Ukwazisa: Ukuzalwa Kwenkululeko YaseMerika

I-Anti-Federalists yamiswa ngoDisemba 15, 1791, iBhili yamaLungelo ihlala ingumqondiso onzima wobuGaqo-siseko baseMerika. Ezi ziphendulo zokuqala ezilishumi kwi-U.S. zazalwa kwiingxoxo ezikrakra phakathi kwamaFederali kunye naBalwi-Federalist. AbaLawuli beSigqeba babesoyikela ukuba uMgaqo-siseko omtsha wanika amandla amakhulu kakhulu kurhulumente ophakathi, ushiya abemi besengozini yokulawulwa yinkululeko ekhoyo. Ukunyanzeleka kwabo ekuqinisekisweni kwenkululeko ebhaliweyo yabantu ngabanye okukhokelela ekufumaneni iBhili yamaLungelo. Kubafundisi kunye nabafundi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda oku akuso sisifundo nje kwimbali esiluncedo kumalungelo akwimeko wonke aseMelika namhlanje. Eli nqaku lihlola isiqinisekiso ngasinye sobunzulu, ukunikezelwa kolwazi olungokwasemthethweni, ukusetyenziswa komthetho-mthetho-oomantluntlukwano, okanye ukufundiswa komthetho, ukufundiswa kwakho oku kuqeqesho olu mgaqo-mthetho.

Imbali: Isizathu Sokuba IBhili Yamalungelo Ifuneke

UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala, owatyikitywa ngowe-1787, awuzange uquke uxwebhu lwamalungelo. Abathunywa abaninzi, kuquka uJames Madison, ekuqaleni babekholelwa ukuba kwakuyimfuneko kuba urhulumente worhulumente wayengomnye wamagunya alinganiselweyo, adwelisweyo. Noko ke, inkqubo yokudityaniswa kwemiqathango yatyhila inkxalabo enzulu kawonke-wonke. Amazwe anjengoVirginia ne New York agunyazisa umGaqo-siseko kuphela emva kokuthembisa ukuba irekho amalungelo angeniswa ngoko nangoko. UMadisonta ngokwakhe wafaka intengiselwano, etsala kakhulu kuSindululo samaLungelo samalungelo eNtshona Koloni. Lembali ingqina ukuba uBill yamaLungelo yayingeyiyo emva kokuba iqwalaselwe kodwa ulalaniso olungundoqo olwenze lube nokwenzeka. Uyakwazi ukufunda amaxwebhu okuqala kwi [FLD: 0] uVioldssold [FF1]

Umgaqo - siseko Wokuhlaziywa I: Inkululeko Entlanu

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo uHlaziyo Lokuqala lolona ludumileyo, lukhusela inkululeko engundoqo emihlanu eyakha isiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Le nkululeko ayiphelelanga; iinkundla zivumele imiqathango esengqiqweni, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokuqhelekileyo isebenzisa imilinganiselo ephakamileyo ngaphambi kokuba ivumele imiqathango karhulumente.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha

Inkululeko yokuthetha ayikhuseli nje kuphela amagama athethwayo kodwa ikwayintetho yokomfuziselo, enjengokutshisa iflegi (i-Texas v. Johnson, 1989). Igubungela intetho yezopolitiko, ubugcisa, kwanentetho ethiyeyo, logama nje ingaphembeleli ukuchas' umthetho okusemnyango (Brandenburg v. Ohio, 1969). Izikolo zinendlela ethile ekhuselekileyo yokuvala ukuthetha kwabafundi okuphazamisa inkqubo yemfundo (Tinker v. Des Moines, 1969).

Inkululeko Yephephandaba

Olu khuselo lukhusela urhulumente ekujongeni ulawulo lwe-media kwangaphambili (uthintelo lwezithintelo). Iimeko zelizwe ezifana neNew York Times Co. United States (1971] uvimbele urhulumente ekunqandeni ukupapashwa kwePentagon Papers. Ukucofa akuzikhuselanga kwimithetho yokuzikhusela jikelele, enjengemithetho ye-libral, kodwa kuxhaswe ukhuseleko olunamandla ekugcineni amagosa kawonkewonke-wonke ephendukile.

Inkululeko Yonqulo

IFirst Amendment ineengxelo ezimbini zonqulo: Ukumiswa kukaClaus (ukuxhaswa konqulo okugunyazisayo ngurhulumente) neFree Execleroem Claus (ukukhusela ilungelo lokuqhelisela ukholo lwako). INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yagqiba kwelokuba izikolo zikawonke wonke azinakukhokela kwimithandazo (Engel v. Vitace, 1962) yaye oko kuthetha ukuba akunakuyijolisa imikhwa yonqulo ekhethekileyo (ICawa kaLukumi Balu Aye v. Hialeah, 1993).

Ilungelo Lokuhlanganisa Nokucela

AmaMerika anelungelo lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo ukuze kuvuswe imibhiyozo, umngcelele, neentlanganiso. Eli lungelo lixesha, indawo, nendlela ethintelwe ngayo, kodwa imiqathango esekelwe kulwakhiwo lujongene nokuqwalaselwa ngokungqongqo. Ilungelo lokucela livumela abantu ukuba bacele iinguqulelo kurhulumente, ukusuka kwimithetho yasekuhlaleni ukuya kuhlaziywa kwesizwe.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo II: Ilungelo lokuphatha Izixhobo

ISiphendu sesibini sithi: “INkqutyana elawulwa kakuhle yeMilitia, eyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Iizixhobo, ayizukumonyuswa.” Kwimbali enkulu yaseMelika, oku kulungiswa kwachazwa njengeqela elifanelekileyo elibotshelelwe kwiinkonzo ze-athom. Kodwa kwiminyaka emibini kamva, iHeller yeKolunter[FLD][FL:1] [2008]], iNkundlathi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqonda ukuba umntu unelungelo lokuba nesixhobo sokuzidubula ngesiqu sakhe. [iminyaka emibini kamva, [[FLT]] Mdondalved v.[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [2001]] [2010]) isebenza ekukhuseleni kwiimeko zokulawule, uGenegalelo lwesibini, isalathi yemithetho yesibini, ihlala kwimithetho yesibini, kunye nemiyalelo ephakathi kwemipulphulo-ophumo yombane, kunye ne-omati, kunye ne-omati

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo III: Amajoni Ahamba Emkhosini

UHlaziyo lwesithathu lukwalela urhulumente ukuba anganyanzelisi abaninimakhaya ukuba bawanyanzelise amajoni amakhaya ngexesha loxolo ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. Oku kulungiswa kwaba yintsabelo engqalileyo kwiZenzo zeBritane ezazingathandekiyo. Nangona kwakunqabile ukuchazwa, umoya weSithathu soHlaziyo soLawulo uqinisa umgaqo wokuba ikhaya lingcwele lobuqu elingenaziphazamiso zasemkhosini. Ukukhusela kwalo okuphantsi kokulawulwa ngumkhosi, kwaye kwaphembelela kweMphengululo wesine.

UMthetho - siseko Wesindululo: Ukuphengulula Nokuphengulula

ISine seSichibiyelo sikhusela abemi “ekuphengululeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzukeni.” Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka ufumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka phambi kokuphendla ikhaya okanye umntu. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze ngokungqalileyo indawo efuna ukuphendwa kunye nezinto ezimele zibanjiswe. Kwiinkulungwane, iinkundla ziye zakrola ngaphandle: ukuphengulula, ukukhangela okucacileyo, iimeko ezicacileyo, kunye nokuphengulula isiganeko sokubanjwa. Umthetho we-detary, omiswe [iiip] v. [1961] [196], zithintela ubungqina obufunyenwe ekuhlolweni okungekho mthethwe mthethweni kwinkundla. Kwiminyaka yonyaka yamanani, iNkukhundla yesine i-mentelligayo, ifuna ukuvalela ulwazi kwisixhobo se-data (RGriellian).

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo V: Amalungelo Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu siqulethe imigaqo emininzi yokukhusela abantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo - mthetho, ngamnye wabo enemvelaphi enzulu yomthetho wesiNgesi oqhelekileyo namava obuthane.

ISifungo esiPhakamileyo

Kwikomkhulu okanye kwityala elidume kakubi, ityala letyala likarhulumente limele liqale ngokugwetywa ngokuzukileyo ngabachopheli-tyala ngaphandle kokuba ligwetywe. Amazwe amaninzi akafuni zijaji ezikhulu ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni, kodwa iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yathi eli lungelo aliqukwanga nxamnye namazwe.

I-Jeopardy ephindwe kabini

Umntu akanakubekwa tyala elibini emva kokuba egwetyiwe okanye egwetyiwe.

Ukuzithethelela Namalungelo E-Miranda

Akukho mntu “uzakunyanzeleka nakweliphi na icala lolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba abe lingqina elichasene naye.” Oku kunika izilumkiso ezidumileyo zeMiranda (ezisuka ku Miranda v. Arizona, 1966), ezifuna ukuba amapolisa azise abakrokrele ngelungelo labo lokuba bangathuli nokuba negqwetha. Iingxelo ezifunyenwe ngaphandle kwezilumkiso ezifanelekileyo azinakuthenjwa.

Imodeli yeNkqubo kunye nokuthatha

I-Access of Findro Confelment’s Accessis Claus ifuna urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo phambi kokuba ahlube nabani na wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Ukuthatha u-Celas kuyalela “imbuyiselo yokulungisa” xa urhulumente ethatha impahla yobuqu ukuze isetyenziswe ngurhulumente obalulekileyo. Ityala lempikiswano Kelo v. Isixeko saseNew London[ [2005] [umsebenzi owenziwe ngokubanzi] ukuquka ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho, kodwa amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho engqongqo.

IsiHlaliso VI: Ukuya Kugwetywa Ngobulungisa

IsiHlanuso-Mmiselo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ummangalelwa omangalelwa ngetyala elikhawulezayo nelingokwaselubala liququzelweni ngabachopheli-mthetho abangakhethiyo, ilungelo lokuziswa ngezityholo, ilungelo lokudibana namangqina kunye nelungelo lokuncedisa kwisiluleko sokhuseleko lwakhe. Ilungelo lokucebisa lachazwa ngokudumileyo kwi Gideon v. Wainwr [iityala lolwaphulo-mthetho], (1963), elifuna ukuba kunikelwe igqwetha letyala labalindiwe kwityala elikwityala eliyimfihlo. Kamva lalekwana linyuselwa kwityala lokusetyenziswa kakubi kwetyala lasekunene.

IVII YESIHLITHI: Iimvavanyo zamakhaya

ISiHlayisho seSevenment silondoloza ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala “kumthetho oqhelekileyo” apho ixabiso lempikiswano lingaphaya kweedola ezingama-20 (isixa esikhulu ngo-1791). INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathi eli lungiselelo lisebenza kuphela enkundleni karhulumente, hayi ekuwiseni iziphumo (ngaphandle kokuba umgaqo-siseko karhulumente ulinike). Ukulungisa kwakhona kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sigwebo sochotho singenziwa kwakhona kwenye inkundla ngaphandle kokuba kumiselwe imithetho eqhelekileyo. Ngokutsho komthetho, le mida isebenza le nkundla yokukhupha iinkundla zejaji ezibukileyo ekupheliseni iziphumelelo ezibucala. Ilungelo lokugweba libaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni ityala loluntu ukuze kuhlale kukholo oluqhelekileyo, njengoko kuvumela abemi ukuba bagqibe iinkundla zezivumelwano, iiprojelo, nempahla.

Uhlaziyo VIII: Isohlwayo Esinenkohlakalo Nesothusayo

ISinyuso-Mpanzi-mali sesibhozo sikwalela ukusetyenziswa kwebheyile eninzi, ukuhlawuliswa ngokugqithiseleyo, kunye nesohlwayo esigqithisileyo nesingaqhelekanga. INkundla Ephakamileyo itolike “ukungalawuleki kunye nokungaqheleki” ukuguqula imilinganiselo yebutho labantu yokuphatha isidima. Umzekelo, isohlwayo sokubulawa ngokubulawa komntu omdala (iCoker v. Georgia, 1977) kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa ngabaselula (Rhoper v. Smons, 2005) luye lwagcinwa lungasetyenziswa njengesohlwayo. Isigwebo sobugqeba sikwalelana izigwebo ezingeyo, njengobomi obungenatyala obungalawulwangabo (Gram v. Florida, 2010).

I - IX yoHlaliso: Amalungelo angachananga

I-Ninth Amendment ithi: “Ubalo lweSindululo soMgaqo-siseko, lwamalungelo athile, aluzukuthathwa njengokwala okanye ukuhluza abanye abantu.” Oku kongezwa kuloyiko lokuba ukudwelisa amalungelo athile kuya kuthetha ukuba onke amalungelo aye anikezelwe. Ngoxa iSindululo seNight nesodwa somthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo, asiyi kuxhasa ukugqalwa kwamalungelo angenakuhlaziywa, njengasekunene kokuzimela ngasese (Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965) kunye nelungelo lokutshata (Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015). Umgwebo usikhumbuza ukuba umGaqo-siseko awululo loxwebhu olugqibeleleyo; ululo oluvumela ukukhuselwa kwebutho labantu ukuba likhule.

