphelo: Ukuhlala Unolwazi Nomntu Ozithandayo

UHlomelo lwesine lukhusela ubomi bakho obuziqhelanisa nobugcisa obutsha kunye noqheliselo lwamapolisa olugqwethekileyo. Ngokuqonda imigaqo yalo esisiseko kunye neemeko eziqhelekileyo, ungakhusela amathuba akho obuqu kwaye uphendule ngokunempumelelo xa usebenza kunye nawe. Ukuqinisekisa amalungelo akho ngentlonelo. Ngokucela ukuba ukhululekile ukuphuma, ungavumi ukuphengulula, kwaye uhlale uthule uzama ukucel ’ umngeni izenzo ezingekho mthethweni kamva. Ukuba urhanela amalungelo akho aphulwe, bhala uxwebhu uze uqhagamshelane negqwetha. Ulwazi ngeSibonelelo sesine sisinye sezixhobo ezinamandla onazo ekulondolozeni amalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko.