Table of Contents

Ulwalamano phakathi kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nenkqubo kawonke wonke lusisixhobo solawulo lwedemokhrasi. Imithetho yokuziphatha inika umgaqo-siseko okhokela ukubunjwa, ukuphunyezwa, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo, iqinisekisa ukuba basebenzisa okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo ngoxa behlonela amalungelo abantu. Ngaphandle kwesiseko sokuziphatha esiqinileyo, imigaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke iba sisixhobo sokukhuthaza intlalo-ntle okanye impumelelo emfutshane yexeshana, ukuphelisa ukuthemba uluntu kunye nokusebenzisana kwentlalo. Eli nqaku landisiweyo lichasisa kwimibango yentanda-ntanda-bulumko, imingeni eluncedo, kunye nenkqubo yehlabathi yokwenene yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha esetyenziswa ngokwemigaqo-siseko, isebenzisa imizekelo engokwembali neyokubonakalisa ukubaluleka kokuqiqaliselwa ngolawulo.

Isiseko Semilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Engokwembali Ekulawuleni

Ukudityaniswa kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke asiyonto isungulwayo. Izithandi zobulumko zamandulo njengo-Aristotle noConfucius bagxininisa indima yokulunga kubomi bezobupolitika, bephikisa ngelithi ulawulo lufuna nje abalawuli ukuhlakulela iimpawu zokuziphatha. Kwisithethe saseNtshona, iinkcuba - buchopho ezikhanyiselweyo `John Locke, Immanuel Kant, kunye noJean-Jacques Rouss Rousseau/'spected iingcamango eziphuhlisiweyo zamalungelo emvelo kunye nezivumelwano zentlalo eziqhubeka ziphembelela impikiswano yemithetho yezobupolitiki namhlanje. UKant, umgaqo-wodwal, onyanzelela ukuba izenzo zifanele zifanele ziphakazwe kwaye zihlonel isidima soluntu, zidla ngokusetyenziswa kwingxoxo yomthetho wamalungelo abantu.

Kwinkulungwane yama-20, ukunyuka kwamazwana entlalontle namalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke kugxininisa ngakumbi imigaqo yokuziphatha kwiinkqubo zikawonke-wonke. ISindululo soMbutho Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (1948) kunye neminqophiso eyalandelayo yaseka isiseko sehlabathi lonke sokwenziwa kwemigaqo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ukugxininisa isidima, ukulingana, nokungaguquguquki. Namhlanje, uhlalutyo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha luyinxalenye esezantsi yenkqubela-nkqubo, ngoorhulumente abaninzi bamkela imigaqo esesikweni kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo se-oyileti yenkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke

Abenzi benkqubo basebenzisa iingcamango eziliqela eziphambili zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ukuze bahlolisise iziphumo zokuziphatha zezigqibo zabo.

Imilinganiselo Yokweyisa

Inzululwazi ngendalo, enxulunyaniswa noKant, igxininisa kwimisebenzi, amalungelo, kunye nemithetho. Kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke, le nkqubo ibeka imilinganiselo ephambili enamathele kwimigaqo enjengesesikweni, ukunyaniseka, kunye nentlonelo ngenkululeko, kungakhathaliseki iziphumo. Umzekelo, imbono yokuzimela ngokwendalo ingakuchasa ukuthuthunjiswa nokuba ingathintela ukuhlaselwa ngabagrogrisi, kuba isenzo ngokwaso asichananga ngokwemvelo. Imithetho eqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo okanye ikhusela inkululeko yasekuhlaleni isoloko ithetheleleka ngokuqiqamba ukunga kwendlela yoluntu.

I-Utilitiraism neNkcubeko

Ubunanikazi, obuxhaswa nguJeremy Benham noJohn Stuart Mill, buvavanya iinkqubo ezisekelwe kubuchule babo bokwandisa ulonwabo olupheleleyo okanye intlalo-ntle. Le nkqubo ixhaphakile kuhlalutyo lwexabiso lemali, ungenelelo lwempilo yoluntu, kunye nomthetho wemeko-bume. Umenzi-nkqubo wekharbon angaxhasa irhafu ukuba inciphisa ukukhutshwa kwemitha nokunceda izizukulwana ezizayo, kwanokuba inyanzelisa iindleko ezifutshane zexesha elithile kwimizi-mveliso ethile. Noko ke, abagxeki baphawula ukuba i-ontilithali yemali ekhoyo inokungawaboni amalungelo amancinane okanye ithethelele ukusetyenziswa korhwebo oluyingozi.

Imilinganiselo Yesidima

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha elungileyo, esekelwe ku-Aristotle, igxininisa kubuntu nentshukumisa yabenzi benkqubo. Kunokuba igxininise kuphela kwimithetho okanye kwiziphumo, ibuza oko inkokeli enesidima (ngomntu obonakalisa inkalipho, ubulali, okusesikweni, nokulumka) akwenzayo. Le ndlela ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kulawulo lukawonke-wonke, apho ubuchule nogwebo luxhaphakileyo. Imilinganiselo elungileyo ikhuthaza ukuba cace gca, uvelwano, kunye nokucinga okude kulawulo.

Imilinganiselo Yokunyamekela Nokusesikweni

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yokunyamekela, eyaphuhliswa zizithandi-bulumko zamalungelo abesifazane njengoCarol Gilligan, ibalaselisa ukubaluleka kolwalamano, uvelwano, kunye noxanduva lwabantu abasengozini. Kwinkqubo, le mbono ixhasa iminatha yokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni, iintsapho zishiya iinkqubo, kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa. Zidityaniswe neengcamango zokusesikweni ``ukukhuthaza, ukukhuthaza, kwaye ukukhathalela imigaqo-nkqubo kuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ithetha ngobulungisa nemfesane.

Imigaqo yemigaqo-nkqubo ye-core kumgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke

Imigaqo emininzi iyamkeleka ngokubanzi njengebalulekileyo ekumisweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo. Le migaqo ayiphelelanga kodwa isebenza njengemiqathango yokuvavanya iindlela ezinokukhethwa.

  • Imithetho esesikweni: i-Pilocies kufuneka yabele iingenelo nemithwalo ngokufanelekileyo, ithintele ucalulo nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela okulinganayo kwimithombo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ubunewuni:[ Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka basebenze ngokwentlalo-ntle yebutho, bakhuthaze impilo, imfundo, kunye namathuba ezoqoqosho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukungangeni ``````Nkunin''''''. Kuphephe ukubangela umonakalo, nokuba ngesenzo esingqalileyo okanye ukungakhathali, ingakumbi kweyona ibuthathaka.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izenzelo ezizenzekelayo, Thembela amalungelo abantu okwenza ukhetho lolwazi ngobomi babo, phakathi komda wokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.
  • Isenzo sokwenza izigqibo kufuneka sivuleke sihlolwe, sivumele abemi ukuba bagcine amagosa etyala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ubuchule: Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka basebenze ngokunyaniseka nangokungaguqukiyo, baphephe iimfazwe zomdla.

Ucelomngeni Lokukhuthaza Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Kumgaqo - siseko Wasekuhlaleni

Naphezu kwemfuneko ecacileyo yokubekwa kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yehlabathi lokwenene kujongene nemiqobo emikhulu.

Iminqweno Nemilinganiselo Engqubanayo

Abenzi benkqubo badla ngokuhamba phakathi kwemiqathango ephikisanayo yendlela yokuziphatha. Ngokomzekelo, ibhunga lesixeko eligqiba ngokuphuhliswa kwezindlu ezintsha limele lilinganisele ilungelo lokufumana izindlu ezinokufikeleleka (indawo ekhuselekileyo nesesikweni) ekukhuseleni imekobume (iimeko-bume yesizukulwana esizayo). Ezi ngxaki azifane zibe nempendulo enye elungileyo, efuna iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo nokulalanisa.

Ukungabikho Kombutho

Abangenisi beengozi abahlukeneyo ```kuquka amaqela ezobupolitika, amaqela oshishino, kunye nebutho labantu'. Ngokufuthi banezicwangciso ezingafaniyo zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ingxoxo ngokuqhomfa, i-euthania, okanye ulawulo lwemipu ityhila ubuninzi bokuziphatha. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, imigaqo yemithetho yemoyeni (inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo ze-ainjini) iba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo njengeziphumo ezincinci.

Ingcinezelo Yezobupolitika Nexesha Elifutshane

Imijikelo yokhetho kunye nemithetho elandelelanayo yokukhetha ingabeka impumelelo yexeshana elifutshane kwiimbopheleleko zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ezinde. Abezobupolitika bangalibazisa utshintsho olungathandwayo kodwa olufunekayo (umz., ukupheliswa kwekharbon okanye utshintsho lwemali) ukuze baphephe ukuvota. Oku kunciphisa ubulungisa phakathi kwesizukulwana kunye nokuzinziswa.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Kwanemigaqo-nkqubo elungileyo ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ifuna inkxaso-mali, abasebenzi, kunye nezibonelelo. Kumazwe asakhasayo, oorhulumente basenokujamelana “nokhetho olufanelekileyo” lokubeka izibonelelo zezonyango ezisikelwe umda phakathi kweenkonzo zonyango kunye nezithintelayo.

IMithetho

Uyilo lwenkqubo yezobugcisa aluqinisekisi ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-mthetho. Umthetho wolawulo, ukunganyaniseki nokungahoywa kungaziphazamisa iinjongo zantlandlolo. Umzekelo, inkqubo yokuvuma ezimiseleyo isenokungaphunyezwa kakuhle, nto leyo ekhokelela ekupheliseni okanye ekuhlaziyweni kweliso.

Uhlolisiso Lomzekelo: Imilinganiselo Esesikweni Esebenzayo

Ukuhlolisisa imigaqo ethile kubonisa indlela imigaqo yokuziphatha esetyenziswa ngayo, okanye ityeshelwe.

IACA) eUnited States

IACA ijolise ekwandiseni i-inshorensi yempilo, ithetha ngenkxalabo yemilinganiselo yempilo nelungelo lokunyamekela. Yasungula imilinganiselo efana nolwandiso lweMedicaid, inkxaso-mali, kunye nemigaqo yemeko ezikhoyo ngaphambili. Ngoxa inkqubo ijongene nenkcaso yezobupolitika kunye nokuphunyezwa kweengxaki, isiseko sayo somthetho ekuhlawuleni nokusesikweni siyamkeleka ngokubanzi. Noko ke, impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngokuqinisekisa ukuba i-ACA iyafikelela kusini na kwindalo yonke.

Imithetho yokusingqongileyo nomgaqo wesiGqeba

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo isoloko ikhuthaza umgaqo wokukhusela, othi xa ujongene nengozi engenakulungiseka, ukunqongophala ngokupheleleyo kwenzululwazi akufanele kusetyenziswe njengesizathu sokuhlengahlengisa amanyathelo abangela ilahleko. Lo mgaqo uyabonakala kwimigaqo yokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukusetyenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, kunye nokukhusela intlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ibonisa imbopheleleko esesikweni kwi-ongeyo-madomfazi kunye nemithetho yokulawula. Noko ke, abahlalutyisi baphikisa ngelithi umgaqo wokulumla ungaphazamisa ukutshintsha nokubeka umthwalo ogqithisileyo kushishino.

Utshintsho Nesiko Elizinzileyo Lokusesikweni

Amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa iindlela zokubuyisela isohlwayo ezifuna ukubuyiselwa kobulungisa, ezigxininisa ekuhlaziyweni koxolelwano, ukuphiliswa, nokubuyiselwa kobubi. Olu tshintsho lusekelwe kwimigaqo yokunyamekela imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye nengcinga yemiboniso echaphazelekayo echaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto ibutho labantu abachaphazelekayo. Imithetho efana neenkqubo zokuzikolonga labantwana, iinkundla zonyango lweziyobisi, kunye nokugweba iinguqu ibonisa indlela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha enokuyibuyisela ngayo inkqubo yokulawula.

Abaxhasi Neembopheleleko Zabo Ezibalulekileyo

Abadlali abaninzi banegalelo kumgangatho wendlela yokuziphatha yomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke.

Amagosa karhulumente nabaphathi bakarhulumente

Amagosa namagosa asekuhlaleni aqatshelweyo anembopheleleko eyintloko yokuphuhlisa imigaqo yokuziphatha yokuzinzisa kwimigaqo-nkqubo. Oku kuquka ukunamathela kwimithetho yokuziphatha, ukuphepha iingxabano zomdla, nokubandakanyeka kwiingxubusho ezicacileyo. Oorhulumente abaninzi baye bamisela iinkqubo zemigaqo-nkqubo okanye amaqumrhu ajonge ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho.

Imibutho yoLuntu lwaMasipala

Imibutho karhulumente (NGOS), amaqela ee-arhente, nemibutho esekelwe kwintlalo ejongene nokungalungisi idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ingabalaselisa okungekho sikweni, ifune iinguqu zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kwaye yandise amazwi amaqela angaphantsi. Umzekelo, imibutho yamalungelo abantu idla ngokunikela ubungqina bokuba kubekho umonakalo kwiinkqubo zelinye icebise nezinye iindlela.

Abaphandi Abaneenkcuba - buchopho Neenqanawa Zokucinga

Abaphengululi bentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika, inkqubo kawonke-wonke, nokusebenzisa imigaqo yokuziphatha kuvelisa isiseko sengcamango nobungqina obusekelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo efundisa imigaqo-nkqubo yezempilo. Iziko elifana neBrookings Institution okanye iZiko leNtlalo neMali lipapasha uphando nemigaqo enceda ukusetyenziswa kwebhulorho nokusetyenziswa kwayo.

Abemi Neencwadi

Ulawulo lolawulo-bume luxhomekeke kuluntu. Ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo, kwimibutho yoluntu, nakumibutho yokuqhankqalaza, abemi bangayinyanzela ihambo entle kwiinkokeli zabo. Imfundo yolwazi ngeendaba nokubhala ibalulekile ukuze abantu bakwazi ukugweba ngemilinganiselo efanelekileyo.

Ubuchule Bokukhuthaza Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha

Ukumisela imigaqo yokuziphatha kufuna ukuba kwenziwe ngabom.

Uqeqesho lwendlela yokuziphatha nokwakha

Oorhulumente banokuyalela ukuba abasebenzi bakarhulumente bafundiswe imigaqo yokuziphatha, bafikelele iingcamango zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, uphando ngezezobutyala, kunye nesigqibo esisebenzisekayo. Amazwe amaninzi, anjengeK yaseKhanada, aye avelisa iinkqubo zenkqubela-phambili kwimigaqo-siseko yoluntu.

Ukubonakala Okucacileyo Nokuvuleka Korhulumente

Imithetho efana noMthetho weFreedom of Information Act (US) okanye i-Access to Information Act (Canadada) yenza abemi bakwazi ukuqwalasela izigqibo zenkqubo.

IiKomiti Zemithetho Yokuziphatha Ezimeleyo

Ukuseka amabhunga emilinganiselo yokuziphatha ezimeleyo okanye iibhodi zokuyila ngezantsi njengeBhunga loMongameli we-US elikwi-Bioethics okanye iKomiti ye-UK eLawula iMigangatho yoLuntu kwiMigangatho yoLuntu/i-Phondo linika ukhokelo oluyingcaphephe kwimicimbi ephikisanayo. Le mibutho idla ngokuquka izithandi-bulumko, amagqwetha, izazinzulu nabameli bentlalo.

Imilinganiselo Efanelekileyo Echaphazela Uvavanyo

Emva kokufuziselwa kweziphumo zempembelelo yemeko-bume, iziphumo zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha (EIA) zivavanya iziphumo ezinokwenzeka zemigaqo-nkqubo ecetyisiweyo. I-I ingayimisa njengemiba efana ne-equal, i-oyile, nesidima somntu ngaphambi kokuzalisekisa, ivumela utshintsho. I-European Union iye yahlola izixhobo ezinjalo zokuvela kobugcisa obufana nobuyilweyo.

Iingxaki Zexesha Elizayo Kwinkqubo Yasekuhlaleni

Ubugcisa obutsha neengxaki zehlabathi zityhalela phambili imida yolawulo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Ubuntlola Obenziweyo Nobulungisa Bemithetho

Iinkqubo ze-AI ezisetyenziswa kubulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqesha, nokunika ityala zinyusa inkxalabo malunga nobukhethe, ukuzimela, nokuphendula. Iinkqubo ze-acical ze-Al − ezifana ne-OECD Principles kwi-Intelligence-Audificity/empace-balaliso-bala, ukuqina, nokusebenza komntu (ukuba ngqindilili). Kodwa ukuzalisekisa le migaqo kusenzima, njengokuba amanani esoloko esebenza “njengeebhokisi ezimnyama”.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokusesikweni Kwesizukulwana Esineemvelaphi Ezingafaniyo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu ifuna ukulungelelaniswa kokuhlala kakuhle kwabemi ngoku ngokuchasene naleyo yezizukulwana ezizayo. Ingcamango ye “imida yendalo” kunye nesivumelwano saseParis sibonisa imfuno yendlela yokuziphatha yokuzinzisa nokuzinzisa nokuzibophelela okuqhelekileyo kodwa okwahlukileyo. Noko ke, iingcinezelo zezobupolitika kunye nezoqoqosho ziyaqhubeka zicotha.

Impilo Yazwenibanzi Nentsabelo Ebangelwa Kukugula

Isifo esibulalayo se-COVID 16) sabalaselisa iingxaki ezinzulu zokuziphatha: ukusasazwa kwemichiza yokugonya, ukupheliswa kwentengiso, nezigqibo ezincinane. Imigaqo yokuziphatha yeWorld Health Organization ethetha ngesifo somkhuhlane igxininisa ekulinganiseni, ekumanyaneni, nasekumanyaneni. Ukanti iimpendulo zobuzwe nokuqokelelwa kobuncwane ngamazwe atyebileyo zibhenca imiqathango yolawulo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yehlabathi.

Name

Iingxoxo ezinxulumene nokufuduka zibandakanya iimbambano phakathi kolawulo lwesizwe nezibopho zokunceda abantu. Imithetho efana neenkqubo zokhuseleko, ukuhlanganiswa kwentsapho, nokugcinwa kwemida kuphakamisa imibuzo yokusesikweni nemfesane. I-UN Global Company for Migration inika isiseko esisekelwe kumalungelo abantu, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo abantu kuyahluka ngokubanzi.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Imilinganiselo Ephathelele Iinkqubo Zezobupolitika

Izithethe nezobupolitika ezahlukeneyo zibumba indlela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha edityaniswe ngayo kwimigaqo.

Imikhosi yenkululeko yaseNtshona

Amazwe anjenge-United States, iJamani neOstreliya agxininisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye, ukuba nenxaxheba kwedemokhrasi, kunye nomthetho. Ulawulo lwabaphathi lusoloko luxhomekeke kwiinkqubo zomthetho, kwiinkundla ezizimeleyo, nakumajelo eendaba. Iingxoxo zidla ngokugatywa kodwa zihlala zingaphakathi kwentetho esekelwe kumagunya.

Iphulo laseMpuma Asia: UbuKhomanisi nobuConfucius

Kumazwe anjengeSingapore, uMzantsi Korea, neJapan, inkqubo kawonke-wonke idla ngokubonakalisa imilinganiselo yomanyano: imvisiswano yentlalo, ukuhlonela igunya, kunye nembopheleleko edityanisiweyo. Nangona oku kunokwenza ukuba kubekho ulawulo olufanelekileyo kunye nokuzinza kwentlalo, abahlalutyi balumkisa ngotyekelo olunokwenzeka lolawulo olungqongqo kunye nokucinezelwa kwamazwi amancinane.

EScandinavia

I-Denmark, iSweden, neNorway zidibanisa iminatha yokhuseleko olunamandla nomgangatho ophakamileyo wokuthemba urhulumente. Iinkqubo zabo zisoloko ziphezulu ekuboneni, ekulinganani, nasekulondolozweni kwemekobume. Imodeli yeNordic ibonisa indlela imigaqo yokuziphatha yokumanyanisa nolawulo lwendalo ekhoyo enokuthi ilungelelaniswe ngayo.

Imigaqo Yexesha Elizayo Yomgaqo-nkqubo Kawonkewonke

Njengoko ihlabathi lisiya lidibana yaye lintsonkotha, kufuneka iindlela ezintsha zokulawula imilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Ulawulo - melo Olunenxaxheba Nolungalawulekiyo

Iindibano zabemi, uqingqo-mali oluneenjongo zokuzingca, kunye nophando olungenazintlu zemali, zifumana imvume njengendlela yokudibanisa imilinganiselo kawonke-wonke kwinkqubo. Ezi nkqubo zinokulwahlula-hlula zize zivelise iziphumo ezifanelekileyo, ingakumbi kwimibandela enxulumene nemilinganiselo efanelekileyo.

Imigangatho yoLawulo lwehlabathi kunye neMigangatho

Amaziko ehlabathi lonke afana neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iBhanki yeWorld Trade Organization ajongene nengcinezelo yokuba amkele imigaqo engqongqo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Izinto ezifana neUN Global Compactive kunye neSixhathiso soPhuhliso (SDGs) zinika iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuhlala kubuthathaka.

Imithetho yobuxhakaxhaka

Ingqwalasela yesimilo kwinqanaba lokuyila ubugcisa obutsha qha, ingcamango eyaziwa ngokuba “yinkqubo yoyilo”----------ingacombulula iingxaki ezininzi. Le ndlela iqhutywa emasimini njengezithuthi ezizimeleyo, i-AI yezamayeza kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola.

Ulwahlulo olusebenzisanayo loqeqesho

Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokuziphatha kudinga ingcebiso kwiintanda-bulumko, izazinzulu zentlalo, iinjineli, neenkokeli zoluntu. Amaziko ophando olugunyazisiweyo kunye nee-labhu zemigaqo yezemfundo aqalisa ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano, nto leyo ebangela ukugqalwa ngaphaya kolwazi olucacileyo nolunokusebenza.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nomgaqo kawonke-wonke lusekelwe kwaye lunamandla. Imigaqo yezobunzululwazi enjengeyobulungisa, inika inzuzo, kunye nenkululeko inika ikhampasi yokuziphatha ukwenzela ulawulo, ngeli xesha iinkqubo ezisebenzisekayo(ukuqeqesha, ukukhanyisa, nokuzimela ngokuzimeleyo). Imigaqo yemigaqo ephikisanayo. Iinkxalabo ezingqubanayo, uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko, kunye nezibonelelo zokwenene zizokwenene, kodwa azinakuxhobiswa. Ngokufunda kwimizekelo yembali ekhoyo, ukubandakanya ababambi beemathili abahlukeneyo, nokusebenzisa izixhobo ezintsha zokuziphendulela, imigaqo-nkqubo yezentengiso engenakusebenza kuphela kodwa isebenza ngokusesikweni. Njengokuba ulawulo lwenkqubo yoluntu luqhubeka luguquka ngotshintsho lwezobugcisa, ungxamiseko, noluxandulo lwendlela yoluntu, ulungelelwando oluzinzileyo.

ukuqhubekeka kofundo lwesiseko sendlela yokuziphatha, bona i Encyclopedia yongeno lwentanda-bulumko kwi-Ethics kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke kunye ECD yoovimba bemithetho yokuziphatha yecandelo likawonke-wonke-wonke.