IsiHlamlisi X: Umanyano NeGunya LikaRhulumente

UMthetho weSigqibo weshumi oLawulweyo ogciniweyo kumaphondo (okanye kubantu) onke amagunya awawaphathiswanga urhulumente worhulumente ngomGaqo-siseko, okanye angathintelwanga kumazwe. Oku kulungiswa sisiseko solawulo lwamazwe aseMelika. Imisela ulawulo lwegunya lorhulumente kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba imisela ulawulo lwayo lokulawula izinto ezifana nemfundo, ukunyanzelisa umthetho wasekuhlaleni, kunye norhwebo lwamazwe. United States v. Lopez [195] [195], iNkuwisela phantsi umthetho ovalela izikolo ezikufuphi nezikolo, ibambe ukuthi i-Actived condssssss, ibambe ukuba idlule igunya lentervectory yoshishino kwaye ihlasele phantsi kobugxongo. Ngokunjalo, [FLT]

Isivumelwano: Ukusebenzisa iBhili yamaLungelo kuMazwe

Ngokwentla, iBhili yamaLungelo yasebenza kuphela kurhulumente wesizwe. INkundla Ephakamileyo egcinwe ku- Barron v. Baltimore (1833) ukuba amazwe ayengabotshwanga zezi ziphendu. Ezo zinto zatshintsha emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya ekwakhiweni kweSimi seMphendu se-1459, equka i-Ucleastementation ekhusela “imfuno okanye ukhuselwano” yeU.S. Ukuqalisa kwale nkulungwane yama-20, iNkundla yeNkundla “yamathelelanisa ngokuthe ngcembe amalungiselelo amaninzi amaLungelo nxamnye namazwe angowe-1459. Namhlanje, zonke izikhuseli ezikhoyo zokukhusela ukuthetha, ukukhusela ekunene, ukuphembelela ngokungekho ngqiqweni kwelizwe kunye norhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Ukufundisa IBhili Yamalungelo: Izivumelwano Zeklasi

Kubafundisi, ukuzisa iBhili yamaLungelo ebomini kufuna okungaphezulu kunokulungisa imicimbi. Abafundi badlale iingxoxo zembali phakathi kwabaququzeleli bobuFederali kunye nabaLawuli abalwayo. Sebenzisa iimfaniso zenkundla ePhakamileyo ukuvavanya indlela amalungelo alungelelanisiweyo ngayo kwiinjongo ezikhuphisanayo. Memela igqwetha lasekuhlaleni okanye ijaji ukuba ithethe ngeziphumo zehlabathi lokwenene. Ikhuthaza abafundi ukufumana amabali abandakanya umGaqo-siseko, anjengentetho yamadlamkelwe ekholejini, iikhamera zequmbhili, okanye impikiswano yemithetho yemipu. Ii-ONte ezikhoyo ze-ONTPGractic projecty [ kunye neprojectices [[FLT:] inikeza iprojectal projectal projectalsting [[Foctal:3] ethetha ngentetho yomlomo]

Isiphelo: Ilifa Elihlala Lihleli LeBhili Yamalungelo

IBhili yamaLungelo asiyomzinzo wamafama; luxwebhu oluphilayo oluqhubeka lubumba ubomi baseMerika. Ukusukela kwingxoxo emalunga nemfihlo yamanani ukuya kwimida yokuqhayisa, ezi zindululo zilishumi zinika isiseko sokukhusela isidima somntu ngamnye nxamnye norhulumente ophathwe kakubi. Kodwa iBhili yamaLungelo inamandla kuphela njengoko abemi beyiqonda baze bayikhusele. Njengoko ufundisa okanye ufunda ezi ziphenduliweyo, khumbula ukuba isizukulwana ngasinye simele silwe nentsingiselo yaso kunye nokusebenza kwaso. [[FLT: 0] Umbhalo opheleleyo weBhili yamaLungelo [ ufumaneka ngokukhululekileyo, yaye imigaqo yaso ihlala ingumsebenzi wokulinda. Ngokwazi amalungelo akho, uphakamisa isithembiso sovavanyo lwaseMelika.